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Halftoning and Image Processing Algorithms

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CENTER FOR ELECTRONIC IMAGING SYSTEMS

HALFTONING AND IMAGE

PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

FINAL PROGRESS REPORT

1 JUNE 1996 - 30 NOVEMBER 1998

DAAH04-96-G-0232
P-35621-PH

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE

ATTN: AMXRO-ICA
4300 S. MIAMI BOULEVARD
P.O. Box 12211
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709-2211

FEBRUARY 1999

DAVID M. BERFANGER

NICHOLAS GEORGE, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

THE INSTITUTE OF OPTICS
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
ROCHESTER, NY 14627

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February 1999 Final Progress Report, 6/1/96 - 11/30/98
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Halftoning and Image Processing Algorithms DAAH04-96-G-0232

6. AUTHOR(S)/PI
David M. Berfanger
. Nicholas George, Wilson Professor of Electronic Imaging

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAMES(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER
The Institute of Optics
University of Rochester
Rochester, NY 14627

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
U.S. Army Research Office
P.O. Box 12211 Mo 3 fill. i-PH
Research Triangle Park,, NC 27709-2211

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors) and should not be construed as
an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision, unless so designated by other documentation.
12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12 b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The focus of this study was theoretical and experimental research on topics in the fields of color halftoning,
image processing and compression, and image quality. Our goals in this research were to advance the
understanding in image science for our new halftone algorithm and to contribute to image retrieval and
noise theory for such imagery. In the field of color halftone printing, research was conducted on deriving
a theoretical model of our new halftone algorithm based on a novel resampling of the output pixels,
developing halftone algorithms for combining the speed advantages of halftone screening techniques with
the quality advantages of error diffusion in the halftoning of color maps, and on color image enhancement
for halftone printing. In conjunction with this work, a software development effort was conducted both to
implement efficiently the halftoning algorithm itself and to ease its use through a graphical user interface.
Research efforts were also conducted in the areas of remote sensing and image compression of color and
monochrome images. In image compression we studied the use of controlled blurring to improve both
lossless and lossy methods, like DCT-based algorithms. In remote sensing we studied topics in image
classification of a scene according to such categories as terrain, vegitation, and image quality.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER IF PAGES

Multicolor halftoning; image processing; halftoning algorithms
16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OR REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL
NSN 7540-01 -280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Enclosure 1 Prescribed by ANSI SU. 239-18
298-102
CENTER FOR ELECTRONIC IMAGING SYSTEMS

HALFTONING AND IMAGE

PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

FINAL PROGRESS REPORT

1 JUNE 1996 - 30 NOVEMBER 1998

DAAH04-96-G-0232
P-35621-PH

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE

ATTN: AMXRO-ICA
4300 S. MIAMI BOULEVARD
P.O. Box 12211
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709-2211

FEBRUARY 1999

DAVID M. BERFANGER

NICHOLAS GEORGE, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

THE INSTITUTE OF OPTICS
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
ROCHESTER, NY 14627

DTIC QUALITY INSPECTED |

 HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

FINAL PROGRESS REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1. ABSTRACT 2

2. SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

2.A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3
2.B SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RESULTS 3

3. PUBLICATIONS

4. INVENTIONS AND PATENTS

5. SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL

APPENDIX: "USING HTCONTROL 3.1"

 HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

SECTION 1: ABSTRACT

The focus of this study was theoretical and experimental research on topics in the
fields of color halftoning, image processing and compression, and image quality.
Our goals in this research were to advance the understanding in image science for
our new halftone algorithm and to contribute to image retrieval and noise theory for
such imagery. In the field of color halftone printing, research was conducted on
deriving a theoretical model of our new halftone algorithm based on a novel
resampling of the output pixels, developing halftone algorithms for combining the
speed advantages of halftone screening techniques with the quality advantages of
error diffusion in the halftoning of color maps, and on color image enhancement for
halftone printing. In conjunction with this work, a software development effort was
conducted both to implement efficiently the halftoning algorithm itself and to ease its
use through a graphical user interface.

Research efforts were also conducted in the areas of remote sensing and image
compression of color and monochrome images. In image compression we studied
the use of controlled blurring to improve both lossless and lossy methods, like DCT-
based algorithms. In remote sensing we studied topics in image classification of a
scene according to such categories as terrain, vegitation, and image quality.

This program of research was heavily leveraged by participation for the ARO-URI in
Optoelectronic Systems, the Center in Electronic Imaging Systems (CEIS), and
Industrial sponsors including several U.S. corporations who are leaders in the
imaging field.
 HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

SECTION 2: SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

2.A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

We report the results of a 3-year study of theoretical and experimental research on

topics in color halftoning, image processing, image compression, and image quality.
Our goals in this research were to advance the understanding in image science for
our new halftone algorithm and to make contributions to image retrieval and noise
theory for such imagery. In the field of color halftone printing, we have been
conducting and continue to conduct research in connection to the theoretical imaging
model of our patented halftone algorithm based on a novel resampling of the output
pixels. This includes developing new algorithms to combine the speed advantages
of halftone screening techniques with the quality of error diffusion in the halftoning
of color maps.

Supporting research was also conducted in color image fidelity, enhancement, and
processing for halftone printing. This includes a concentrated effort in the develop-
ment of image compression algorithms, as well as a more general study of color
rendering. In this research we aim to increase both the efficiency and the quality of
print produced by our system. Specific areas of activity include the following:
improving existing lossy compression algorithms, like DCT-based algorithms; incor-
porating image classification of a scene according to such categories as terrain
recognition and image quality; and studying the longevity of prints produced by our
system. This program of research is heavily leveraged by participation from the
ARO-URI in Optoelectronic Systems, the Center for Electronic Imaging Systems,
and industrial sponsors including several U.S. corporations who are leaders in the
imaging field.

2.B SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RESULTS

With a central objective of providing basic research critical to the mission of the U.S.
Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC), the first year of this project focused
on the development of software to operate our new halftone algorithm as part of the
QRMP system. In this activity, we were highly successful in developing software in
close cooperation with TEC and with the prime contractor, Martin-Marietta. In
addition, during the course of this first year's work, three patent applications were
filed.
 During the second year of this project, under reduced funding, we continued to
provide extensive support to refine the system. We completed and delivered three
releases of our software as part of our collaborative development of the halftoning
module of the QRMP system. Version 3.0 of our software standardized the existing
user interface to facilitate operation of the software and enhanced the execution of
the expanded functionality of Version 2.0. Features included a multi-process
execution model, a straight forward calibration procedure, facilities to save calibra-
tion tables for commonly used media and inks, several user controls to adjust the free
parameters of the algorithm, the ability to work with several image file formats, and
the ability to save individual color channels into separate files. All of this work was
accompanied by a vigorous concentration on complete documentation of both the
theory and the operation of the software.

During the third year, which proceeded under a no-cost extension of the second year
funding, a final version of the software was completed: Htcontrol 3.1. This version
of the software corrected reported bugs and included underlying code documenta-
tion, as well as a user's manual and resource documentation (see Appendix).

Throughout this study in our theoretical and experimental research, we studied

general topics in image science directly applicable to both multicolor printing and
image processing. This included further study of our work in controlled blurring and
automatic object recognition. We have reported excellent results in these areas with
direct applications in secure image transmission, image compression, and image
quality assessment. Separately, we studied general areas of color science. We
pursued this work with the goal of expanding our ability to accurately and to efficiently
render color maps. All of these activities were conducted according to plan as
directed through consultation with both TEC and Martin-Marietta.
 HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

SECTION 3: PUBLICATIONS AND TECHNICAL REPORTS

"Object recognition and image coding," Nicholas George, B.J. Stossel, and D.M.
Berfanger, invited paper presented at Takayanagi Memorial Session, Asia Display
'95, Hamamatsu, Japan, October 1995.

"Multiple point impulse responses: controlled blurring and recovery," Bryan J.

Stossel and Nicholas George, Opt. Comm. 121, 156-165 (1995).

"Lensless electronic imaging," Nicholas George, Opt. Comm. 133, 22-26 (1997).

"Theory for the propagation of short electromagnetic pulses," Nicholas George and
Stojan Radic, Opt. Comm. 139, 1-6 (1997).
 HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

SECTION 4: INVENTIONS

"Image data coding and compression system utilizing controlled blurring," Nicholas
George and Bryan J. Stossel, U.S. Patent No. 5,453,844, September 26,1995.

"Halftone correction system," Shen-Ge Wang, U.S. Patent No. 5,469,267, Novem-
ber 21, 1995.

"Halftone correction systems," Shen-Ge Wang, U.S. Patent No. 5,854,882, Decem-
ber. 29, 1998.
 HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

SECTION 5: PARTICIPATING SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL

Nicholas George, Principal Investigator; Director, NSF-NYSSTF S/IUCRC Center

for Electronic Imaging Systems; Director, ARO-URI Center for Opto-Elec-
tronic Systems Research; Wilson Professor of Electronic Imaging; Professor
of Optics; and Professor of Electrical Engineering

Shen-ge Wang, Scientist in Optics

Dr. Wang was a major contributor to the TEC project during the first contract
period.

(Dr. Wang is currently a Principal Scientist at Xerox Corporation, Webster,

NY)

Bryan J. Stossel, Scientist in Optics

Dr. Stossel received his Ph.D. in 1994. Thesis title: "Image processing,
coding, and compression with multiple-point impulse response functions."

(Dr. Stossel is currently a scientist at Eastman Kodak Company, Research

Laboratories, Rochester, NY)

David M. Berfanger, Ph.D. Fellow

Ph.D. thesis tope: "Automatic pattern recognition using an all digital ring-
wedge detector."

William Wade Cook, Ph.D. Fellow.

Ph.D. thesis topic: holographic contouring of large objects

Damon Diehl, Ph.D. Fellow.

Ph.D. hesis topic: holographic optical switch

Wendell Allen Neff, Ph.D. Fellow

Ph.D. thesis topic: image recovery

Jun Ren, M.S. Fellow.

Ms. Ren received her M.S. in April 1997. Master's title: "Atomic force
microscopy."

(Ms. Ren is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in California)

Gregory S. Kaufman, Technical Computer Assistant

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 THE CENTER FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONIC IMAGING SYSTEMS

USING HTCONTROL 3.1

A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER'S
HALFTONING ALGORITHM

DOCUMENTATION FOR
HALFTONING AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE

ATTN: AMXRO-IC
4300 S. MIAMI BOULEVARD
P.O. BOX 12211
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709-2211

DAVID M. BERFANGER

NICHOLAS GEORGE, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

THE INSTITUTE OF OPTICS
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
ROCHESTER, NY 14627
FOREWORD

ABOUT HTCONTROL
VERSION 3.1
WHAT IS HTCONTROL?

The University of Rochester has developed a revolutionary algorithmic

improvement in error-diffusion halftone printing (three patents applied
for). Htcontrol is a graphical user interface designed to'facilitate the
use of this halftoning algorithm. It is the result of an ongoing program
of research coordinated with the Army Research Office and the U.S.
Army Topographic Engineering Command (TEC), which has included
both theoretical and experimental studies in the fields of color
halftoning, image processing, image compression, and image quality.
The objective of this research has been to provide basic research
critical to the mission of the TEC with specific research goals centering
on making significant contributions to imaging science in the following
areas of interest:

1) Color and monochrome halftone printing systems,

2) Retrieval and noise theory for halftoned imagery,

3) Image compression of color and monochrome scenes, and

4) Automatic object recognition

With Htcontrol, an operator can produce excellent quality halftoned

prints with relatively little expert knowledge. At near optimal resolution
and with an enhanced color matching ability, the software is especially
well suited for producing excellent quality, highly legible multicolor
maps.

Conforming to OSF Motif standards, Htcontrol is an intuitive interface

that lets the operator customize the output to the software to the
 special requirements of individual images. Additionally, the software
provides features for calibrating its output to different papers and inks,
and for saving the individual color separations of input images into
separate files.

Htcontrol is a product of the University of Rochester with U.S. patent

no. 5,469,267 covering its underlying algorithms. The principal
investigator is Dr. Nicholas George, Joseph C. Wilson Professor of
Electronic Imaging. Dr. Nicholas George is also the founding director
of the Center for Electronic Imaging Systems and the ARO-URI Center
for Opto-Electronic Systems Research. Also participating has been Dr.
Shen-ge Wang, Dr. Bryan J. Stossel, David M. Berfanger, and Greg
Kaufman.

This program of research is greatly enhanced by the local

infrastructure in the Rochester electronic imaging community. We
would also like to acknowledge the importance of the direct interaction
with project engineering scientists at the U.S. Army Topographic
Engineering Command. This interaction has served to keep our
research efforts relevant allowing us to identify important research
problems.

WHAT IS HALFTONING?

A continuous tone image can contain several thousand individual

colors; however, typical displays and printers may have available only
a few colors for rendering the image. Halftoning is the process
whereby a continuous tone image is transformed into a discrete tone
image that uses only a limited number of colors for display, storage, or
printing. The goal of halftoning is to produce an image that resembles,
as closely as possible, the original image. There exist many proposed
algorithms for obtaining high quality halftoned images, including
methods that attempt to incorporate such factors as detailed models
for individual rendering processes and the human visual system. A
significant problem to address is the ability to produce output that
simulates many gray levels while maintaining the linearity of the
grayscale tone reproduction curve. In the case of multicolor halftoning,
this relates directly to color fidelity; that is, the halftoned output should
agree as much as possible with the continuous tone image data based
 on some prescribed color standard. We have recently demonstrated
experimental results using a newly discovered redefinition of the output
pixels in the halftoned image [1,2]. The new method is applicable to all
halftoning algorithms and produces high quality images with very
nearly linear tone reproduction curves. By providing a straight forward
means of correcting for dot overlap, this new method has introduced
the possibility of operator independent halftone correction, as well as
the real-time monitoring and calibration of printers. The halftoning
algorithm implemented by Htcontrol includes a Floyd error-diffussion
type halftoning algorithm enhanced with this technique.

WHAT'S NEW IN VERSION 3.1?

New with version 3.1 is a previewer capability that allows the operator
to estimate the effects of altering the various parameters of the
algorithms. These parameters can be adjusted by the operator using
the several user controls available within the interface, including color,
black/white threshold, and sharpness. This ability to adapt the
algorithm to the particular needs of individual images allows the
operator to produce a final print with a near optimal appearance.

While not yet providing true "what-you-see-is-what-you-get"

performance, this previewer represents a major improvement in the
utility of the user interface. Previously the user had to print hard copy
of the halftoned image to see the effects of any edits. Since the
halftoning and printing process can take in excess of 10 minutes to
complete, the addition of the previewer should significantly reduce the
time an operator will need to produce an acceptable print.

Less evadent changes with version 3.1 include several bug fixes and
some additional internal code alterations, intended to facilitate future
additions to the software. With version 3.0 the user interface was
completely divorced from the user front end. Now we have focused on
separating file format interpretation from the main body of the
halftoning algorithm. This continuing effort should allow for the
addition of other file formats to the list of those currently supported, like
Erdas .map image files.
FUTURE WORK

As eluted to above, a main topic of effort remaining to be completed is

the addition of the software's ability to halftone Erdas .map files. Erdas
.map files contain image data (product) along with annotations.
Eliminating the need to translate these files to alternate formats before
halftoning will speed the user and preserve valuable information about
the map being halftoned. This represents a much larger effort than
was originally predicted, requiring routines to be written for rendering
vector information into a raster format before the data can be
halftoned.

Work towards halftoning the .map file format has revealed what could
represent a major new area of research. Since vector graphics
represents a type of information fundamentally different from the
raster-type information currently being dealt with, specialized halftoning
could be of value in significantly improving the quality of a final print,
which includes this type of information. Along similar lines, since the
symbols used in map legends represent what is essentially vector-type
information, augmenting the current algorithm with automatic
recognition routines for segmenting these symbols from the rest of the
scene should provide a significant quality improvement for printed
maps.

While recent efforts in software improvements have centered around

the refinement of the user interface and its functionality, we feel that a
shift of effort towards the improvement of the halftoning algorithm itself
represents a substantial opportunity for TEC to produce better maps.
Additionally, while excellent experimental results have been obtained,
a theoretical analysis is necessary in order to fully understand the
consquenses of the novel redefinition of output pixels. Important
properties to analyze are the spatial-frequency response of the
halftone and the accuracy with which details are reproduced. It is
possible that with a complete theoretical description of the new
halftone procedure further advances in image quality might be realized.
Separately, we have been working toward eliminating inefficiencies of
the software in memory management and in computational overhead.
While these efforts have only a small effect in the current release
 continued efforts could significantly reduce the time required to
halftone an image.

As this project is nearing completion, we would like to emphasize that

the University of Rochester is uniquely capable of continuing to
improve the quality of the mapping software available to the TEC.
While continued refinements of the user front end of the software are
possible, this is especially true when considering the refinement of the
halftonig process itself. One is hard pressed to find similar capabilities
in imaging research enhanced by the local infrastructure of
Rochester's imaging community and leveraged by our other research
at the ARO-URI Center for Optoelectronic Systems and the Center for
Advanced Technology in Electronic Imaging Systems.

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual is part of a continuing effort to document fully the software

written to implement and facilitate the use of the University of
Rochester's halftoning algorithm. The manual is designed for use by
an Htcontrol operator as an aid in the production of high quality
halftoned printing.

The manual contains complete instructions to the operator for

operating Htcontrol. Illustrations of all of the windows and controls
available to the operator within the graphical user interface have been
included. These illustrations are grouped by category corresponding to
that used in the menu structure of the software. Additionally, we have
included a listing of the resources available to the user, which can be
altered to customize the look and feel of the software. Separate
documentation covering more fully the technical specifications of the
algorithm and the accompanying software are currently being written.

Forward References

1. S. Wang, "Halftone Correction System," U.S. Patent Number

5,469,267, November 1995.

2. S. Wang, "Overlapping correction by centering concept in blue-

noise halftoning," presented at the Annual Meeting of the Optical
Society of America, Dallas, TX (1994).
GETTING STARTED
INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE

UNPACKING

This chapter describes the steps you need to go through install

Htcontrol on a target workstation. Htcohtrol 3.1 has been written for
and tested on both SUN and HP workstations. The most important
factor in a successful build is in the identification of the libraries used in
the compilation process. These are detailed more fully later in the
separate descriptions for the individual components of the release.

The instalation process begins with the unpacking of the release to a

reasonable location of the hard drive of the target workstation. For the
rest of this manual, we will call this location $ (HT_INSTALL) . To
unpack the release from the provided 4mm tape, use the following
commands:

> cd $(HT_INSTALL)

> tar -x htcontrol_3.1

During the unpacking of the distribution, the following directory will be

created:

> $(HT_INSTALL)/htcontrol_3.1.

This directory will be refered to as $ (HT_HOME) in this manual. Note

that both $(HT_INSTALL) and $(HT_HOME) are used only for
reference in this manual and are not intended to be an environment
variable or string literals.

Version 3.1 of the software release consists of three main components:

a tiff library, the vista image display package, and the code
 implementing the halftoning application. Each are built separately as
described below. Additionally, the software requires that the Erdas
imaging libraries be installed on the target workstation. These libraries
are not packaged with the software release.

THE TIFF LIBRARY

The TIFF library included with version 3.1 is identical to that distributed
with the last release with the exception of a few bug fixes. This library
has been slightly altered from the freely available version of the library.
Two makefiles are included with the distribution: Makefile.Sun and
Makefile.HP. These two makefiles have not been significantly
altered from those released with version 3.0. A succesful build of the
TIFF library will produce a linkable version in the following directory:

> $(HT_HOME)/lib

To build the TIFF library pick the appropriate makefile and initiate the
compilation process with the following commands:

> cd $(HT_HOME)/tiff

> cp Makefile.XXX Makefile

> make clean

> make

Several warning messages are reported during the compilation of the

library. These messages persist from earlier versions of the software.
As some of these warnings have recently signaled bugs in the
software, it would be valuable to evaluate separately the merits of each
of these warnings, or better, alter the University of Rochester's
software to operate using the standard, freely available version of the
TIFF library. However, we are currently having no problems with the
TIFF library in its present form.

8
 Vista is a freely available image processing software package
compatible with Motif and X-Windows. For complete details about
installing Vista please refer to the various README and INSTALL files
that come included with the ditribution. These files can be found in the
$(HT_HOME)/vista directory. We have found the process to be very
straight forward requiring alteration of only one file: site.def. This
file is found in the $ (HT_HOME) /vista/config directory. The
site.def file provided with this distribution is the one we have used
to successfully install Vista on our Sun workstation, site. def. or ig
is the original version of the file, which comes with the Vista
distribution. Here are the alterations that need to be made:

> #define BinDir $(HT_HOME)/bin/vista

> #define GenericLibDir $(HT_HOME)/lib

> #define IncRoot $(HT_HOME)/include

> #define MachineLibDir $(HT_HOME)/lib

> #define LintlibDir $(HT_HOME)/lib/lint

> #define ManRoot $(HT_HOME)/man

> #define SourceDir $(HT_HOME)/vista

> #define XappLoadDir $(HT_HOME)/lib/Xll/app-defaults

> #define XbitmapDir $(HT_HOME)/inelüde/Xll/bitmaps

Additionally, we had to make the following alterations as appropriate to

the target system:

> #define XcolorDatabase /usr/openwin/lib/Xll/rgb.txt

> #define Standardlncludes -I/usr/include \

-I/usr/openwin/include -I/usr/dt/include
 > #define LinkerLibDirs -L/usr/lib \
-L/usr/openwin/lib/Xll -L/usr/dt/lib

These defines tell the system where to find standard includes and
libraries, including X-Windows and Motif. You should review the other
entries of site.def to insure that they are appropriate for your
system.

Once the site.def file has been updated for your system, the build
proceeds as follows:

> cd $(HT_HOME)/vista

> make World

> make install

THE UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER'S HALFTONING SOFTWARE

Once both the TIFF library and the Vista package have been installed
the halftoning software may be compiled. Before compilation the
Makefile in the $ (HT_HOME) /src directory must be reviewed to
insure that the INCLUDE and LIB macros are set to values appropriate
for your system. Commented lines provide values for libraries and
compiler options used to build earlier versions of the halftoning
software. The makefile is currently set up for our system and works
perfectly. A few minor changes to macros should be all that is needed
to compile the software on other machines. Once the makefile is in
order, the build continues as follows:

> cd $(HT_HOME)/src

> make

This should result in a working version of four executables in the

${HT_HOME) /bin directory: htcontrol, halftone, separations, and
patches. All of these executable files are needed to successfully
operate all of the features of the halftoning software.

10
EXPLORING HTCONTROL
BASIC OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE

USER CUSTOMIZATION

This chapter outlines the basic concepts used in Htcontrol. It assumes

that the reader has experience with X-Windows and the Motif window
server.

The basic purpose of Htcontrol is to facilitate the production of high-

quality halftoned prints. The approach to the halftoning process is as a
straightforward filtering process. Htcontrol provides a means for the
user to specify an input filename and an output filename. Once these
inputs have been specified, the user can initiate the halftoning.
Additionally, the interface provides several controls for adjusting the
parameters of the halftoning algorithm. These controls allow the user
to customize the output of the software for optimum printing of a
particular image.

Before you start this chapter you should insure that the Htcontrol and
all related software has been successfully installed according to the
procedure described in Chapter 1, Getting Started.

After this installation is complete, the expected way for a user to

access the functionality of the halftoning software is to create a
.htcontrol directory in his/her home directory and to place in it a
symbolic link to the $(HT_HOME) directory. This differs from the
implementations of version earlier than version 3.0 and is
accomplished by the following set of commands:

> cd ~

> mkdir .htcontrol

11
 > cd .htcontrol

> In -s $(HT_HOME) htcontrol_3.1

The -/ .htcontrol directory is the default location to which Htcontrol

writes the default settings resources, and to which the user can keep a
default palette file (default.pal) and a default calibration file
(default. cal). Furthermore, it provides the default location to which
Htcontrol looks for all of the executable files needed to operate the
software, i.e. ~/htcontrol/htcontrol_3.1/bin. While not
necessary, it is convenient for a user to include this directory in his/her
command path.

A user specific resource file named Htcontrol should also be included

in the users home directory. A template copy of this resource file is
provided as an example with this distribution. A complete listing of
available resources is provided later in this manual.

All other environment variables, specifically the Erdas environment

variables, needed to run previous versions of the halftoning software
are still needed for version 3.1. For a complete description of these
variables please refer to the appropriate third-party manuals.

RUNNING THE SOFTWARE

Before you begin, insure that your local environment and home
directory are setup correctly as described above. If the directory for
which the Htcontrol executables live has been included in your
command path, entering the following command will begin a Htcontrol
session:

> htcontrol

Alternately, you may begin an Htcontrol session by entering the full

path of the Htcontrol executable, i.e.,

> -/.htcontrol/htcontrol_3.1/bin/htcontrol

12
THE MAIN WINDOW

Upon successful execution of the software, the main window of the

application will become visible (See Fig. 1). This window is divided
into three regions: a main menu, a toolbar, and a user-input area. As
of version 3.0, all other controls for adjusting the parameters of the
halftoning algorithm have been relocated from the main window to
separate control dialogs.

Fig. 1 The Main Window iaiMMIIIMt»Hgl|,'ffjJiff,^^|»p|j TSHamfflraHHsmnqifi]

file Controls Calibration Help |]
Main Menu
^! B"! $>! 1
Toolbar Input File:
-- - - ■■ •

Output File:

Filename Input Palette File:

THE MAIN MENU

Using the main menu, a user can initiate all actions needed for
successfully producing a halftoned print. This includes selecting the
required filenames, requesting dialogs to adjust the parameters of the
halftoning algorithm, and initiating the procedure for calibrating the
software for a particular printing configuration. Additionally, a simple
online help system has been provided.

THE FILE MENU

The File menu allows the operator to specify the necessary files for
halftoning: the input file, the output file, and (if required) the palette
file. Once these files have been specified the user can then initiate the
halftoning process. In doing this the user has the choice of having the
software immediately quit after the command has been processed or
remain open to initiate additional halftoning jobs. Also, the user can
request that the individual color channels of the input image be saved
into separate files or that the application be quit without any further
processing.

13
Fig. 2 The File Menu k-r •■'•■ University of Rochester Halftone Routine
[file Controls Calibration Help
Select Input File...
Select Output File-
Select Palette File...
b\ m
Halftone
Halftone and Quit
Save Separations
Quit
Palette File:

Select Input File...

This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name of the desired input file.

Select Output File...

This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name of the desired output file.

Select Palette File...

This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name of the desired palette file. This filename is not
always required.

Halftone
This menu option initiates the halftoning process using the provided
filenames and the current control settings. During the halftoning
process a progress dialog is displayed showing the time to completion
of the job. This progress dialog provides a Cancel button to abort the
job. For a complete description of the available control settings, please
refer to Chapter 4, Adjusting the Halftoning Algorithm.

Halftone and Quit

This menu option initiates the halftoning process as above; however,
the application is quit after the command has been processed.

Save Separations
This menu option initiates the saving of the individual color channels of
the input image into separate files. When this option is selected, a
dialog is shown prompting the user for the separation type: either RGB
or CMYK. This dialog provides an Ok button to initiate the selected
separations job or alternately a Cancel button abort the operation

14
 before it is initiated. The filenames used for the separate files are
derived from the provided output filename by appending appropriate
default filename extensions. During the separations process a
progress dialog is displayed showing the time to completion of the job.
This progress dialog provides a Cancel button to abort the job before it
reaches completion.

Quit
This menu option terminates application without any further
processing. Halftoning and Separations jobs that have already been
initiated are not effected by this action.

THE CONTROLS MENU

The Controls menu allows the user to request dialogs for adjusting
controls setting of the application or to preview the effect of these
control settings. Additionally, the user has the options of saving the
current control settings to a file for future recall. Finally, an option is
provided for the user to set the current controls settings as the default
values for future sessions. For a complete description of the available
control settings, please refer to Chapter 4, Adjusting the Halftoning
Algorithm.

Fig. 3 The Controls

aKSgKgamng^^
Menu
Hie [Controls Calibration Help
._ Show Controls
^j£ Show Prevlewer
MM WkMiM!
4*
_ *»• Save Controls Settings..
Recall Controls Settings...
Ini
Set Defaults

Output Hie::

Palette Hie:

Show Controls
This menu option brings forward a dialog for adjusting the available
controls settings of the software. A complete description of this dialog
is presented in Chapter 4, Adjusting the Halftoning Algorithm.

Show Previewer
This menu option brings forward a dialog for viewing the selected input
file after the current controls settings have been applied. Currently this

15
 previewer does not provide true "what-you-see-is-what-you-get"
performance; however, it does provide a useful estimation of the
effects of these controls settings. A complete description of the
operation of the previewer is presented in Chapter 4, Adjusting the
Halftoning Algorithm.

Save Controls Setti ngs...

This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name of a file in which to save the current controls
settings.

Recall Controls Settings...

This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name from which to recall previously saved controls
settings.

Set Defaults
This menu option tells the software to update its current defaults to the
current controls settings. This information is stored in the
.htcontrol directory assumed to be present in the user's home
directory.

THE CALIBRATION MENU

The Calibration menu allows the user to request all functions involved
in calibrating of the halftoning algorithm. These include generating
calibration patches, calibrating the algorithm, and saving and recalling
calibrations tables. For a complete description of the calibration
proceedure, please refer to Chapter 3, Calibrating the Halftoning
Algorithm.

Fig. 4 The Calibration

Menu
.Urtwerslty of Rochester Halftone Routine -*is<*K
File Controls j Calibration
_Ji
Help]
^^ ^_ Generate Calibration Patches...
^§ g^ Make Calibration Table... 3ft
a. ■
_ .*•*_ J°?B«_ Select Calibration Table... CaMa rs
Input nie:

Output File:

Palette File:

16
 Generate Calibration Patches...
This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name of a file in which to save the a printable version
of the standard calibration test patches.

Make Calibration Table...

This menu option initiates the calibration procedure, which results in a
calibration table describing the dot-overlapping associated with a
particular paper and ink combination. A complete description of the
calibration procedure is presented in Chapter 3, Calibrating the
Halftoning Algorithm.

Select Calibration Table...

This menu option brings forward a standard Motif file selection dialog
for selecting the name of a file from which to recall a previously
generated calibration table.

THE HELP MENU

Htcontrol provides a simple, but useful, online help feature. The help
feature can be accessed through the help menu or through the context
sensitive help buttons provided throughout the interface.

Fig. 5 The Help Menu

jaifd^MltyjflU^h^et^ftotiBRibtüilfiellllg II
File Controls Calibration jHdpl
Version..
Index...
ClM» l ftwtwtr

Input File:

Output File:

Palette Hie:

Version...
This menu option brings forward a standard Motif message dialog
describing important information about the version of the software,
which is currently running.

17
 Index...
This menu option brings forward a dialog displaying a list of topics and
associated blurbs, which describe the topic. The topics appear in a
selectable list and reflect the content and structure of this manual.

THE TOOLBAR

Htcontrol provides a toolbar to speed the execution of frequently

encountered tasks, like requesting file selection dialogs and showing
the controls dialog. Each of the buttons in the toolbar have an
analogous option in the main menu tree. These include Select Input
File, Select Output File, Select Palette File, Halftone, Halftone and
Quit, Show Controls, and Show Previewer.

THE FILENAME ENTRY AREA

Htcontrol provides text fields in which the filename required for

execution of the halftoning algorithm can be typed directly by the user.
These include and input file, an output file, and (if required) a palette
file. These filenames can also be selected by requesting an
appropriate file selection dialog using either the file menu or the
toolbar.

MOTIF DIALOGS

Htcontrol relies heavily on standard Motif dialogs in the implementation

of its user interface, including file name selection dialogs, message
dialogs, and error dialogs. As the use of these dialogs is highly
standardized, we will not explain their use in this manual. For those
not familiar with Motif, we refer you to the many texts available on the
subject.

Fig. 6 Htcontrol relies htcontrol (vtrslor

heavily on standard A Craphlul User fr Overwrite m«grv«n controls settings ftt«7
Motif dialogs The University of

i Authors: DMd M :; OK I c»c«

Center far BectrrJwwu* 1 ...T[1 M[m ^defaults
Uorverslty of Rochester .d (profile
.expertinslghl
Missing Filename
S NouilbrallcnutitaftltnanMpiwIdtf.
K>.e/ODt1cs;/

[OKJ
OKI
OK j HII Htfp I

18
CALIBRATING THE HALFTONING ALGORITHM
THE HEART OF THE SOFTWARE

THE BASIC CONCEPT

Traditional halftoning algorithms are based on an ideal image model

consisting of square, non-overlapping pixels. In practice, however,
color printers produce small dots at each of the pixel locations. These
dots are circular in nature, and they can overlap significantly with dots
at adjacent pixel locations. The University of Rochester's halftoning
algorithm is based on a patented centering concept for the output
pixels. Using this concept, the overlapping between adjacent pixel
locations can be characterized for a particular printer, paper, and ink
combination. This characterization is accomplished by making a
relatively small number of measurements from a representative set of
color patches, which were printed using the system for which the
algorithm is being calibrated. The heart of our halftoning algorithm is
the realization that once the dot-overlapping is characterized for a
particular system, any standard halftoning algorithm can be altered to
account for this deviation from the ideal image model. The current
release of Htcontrol uses a Floyd-type error-diffusion algorithm that
incorporates this calibration concept.

OVERVIEW OF THE CALIBRATION PROCEED URE

As described above, the purpose of the calibration procedure is to

optimize the halftoning algorithm for each printer, paper, and ink
combination. This proceedure provides a means for attaining accurate
color reproduction in the halftoned ouput. The calibration procedure
consists of four (4) main steps:

1. Generate the calibration patches and print them using the

particular printer, paper, and ink combination,

19
 2. Scan the printed calibration patches into the workstation,

3.. Make the calibration table using the scanned input file, and

4. Select the resulting data as the current calibration table for the
software.

To complete the printing and scanning of the test patches in this

proceedure, it is necessary to use some third-party software. Htcontrol
provides the functionality necessary to complete the remaining steps.
This functionality can be accessed through the "Calibration" menu,
described in Chapter 2, Exploring Htcontrol.

GENERATING THE CALIBRATION PATCHES

Upon selecting the "Generate Calibration Patches..." menu item from

the "Calibration" menu, a standard Motif file selection dialog is
presented to the operator. The dialog allows for the selection of a
name for the file in which to store a printable version of the
standardized page containing the calibration patches. If an existing
filename is chosen the operator is prompted to verify permission to
overwrite the old file. The output file will be an HPGL-2 file containing
all of the data needed to render the calibration patches. To print this
file, the operator will need to employ additional third-party software.
Subsequently, this resulting print must be scanned into the
workstation, which also will require additional third-party software.

MAKING THE CALIBRATION TABLE

Calibrating the University of Rochester's halftoning algorithm centers

around generating an overlap correction table. This table is used to
correct for differing effects of various printer-paper-ink combinations.
Calibration tables are generated from scanned images of a predefined
set of test patches, as described above.

Required parameters for generating a calibration table include an input

filename of a file containing a scanned image of the test patches and
an output filename designating where to save the generated calibration
table data. Allowed file formats for the input file are TIFF and Tangent
image files. For Tangent image files a Palette filename is also

20
 required. These parameters must be entered into the corresponding
text fields of the main window before the calibration table can be
generated. For additional information of entering these file names
please refer to Chapter 2, Exploring Htcontrol.

The generation of the calibration table is initiated by selecting the

"Make Calibration Table..." menu item in the "Calibration" menu. Upon
selecting this menu item a dialog is shown requesting the coordinates
of the bounding box surrounding the test patches (See Fig. 7). These
coordinates are entered using the mouse. The left mouse button can
be used to select one of the four (4) knobs of the selection rectangle by
clicking inside the knob. The currently selected knob is drawn as an
unfilled square. The other three knobs are drawn as filled squares.
Once a knob is selected its position can be changed by moving the
mouse pointer to the desired location and clicking the left mouse
button. After all four knobs are correctly positioned pressing the Ok
button finishes the generation of the calibration table to the output file.

SELECTING A CALIBRATION TABLE

A calibration table is needed by the halftoning algorithm to correct for

color variations between differing inks and papers. The operator can
select the filename of the file containing the appropriate calibration
table by choosing the "Select Calibration Table..." menu item in the
"Calibration" menu. Upon selecting this menu item a standard Motif file
selection dialog is shown for the operator to enter the desired filename.

Wake^lbratlcft^WiK^feM;^
Fig. 7 The Make Calibration
Table Dialog Position knobs to register calibration patches.

IBS 88
&■■ ■■■
Bmm ■■■
mm ■■■
t
OK Cancel! Help

21
ADJUSTING THE HALFTONING ALGORITHM
OPTIMIZING THE SOFTWARE FOR INDIVIDUAL IMAGE
REQUIREMENTS

THE CONTROLS DIALOG

Beginning with version 3.0, all of the controls for customizing the
appearance of the final halftoned print have been located on a single
controls dialog (See Fig. 8). The controls available on this dialog
provide the operator with a visual means of adjusting all of the various
parameters to the halftoning algorithm. The controls belong to one of
two groups: color controls and fine controls.

The vlaue of each of the individual controls on the controls dialog can
be changed in on of two ways: a scale can be manipulated using the
mouse or a desired value can be entered directly into a text field.

There are five action buttons on the controls dialog: Ok, Apply,
Defaults, Cancel, and Help. Pressing the Ok button applies the
currently displayed controls settings and dismisses the dialog.
Pressing the Apply button applies the currently displayed controls
settings without dismissing the dialog. Pressing the Defaults button
resets all of the controls to their default value. Pressing the Cancel

Fig. 8 The Controls Dialog S{MltWüiPJlMi*(L*a^ r.\ ,T rmswgHggfflBMgK'

Color Controls — .. ..
Cyan:f .!., ■-.■■■■

Magenta:L . J '.:■: !■• 1°

'■'
Yellow:|'':
r
j:V:..;;.- ■i . Io
Badc:p ,' -V ■'■• V1 ': • io

zr—rr: T:-i::L
Darkness: F ■ K> 1
Fine Controls ; i

Black Threshold: J ; !° ii
White Threshold:^! j !

Sharpness:; j ! ■&
11
:
; <* ij *PPly 1 Defaults! Cancel | Help
i!
. ,-

22
 button Dismisses the dialog without applying the currently displayed
settings. Finally, pressing the Help button calls forward the Help
dialog.

THE COLOR CONTROLS

The amount of color correction used in the halftone algorithm can be

adjusted by way of the color controls on the controls dialog. These
include Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black controls. Additionally, a
Darkness control exists which adjusts the other four equally. A more
positive value results in more of the respective color in the halftoned
image. A more negative value results in less of the respective color in
the halftoned output.

THE FINE CONTROLS

Fine controls for the halftoning algorithm include white and black
clipping values, as well as a level of sharpness enhancement. These
settings are not for general use but may be adjusted if necessary.

The clipping behavior of the halftoning algorithm is as follows. First,

the input color values are clipped by the black value and scaled to
range from 0 to 255. The resulting data are then clipped by the white
threshold value and again scaled. Raising the black clipping value
causes more of the darkest colors to be clipped to black. Similarly,
lowering the white clipping value causes more of the lightest colors to
be rendered as white. These values can be used to reduce
background noise in constant areas of the image.

The sharpness parameter, adjusts the behavior of the halftoning

algorithm in the neighborhood of high contrast features. Its effect is
highly dependent on the image being halftoned.

SAVING THE CONTROLS SETTINGS

Current controls settings can be saved to a file for later use. This is
initiated by selecting the "Save Controls Settings..." menu item in the
"Controls" menu. Upon selecting this menu item a standard Motif file
selection dialog is shown for the operator to select a filename for the
file in which to store the controls settings data.

23
RECALLING THE CONTROLS SETTINGS

Previously saved controls settings can be recalled from a file. This is

initiated by selecting the "Recall Controls Settings..." menu item in the
"Controls" menu. Upon selecting this menu item a standard Motif file
selection dialog is shown for the operator to select the desired file.

SETTING THE DEFAULT CONTROLS SETTINGS

Default controls settings can be set in the user resource file, as well as
by Htcontrol itself. Examples resource file entries for each of the
controls settings application resources are given below:

> *theCyanDefaultValue: 0

> *theMagentaDefaultValue: 0

> *theYellowDefaultValue: 0

> *theBlackDefaultValue: 0

> *theDarknessDefaultValue: 0

> *theWhiteThresholdDefaultValue: 255

> *theBlackThresholdDefaultValue: 0

> *theSharpnessDefaultValue: 0

For additional information about resources used by Htcontrol, please

refer to Chapter 5, Htcontrol Resources.

Default values specified in the user resource file can be overridden by

values set default settings file. This file can be generated from the
current controls settings by selecting the "Set Defaults" menu item in
the "Controls" menu. The filename of the controls default settings is
defined by the theControlsDefaultsFilename resource, which
can be customized in a users resource file. The factor setting is as
follows:

24
 > *theControlsDefaultsFilename:
-7 .htcontrol/DefaultSettings

THE PREVIEWER DIALOG

A previewer dialog is being developed for use with Htcontrol. Version

3.1 of the software includes an initial version of this dialog (See Fig. 9).
This preliminary design does not perform at the desired "what-you-see-
is-what-you-get" level; however, it does provide some useful insight
into the effects of the controls setting on the resulting print.

Fig. 9 The Previewer

Dialog

25
 Htcontrol Resource File Documentation
Like most X-windows applications, Htcontrol is designed so that many of its

resources can be modified by the user at run-time. As Htcontrol begins execution, it

loads data from user-specified files. The data from this file is used to build the resource
database, containing both information about the configuration of the widgets in the

application and the settings of various data attributes which affect operation.

Below, we detail the available configurable resources for Htcontrol(version 3.0).

Also included is a brief description of the writing of resource files and the setting of

environment variable to allow Htcontrol to find the appropriate resource file. For addi-

tional information about the general use of resource files in X-windows we suggest the
books listed under References.

1. Htcontrol Resources

A major goal in the development of htcontrol (version 3.0) was to bring its graphi-
cal user interface into compliance with OSF/Motif standards. This included the
application's handling of user configurable resources. Htcontrol only hard-codes the
values of those resources that are essential to program operation. The rest of the re-

sources are left user configurable. Reasonable default values for configurable resources
are provided within the executable. Resources for htcontrol fall into three categories:
widget resources, application resources, and errror messages. This section contains a
brief description of the resource types.

1.1. Widget Resources

A widget is a generic term for a graphical user-interface component. Motif wid-

gets are prolific in their use of resources. For each widget class, there are many re-

sources that provide control over the appearance and functionality of the widgets: color,
 text fonts, size, etc. For a complete listing of the configurable resources for Motif widget

classes see Ref. 1. A full listing of the names of the widgets, their class type, and their
location in htcontrol appears in Appendix A.

1.2. Error Messages

1.3. Application Resources

Htcontrol has several user deferable attributes which directly affect the operation
of the application: Default setting values, the Calibration filename, the default palette
filename, etc.

2. Writing Resource Files

Resource files are ASCII text files containing line entries consisting of either a
resource name or a resource class name and a resource value separated by a colon(:).
For additional information about resource files see Ref. 2.

2.1. Resource Names

Widgets in htcontrol are created in a heirarchy that starts with a top-level shell
 and is followed by successive generations of child widgets. To set the resources of a

child widget in a resource file the full widget path from the top-level shell to that child

widget must be specified. Pathnames are specified as a list of parent widgets starting

from the top-level shell, separated by a period and ending with the child widget you

want to change. For example, to set the labelString resource for thelnputFilenameLabel,
the following line in the htcontrol application would be placed in the resource file.

Htcontrol. .thelnputFilenameLabel.LabelString:
Input File

Being widget resource themselves Error message resources are set in the same way.
With the Error message dialog being a direct child of the TopLevelShell.

2.2 Wildcards

A wildcard (*) can also be used within a resource pathname allowing for both
shorter names and the setting of multiple resources with a single line. For example, the
following resource command could also be used to set the labelString for
thelnputFilenameLabel as above:

Htcontrol*thelnputFilenameLabel.LabelString: Input File

Similiarly, a user can set the background color resource for every widget in the
application using the command:

Htcontrol*background: blue

Within the Htcontrol resource file this could even be further shortened to the following:
 *background: blue

Resource commands can also use the widget's class name instead of the widget name.
For example, the following line would set all LabelStrings in the xmLabel class.

Htcontrol. .thelnputFilenameLabel.xmLabel.LabelString:Input
File

If, through the use of wildcards or otherwise, two or more comands within a resource file

specify a common resource name several rules of precedence exist to resolve the
conflict.

• Later occuring resource commands have precedence.

• More specific resource commands have precedence.

• Resource names have precedence over resource class names.

2.3 Resource File Errors

Resource files are hard to debug since most errors are quietly ignored.

Release 5 has included a resource command called StringConversionWamings which

will print out an error message if problems occur when the text from the resource file is

converted into actual values. The messages are not always clear, but may help. In order

to turn on the warning, add the following the command line to your resource file, (also
see example resource file in Appendix E)

*StringConversionWarnings: on
3. Setting Environment Variables

Once the resource file has been written it must be placed so that the program

will find its location. There are two locations that the program will look for by default: a

user's home directory and /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults. However, in X applications there is

a lot of freedom as to the location of application files. Here applications are told where

to look through environment variables. Table 1 lists possible locations for resource files

in order of precedence. We find the most correct place for application resource files to
be is in a user's home directory. This avoids the need for setting user environment
variables, which often serve to complicate matters.

Table 1
 References

Ref. 1.

The Definitive Guide to the X Window System

Motif Reference Manual for OSF/Motif release 1.2

Volume Six B, Motif Edition

author: Paula M. Ferguson

O'Reilly & Associates Inc. 1993

Ref. 2.

Power Programming... Motif

second edition, version 1.2, revised and expanded

authors: Eric F. Johnson and Kevin Reichard

MIS:Press Books 1993
 APPENDIX A: Widget Names and Classes

theMainWindow xmMainWindowWidgetClass
theMenuBar xmRowColumnWidgetClass
theFilePulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
theFileCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass
thelnputFilenameMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theOutputFilenameMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
thePaletteFilenameMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
fileMenultemSeparatorl xmSeparatorGadgetClass
theHalftoneMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theHalftoneAndQuitMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
fileMenultemSeparator2 xmSeparatorGadgetClass
theSaveSeparationsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
fileMenultemSeparator3 xmSeparatorGadgetClass
theExitMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theControlsPulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
theControlsCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass
theShowHideControlsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theShowHidePreviewerMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theSaveSettingsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theRecallSettingsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theCalibrationPulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
theCalibrationCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass
theGeneratePatchesMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theMakeTableMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
 theRecallTableMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theHelpPulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
theHelpCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass
theVersionMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
thelndexMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theWorkAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
theToolBarForm xmFormWidgetClass
thelnputFilenamePushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theOutputFilenamePushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
thePaletteFilenamePushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theHalftonePushButtton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theHalftoneAndQuitPushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theControlsPushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
thePreviewerPushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theFilenameEntryForm xmFormWidgetClass
thelnputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
thelnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
thelnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
thePaletteFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
thePaletteFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
thePaletteFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsDialog transientShellWidgetClass
theControlsMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
theControlsForm xmFormWidgetClass
 theControlsColorFrame xmFrameWidgetClass
theControlsColorForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsColorLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsFineFrame xmFrameWidgetClass
theControlsFineForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsFineLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsApplyButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theControlsResetButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theControlsCyanForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsCyanLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsCyanScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsCyanTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsMagentaForm xm Form WidgetClass
theControlsMagentaLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsMagentaScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsMagentaTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsYellowForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsYellowLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsYellowScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsYellowTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsBlackForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsBlackLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsBlackScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsBlackTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsDarknessForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsDarknessLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsDarknessScale xmScaleWidgetClass
 theControlsDarknessTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsBlackThresholdForm xm Form WidgetClass
theControlsBlackThresholdLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsBlackThresholdScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsBlackThresholdTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsWhiteThresholdForm xmForm WidgetClass
theControlsWhiteThresholdLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsWhiteThresholdScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsWhiteThresholdTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theControlsSharpnessForm xmFormWidgetClass
theControlsSharpnessLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theControlsSharpnessScale xmScaleWidgetClass
theControlsSharpnessTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theVersionDialog xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
theHelpDialog topLevelShellWidgetClass
theHelpDialogMessageBox xm MessageBoxWidgetC lass
theHelpDialogPanedWindow xmPanedWindowWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTopicsForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTopicsLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTopicsList xmListWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTextForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTextLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theHelpDialogScrolledText xmTextedWidgetClass
theExitMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
thelnputFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
theOutputFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
thePaletteFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
 theRecallSettingsFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
theRecallCalibrationFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
theGeneratePatchesFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
theSaveSettingsFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass
theHalftoneMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
theHalftonelnfoAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHalftonelnputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHalftonelnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theHalftonelnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theHalftoneOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHalftoneOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theHalftoneOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theProgressScrollBar xmScrolledBarWidgetClass
theSetDefaultSettingMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theSeparationTypeSelectionForm xmFormWidgetClass
separationsTypeSelectionDialog xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
theSeparationsTypeSelectionRadioBox xmRowColumnWidgetClass
theRGBSeparationsTypeToggleButton xmToggleButtonWidgetClass
theCMYKSeparationsTypeToggleButton xmToggleButtonWidgetClass
theMultibandSelectionDialog xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
aURMultibandSelectionDialog xmRowColumnWidgetClass
aURSpinBoxForm xmFormWidgetClass
aCalibrationDialogMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
aCalibrationDialogForm xmFormWidgetClass
aCalibrationDialogScrolledWindow xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass
aCalibrationDialogForm2 xmFormWidgetClass
aCalibrationDialoglmageView vlmageViewWidgetClass
 theSeparationsMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
theSeparationslnfoAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
theSeparationslnputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theSeparationslnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theSeparationslnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theRedOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theRedOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theRedOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theGreenOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theGreenOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theGreenOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theBlueOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theBlueOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theBlueOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theCyanOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theCyanOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theCyanOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theMagentaOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theMagentaOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theMagentaOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theYellowOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theYellowOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theYellowOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theBlackOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theBlackOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theBlackOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theCloseMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theRedSpinBoxLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theG reen SpinBoxLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theBlueSpinBoxLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theRedSpinBoxTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theGreenSpinBoxTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theBlueSpinBoxTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theRedSpinBoxForm xm Form WidgetClass
theGreenSpinBoxForm xmFormWidgetClass
theBlueSpinBoxDorm xmFormWidgetClass
theRedlncrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theGreenlncrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theBluelncrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theRedDecrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theGreenDecrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theBlueDecrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
theMultibandSelectionDialog_geometryManagerForm xmFormWidgetClass
 Appendix B: Widget Hierarchy

1. The Main Window

K M N U
I I I I
I i I I
1 i
B University of Rochester Halftone Routine

File Control* Calibration

 Widaet Names Widget Classes

A theMainWindow xmMainWindowWidgetClass
B theMenuBar xmRowColumnWidgetClass
C theWorkAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
D theFilenameEntryForm xmFormWidgetClass
E theToolBarForm xmFormWidgetClass
F thePaletteFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
G theOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
H thelnputFilenameForm xm Form WidgetClass
1 thelnputFilenamePushButton xm Push Button WidgetClass
J theOutputputFilenamePushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
K thePaletteFilenamePushButton xmPushButton WidgetClass
L theHalftonePushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
M theHalftoneAndQuitPushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
N theControlsPushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
0 thelnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
P theOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
Q thePaletteFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
R thelnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
S theOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
T thePaletteFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
U thePaletteFilenamePushButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
 2. The File Menu

Widqet Names Widqet Classes

A theFileCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass
B thelnputFilenameMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
C theOutputFileNameMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
D thePaletteFilenameMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
E theHalftoneMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
F theHalftoneAndQuitMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
G theSaveSeparationsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
H theExitMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass
1 theFilePulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
J fileMenultemSeparatorl xmPushButtonWidgetClass
K fileMenultemSeparator2 xmPushButtonWidgetClass
L fileMenultemSeparator3 xmPushButtonWidgetClass
3. The Controls Menu

Univarsity of Rochester Halftone Routine

nie ieoniif Calibration Help
B ^how Controls
C &£ave Controls Settings...
D JBBMRecall Controls Settings... «one HriftmeftQril Ccrtrds freviever

E -feet Defaults
Input me.

Output File:j

Palette File:
i_
Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theControlsCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass

B theShowHideControlsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theSaveSettingsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theRecallSettingsMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theSetDefaultSettingMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theControlsPulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
4. The Calibration Menu

University of Rochester Halftone Routine

File Controls Äf*^ Help
B rate Calibration Patches,
C e Calibration Table...
D jouL Cfftrais
Calibration Table... Preview

Input Hie:

Output File:

Palette Rle:
L
Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theCalibrationCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass

B theGeneratePatchesMenultem xm Push Button WidgetClass

theMakeTableMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theRecallTableMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theCalibrationPulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
5. The Help Menu

university of Rochester Halftone Routine

File Controls Calibration m
' /ersiafhw B
■m Index*}? C
Oot|wt Mette WftonefcOat CIIMJ freviever

Input Rle:

Output File:

Palette Rle:

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theHelpCascadeButton xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass

B theVersionMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

thelndexMenultem xmPushButtonWidgetClass

theHelpPulldownMenu xmRowColumnWidgetClass
6. Palette Selection

university of Rochester Halftone Routine

File Controls Calibration Help

JBtu
Oatptf Male HtftmJKMt C«*rfa

In put File:' 1/j anedsk2_s? /tec/htcontrol /7x7Mar2 4. cmd

Output FileriI/home/optics2/kaufman/test

Palette File:!i/janedsk2_s7/tec/htcontrol/graypal .pal

L:

For certain file types the user can select a palette of colors. When a
file of this type is entered into the Input File textfield the Palette pushbutton
becomes selectable. The pushbutton will open a File-Selection Dialog Box
so that the user can browse the choices of palette files. If the user already
knows the palette file they can input it into the Palette File textfield
 7. The File-Selection Dialog

Motif provides a way of automating the task of selecting files with the
File-Selection Dialog. The dialog allows the user to type the filename, or
search through directories to find the file. Using the filter the user can
specify what type of files they want to find. The File-Selection dialog can be
altered to the users liking using the resource file. Htcontrol uses the stan-
dard File-Selection Dialog and resources which can be found in Ref. 1 and
Ref. 2.
8. The Halftone Progress Window

B
I
I

University of Rochester Halftone Routine

Halftone in Progress

Input File: /j3n<zö&k?.^&? /tec /hTconrro")

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theHalftoneMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
B theHalftonelnfoAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
theProgressScrollBar xmScrolledBarWidgetCiass
theHalftoneOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHalftoneOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theHalftoneOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
theHalftonelnputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
H theHalftonelnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
theHalftonelnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
9. The Save Separations Type Window

lfc)RCB B

i CMYK

OK Cancel Help
J

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

separationsTypeSelection Dialog xmMessageBoxWidgetClass

B theSeparationTypeSelectionForm xmFormWidgetClass

theSeparationsTypeSelectionRadioBox xmFormWidgetClass

theRGBSeparationsTypeToggleButton xmToggleButtonWidgetClass

theCMYKSeparationsTypeToggleButton xmToggleButtonWidgetClass
10. The RGB Color Separations Progress Window

KN H E

I I I Bl
I
University of Rochester Halftone Routine
i • ^r
J i l i
Jil | wripnj Color Separations ...

D
I 'I' =
► ihpiltdileT /janedsk ?_.&?/ tec /hteontrol /te~To
i
► iRed file: /hOifi*/opTic-?2/l .-tufn.an.
1
► Greg Riet /hvin':':/v6Tl''.32/f cti/fn^!Vtciit 111::G

O L I F
 Widaet Names Widaet Classes

A theSeparationsMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
B theSeparationslnfoAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
C theProgressScrollBar xmScrolledBarWidgetClass
D theSeparationslnputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
E theSeparationslnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
F theSeparationslnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
G theRedOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
H theRedOutputFilenameLabel xm Label WidgetClass
1 theRedOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
J theGreenOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
K theGreenOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
L theGreenOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
M theBlueOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
N theBlueOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
0 theBlueOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
11. The CMYK Color Separations Progress Window

K N H ,
Hi Bl

I IÜ
illrii /ersity of Rochester Halftone Rou tine
'Ml
m\
U | miüfiglcolor Separations ...

^, Input pi«?: /janedÄk? &?/tec/htconti-ol /ie™xco)or. f

~T~P
IJ
+. Cyln

R O L I F
 Widaet Names Widaet Classes

>\ theSeparationsMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass

E3 theSeparationsInfoAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass
(* theProgressScrollBar xmScrolledBarWidgetClass
[) theSeparationslnputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
E■ theSeparationslnputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
F: theSeparationslnputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
Ca theCyanOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
h\ theCyanOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
1 theCyanOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
J theMagentaOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
Kl theMagentaOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
L theMagentaOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
111 theYellowOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
N1 theYellowOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
C> theYellowOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
P theBlackOutputFilenameForm xmFormWidgetClass
C\ theBlackOutputFilenameLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
Ft theBlackOutputFilenameTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
12. The Controls Window

B H
 Widaet Names Widget Classes

A theControlsDialog transientShellWidgetClass
B theControlsMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
C theControlsForm xmFormWidgetClass
D theControlsApplyButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
E theControlsResetButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
F theControlsColorFrame xmFrameWidgetClass
G theControlsFineFrame xmFrameWidgetClass
H theControlsColorForm xmFormWidgetClass
1 theControlsFineForm xmFormWidgetClass
J theControlsColorLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
K theControlsFineLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
L theControlsCyanForm xmFormWidgetClass
M theControlsCyanLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
N theControlsCyanScale xmScaleWidgetClass
0 theControlsCyanTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
P theControlsMagentaForm xm Form WidgetClass
Q theControlsMagentaLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
R theControlsMagentaScale xmScaleWidgetClass
S theControlsMagentaTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
T theControlsYellowForm xmFormWidgetClass
U theControlsYellowLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
 Widaet Names Widaet Classes

1
V theControlsYellowScale xmScaleWidgetClass
}
W theControlsYellowTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
i
X theControlsBlackForm xmFormWidgetClass
i
Y theControlsBlackLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
l theControlsBlackScale xmScaleWidgetClass
4
i theControlsBlackTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
l) theControlsDarknessForm xmFormWidgetClass
cJ theControlsDarknessLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
ci theControlsDarknessScale xmScaleWidgetClass
ei theControlsDarknessTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
f theControlsBlackThresholdForm xmFormWidgetClass
S1 theControlsBlackThresholdLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
h theControlsBlackThresholdScale xmScaleWidgetClass
1 theControlsBlackThresholdTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
j theControlsWhiteThresholdForm xmFormWidgetClass
k theControlsWhiteThresholdLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
1 theControlsWhiteThresholdScale xmScaleWidgetClass
rri theControlsWhiteThresholdTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
n theControlsSharpnessForm xmFormWidgetClass
0 theControlsSharpnessLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
P theControlsSharpnessScale xmScaleWidgetClass

q
theControlsSharpnessTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
 13. The Printing Patches Progress Window

B
IF
I

university of Rochester Halftone Routine

1
BJ I Printing Patches
m

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theGeneratePatchesFileSelectionDialog xmFileSelectionBoxWidgetClass

B thePatchesMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass

thePatcheslnfoAreaForm xmFormWidgetClass

theProgressScrollBar xmScrolledBarWidgetClass

thePatchesOutputForm xmFormWidgetClass

thePatchesOuputLabel xmLabelWidgetClass

thePatchesOuputTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
14. The Make Calibration Table Window

M ake Cal i b rati on Tabl e

Position knobs to register calibration patches.

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theCalibrationDialogMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
B aCalibrationDialogForm xmFormWidgetClass

aCalibrationlmageView vlmageViewWidgetClass
15. The Version Menu Window

A|

htcontrol (version 3.0)

?
A Graphical User Interface for
The University of Rochester's Halftoning Algorithm

i Authors: David M. Berfanger, Bryan J. Stossej, and Shen-ge Wang.

Center for Electronic Imaging

University of Rochester

1997

OK

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

the Version Dialog xmMessageBoxWidgetClass

16. The Help Dialog Window.

Htcontrol is a graphical user interface that collects

information needed to successfully render full-color
images using the University of Rochester's halftoning
algorithm. This includes providing the user the abil
to select an input, an output, a palette, and a qalib
file, as well as to adjust several halftoning parlamet
with provided controls.
Means of calibrating the halftoning algorithm for] dif
>ep are also provided This includes bot
inks and papeTs
producing a calibration pattern for printing and ,prov

Widaet Names Widaet Classes

theHelpMessageBox xmMessageBoxWidgetClass
B theHelpDialog topLevelShellWidgetClass
theHelpDialogPanedWindow xmPanedWindowWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTopicsForm xmFormWidgetClass
theHelpDialogTextForm xmFormWidgetClass
F theHelpDialogTopicsLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
G theHelpDialogTextLabel xmLabelWidgetCiass
H theHelpDialogTopicsList xmListWidgetClass
theHelpDialogScrolledText xmTextedWidgetClass
17. The Mutliband Selection Box Window

B M H C
ID
Multiband Selection

^elect apJDrop|riat4 band forjeach color chanel.i

X JJ
"RST
1

Green #--.

T Hu?
fLI
Mz —-L

i +
11 K

u OK
i
i I I
Cancql
I

O J
E
K
N I
I
I
I
\
\
\
P Q
 Widaet Names Widaet Classes

A theMutlibandSelectionDialog xmMessageBoxWidgetClass

B theMultibandSelectionDialog_geometry
xmFormWidgetClass
ManagerForm

C theRedSpinBoxForm xmFormWidgetClass
D theRedSpinBoxLabel xmLabelWidgetClass

E theRedSpinBoxTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
F theRedlncrementArrowButton xm Push Button WidgetClass
G theRedDecrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
H theGreenSpinBoxForm xmFormWidgetClass
1 theGreenSpinBoxLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
J theGreenSpinBoxTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
K theGreenlncrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
L theGreenDecrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
M theBlueSpinBoxForm xmFormWidgetClass
N theBlueSpinBoxLabel xmLabelWidgetClass
0 theBlueSpinBoxTextField xmTextFieldWidgetClass
P theBluelncrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
Q theBlueDecrementArrowButton xmPushButtonWidgetClass
18. Standard Error Message

Error Dialog

Missing Filename
No calibration table filename provided

OK

An error dialog window is created using a standard dialog. A standard

dialog consists of three parts: the text message, an icon showing what kind
of dialog is being displayed and three pushbuttons(OK, Cancel, and Help).
In the error dialog above there is only the OK button so the Cancel and
Help button are removed. This dialog displays an error message and disap-
pears when the user clicks on OK.
19. Standard Question Message

Question Dialog

Filename Exists

Overwrite the given controls settings file?

OK Cancel
L^
A question dialog window is also created using a standard dialog. A
standard dialog consists of three parts: the text message, an icon showing
what kind of dialog is being displayed and three pushbuttons(OK, Cancel,
and Help). In the question dialog above the Help button is removed. This
dialog displays a question which the user can agree with by pressing the
OK buttton or disagree with by pressing the Cancel button.
 APPENDIX C: Error Messages

readCalibrationPatchesError maketableError
calibrationPatchesFileFormatError writeError
separationsFilenameExists unwritableSeparationsFilename
noInputFilename invalidlnputFilename
noOutputFilename invalidOutputFilename
outputFilenameExists noPaletteFilename
invalidPaletteFilename noCalibrationTableFilename
unwritableCalibrationTableFilename noCalibrationPatchFilename
unreadableCalibrationTableFilename calibrationTableFilenameExists
unreadableCalibrationPatchFilename noControlsSettingsFilename
unwritabieCalibrationPatchFilename calibrationPatchFilenameExists
unwritableControlsSettingsFilename controlsSettingsFilenameExists
unreadableControlsSettingsFilename noSeparationsFilename
unwritableSeparationsFilename noHalftoneExecutableFilename
invalidHalftoneExecutableFilename writeControlsSettingsError
noSeparationsExecutableFilename readCalibrationPatchError
invalidSeparationsExecutableFilename outputOpenError
noPatchesExecutableFilename inputOpenError
invalidPatchesExecutableFilename erdasOpenError
writeDefaultControlsSettingsError paletteReadError
calibrationPatchFileFormatError tangentOpenError
tiff Open Error tifflnitError
unkownlnputFileTypeError separationsWriteError
theHalftonelnputFilenameLabel theRedSpinBoxLabel
theHalftoneOutputFilenameLabel theGreenSpinBoxLabel
theHalftonelnputFilenameTextField theBlueSpinBoxLabel
theHalftoneOutputFilenameTextField overlapReadError
theMultibandSelectionDialog calibrationReadError
outputWriteError erdasHalftoningError
tangentHalftoningError tiffHalftoningError
APPENDIX D: Application Resources

XtNdefaultCyanValue

XtCDefaultCyanValue

XtNdefaultMagentaValue

XtCDefaultMagentaValue

XtNdefaultYellowValue

XtCDefaultYellowValue

XtNdefaultBlackValue
XtCDefaultBlackValue

XtNdefaultDarknessValue

XtCDefaultDarknessValue

XtNdefaultBlackThresholdValue

XtCDefaultBlackThresholdValue

XtNdefaultWhiteThresholdValue
XtCDefaultWhiteThresholdValue
XtNdefaultSharpnessValue

XtCDefaultSharpnessValue
XtNcyanValue
XtCCyanValue

XtNmagentaValue
XtCMagentaValue
XtNyellowValue

XtCYellowValue
XtNblackValue
XtCBIackValue

XtNdarknessValue
XtCDarknessValue
 XtNblackThresholdValue

XtCBIackThresholdValue

XtNwhiteThresholdValue

XtCWhiteThresholdValue
XtNsharpnessValue

XtCSharpnessValue

XtNcalibrationFilename

XtCCalibrationFilename

XtNpaletteFilename

XtCPaletteFilename

XtNdefaultSettingsFilename

XtCDefaultSettingsFilename
XtNhalftoneExecFilename
XtCHalftoneExecFilename

XtNseparationsExecFilename

XtCSeparationsExecFilename
XtNpatchesExecFilename

XtCPatchesExecFilename
XtNhelpFilename

XtCHelpFilename

XtNtangentFilenameExtension
XtCTangentFilenameExtension
XtNtiffFilenameExtension

XtCTiffFilenameExtension

XtNerdasFilenameExtension

XtCErdasFilenameExtension

XtNredSeparationFilenameExtension
XtCRedSeparationFilenameExtension

XtNredSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCRedSeparationFilenameExtension

XtNgreenSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCGreenSeparationFilenameExtension

XtNblueSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCBIueSeparationFilenameExtension
XtNcyanSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCCyanSeparationFilenameExtension

XtNmagentaSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCMagentaSeparationFilenameExtension
XtNyellowSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCYellowSeparationFilenameExtension
XtNblackSeparationFilenameExtension

XtCBIackSeparationFilenameExtension
XtNcalibrationFilenameExtension
XtCCaJibrationFilenameExtension
XtNpaletteFiienameExtension
XtCPaletteFilenameExtension
XtNseparationsType
XtCSeparationsType
 APPENDIX E: Example Resource File - Htcontrol 3.0

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