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Lecture # 16 (Complex Logarithmic Function and Complex Power Function)

The document discusses complex logarithmic and power functions. It defines the principal value of the complex logarithm and power functions. It also discusses the analyticity and branches of complex power functions. Examples are provided to find principal values of logarithms and powers and the derivative of a principal value power function.

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22 views

Lecture # 16 (Complex Logarithmic Function and Complex Power Function)

The document discusses complex logarithmic and power functions. It defines the principal value of the complex logarithm and power functions. It also discusses the analyticity and branches of complex power functions. Examples are provided to find principal values of logarithms and powers and the derivative of a principal value power function.

Uploaded by

Rano Mal Rano mal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instructor:

Complex Variables & Transforms (MATH- 232)


Dr. Naila Amir
Elementary Complex Analytic Functions
• Complex Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

• Complex Powers

• Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions


4
Analytic Functions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by
Dennis G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.

• Chapter: 4
• Section: 4.1
Complex Logarithmic Function
The multiple-valued function ln 𝑧 defined by:
ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖 arg 𝑧 . (∗)

is called the complex logarithm.

Note: Hereafter, we will use the notation log 𝑒 𝑥 to represent the real
logarithm and the notation ln 𝑧 will always be used to denote the multiple-
valued complex logarithm. By switching to exponential notation 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 in
(∗) , we obtain the following alternative description of the complex
logarithm:

ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 ; 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … (∗∗)


Principal Value of a Complex Logarithm
The principal value of the complex logarithm is denoted by the symbol Ln 𝑧
and is defined as:

Ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖 Arg 𝑧 .

The principal value of the complex logarithm can also be given by:

Ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃; −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.

Note that the expression 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝐋𝐧 𝒛 defines a function, where as, 𝑭 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒛


defines a multiple-valued function. Moreover, the algebraic properties of ln 𝑧
are not necessarily satisfied by Ln 𝑧.
Analyticity of the Logarithm
Any branch 𝑓𝑘 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃; 𝜃0 < 𝜃 < 𝜃0 + 2𝜋, of 𝐹 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 is analytic on its
domain, and its derivative is given by:

′
1
𝑓 𝑘
𝑧 = .
𝑧
Since 𝑓1 (𝑧) = Ln 𝑧 is the principal branch for each point 𝑧 in the domain |𝑧| > 0 and
−𝜋 < arg(𝑧) < 𝜋, it follows that Ln 𝑧 is differentiable in this domain, and

𝑑 1
Ln 𝑧 = .
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝐋𝐧 𝒛 as an Inverse Function of 𝒆 𝒛

If the complex exponential function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 is defined on the


fundamental region −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, −𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, then 𝑓 is one-to-one
and the inverse function of 𝑓 is the principal value of the complex
logarithm 𝑓 −1 𝑧 = Ln 𝑧.
Logarithmic Mapping
The complex logarithmic mapping 𝑤 = Ln 𝑧 can be understood in terms of the exponential
mapping 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 since these functions are inverses of each other. For example, since 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧
maps the fundamental region −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, −𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, in the 𝑧 −plane onto the set
|𝑤| > 0 in the 𝑤 −plane, it follows that inverse mapping 𝑤 = Ln 𝑧 maps the set |𝑧| > 0 in
the 𝑧 −plane onto the region −∞ < 𝑢 < ∞, −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋, in the 𝑤 −plane. Other properties
of the exponential mapping can be similarly restated as properties of the logarithmic
mapping. The following summarizes some of these properties.
Example: Logarithmic Mapping
Find the image of the annulus 2 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ 4 under the logarithmic mapping 𝑤 = Ln 𝑧.
Solution:
From property (𝑖𝑖) of logarithmic mapping, the boundary circles:
|𝑧| = 2 and |𝑧| = 4
of the annulus map onto the vertical line segments:
𝑢 = log 𝑒 2 and 𝑢 = log 𝑒 4, −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋,
respectively. In a similar manner, each circle |𝑧| = 𝑟, 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4, maps on to a vertical
line segment 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑟 , −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋 . Since the real logarithmic function is
increasing on its domain, it follows that 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑟 takes on all values in the interval
log 𝑒 2 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ log 𝑒 4 when 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4. Therefore, we conclude that the image of the
annulus 2 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ 4 is the rectangular region: log 𝑒 2 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ log 𝑒 4 , −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋.
Example:
Image of the annulus 2 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ 4 under the logarithmic mapping
𝑤 = Ln 𝑧.
Practice Questions
Determine and sketch the images of the following sets under the mapping
𝑤 = Ln 𝑧:

𝑖𝜃 𝜋
1. 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 : 𝑟 > 0, 𝜃 = .
3

𝑖𝜃 −𝜋 𝜋
2. 𝑧= 2𝑒 : ≤𝜃≤ .
2 2

𝜋 3𝜋
3. 𝑧= 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 : 1 ≤𝑟≤ 2, ≤𝜃≤ .
4 4

4. 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 : 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4, −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 0 .
Practice Questions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by
Dennis G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.

Chapter: 4

Exercise: 4.1
Q # 1 – 49, Q # 51 – 56.
4
Analytic Functions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by
Dennis G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.

• Chapter: 4
• Section: 4.2
Complex Powers
Complex powers, such as (1 + 𝑖)𝑖 , are defined in terms of the complex exponential
and logarithmic functions. If 𝛼 is a complex number and 𝑧 ≠ 0, then the complex
power 𝑧 𝛼 is defined to be:
𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 . (1)

In general, (1) gives an infinite set of values because the complex logarithmic
function ln 𝑧 is a multiple-valued function. Thus, 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 defines a multiple-
valued function. However, when 𝛼 = 𝑛 is an integer, the expression in (1) is single-
valued in agreement with fact that 𝑧 𝑛 (special power functions) is a function when 𝑛
is an integer.
Example:
Find the values of the given complex power:
(a) 𝑖 2𝑖 (b) (1 + 𝑖)𝑖 .
Solution:
Solution: (b)
Principal Value of a Complex Power
If 𝛼 is a complex number and 𝑧 ≠ 0, then the function defined by:

𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 Ln 𝑧 , (2)

is called the principal value of the complex power 𝑧 𝛼 .

Example: Find the principal value of each complex power:


(a) (−3)𝑖/𝜋 (b) (2𝑖)1−𝑖 .
Example: Find the principal value of each complex power:
(b) (2𝑖)1−𝑖 .
Solution:
𝜶
Branches of 𝒛
▪ In general, the principal value of a complex power 𝑧 𝛼 defined by (2) is not a
continuous function on the complex plane because the function Ln 𝑧 is not
continuous on the complex plane.

▪ However, since the function 𝑒 𝛼𝑧 is continuous on the entire complex plane, and since
the function Ln 𝑧 is continuous on the domain |𝑧| > 0, −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, it follows that
𝑧 𝛼 is continuous on the domain |𝑧| > 0, −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.

▪ Using polar coordinates 𝑟 = |𝑧| and 𝜃 = Arg 𝑧 , it is found that the function
defined by:
𝑓1 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼 log𝑒 𝑟+𝑖𝜃 , −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, (3)
is the principal branch of the multiple-valued function 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 . Its
branch cut is the non-positive real axis, and 𝑧 = 0 is a branch point.
𝜶
Branches of 𝒛
Other branches of the multiple-valued function 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝛼 can be defined using the
formula in (3) with a different interval of length 2𝜋 defining 𝜃. For example,
𝑓2 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼 log𝑒 𝑟+𝑖𝜃
, −𝜋/4 < 𝜃 < 7𝜋4,
defines a branch of 𝐹(𝑧) whose branch cut is the ray 𝜃 = −𝜋/4 together with the
branch point 𝑧 = 0.
Analyticity
The function defined by:
𝑓1 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼 log𝑒 𝑟+𝑖𝜃
, −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, (3)
is the principal branch of the multiple-valued function 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 . The branch 𝑓1
defined by (3) agrees with the principal value of 𝑧 𝛼 defined by (2) on the domain |𝑧| > 0,
− 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋. Consequently, the derivative of 𝑓1 (𝑧) can be found using the chain rule:

′ 𝑑 𝛼Ln 𝑧 𝛼Ln 𝑧
𝑑
𝑓1 𝑧 = 𝑒 =𝑒 𝛼Ln 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼Ln 𝑧 α𝑧 −1 .
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

Using the principal value 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 Ln 𝑧 , the above equation simplifies to 𝑓1 ′ 𝑧 = α𝑧 α−1 .


Thus, on the domain |𝑧| > 0, −𝜋 < θ < 𝜋, the principal value of the complex power 𝑧 𝛼
is differentiable and
𝑑 𝛼
𝑧 = α𝑧 𝛼−1 .
𝑑𝑧
Example:
Find the derivative of the principal value 𝑧 𝑖 at the point 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖.
Solution:
Practice Questions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by Dennis
G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.

Chapter: 4

Exercise: 4.2
Q # 1 – 18

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