II PUC-COMPUTER SCIENCE (41) DATABASE CONCEPTS(FILL IN BLANKS)

CH13: DATABASE CONCEPTS-FILL IN THE BLANKS

II PU COMPUTER SCIENCE(41)
1) Data is a collection of facts, figures, statistics
2) Information is processed data with some definite meaning
3) A collection of logically related data organized in way that data can be easily accessed and
updated is called Database
4) A single entry(row) in a table is called the Records
5) Records are also called the tuple
6) Each column is identified by a distinct header called attributes
7) Set of values for an attribute in that column is called Domain
8)A DBMS is a software that allow creation, definition, and manipulation of data base.
9) Data abstraction is a process of hiding unwanted or irrelevant details from the end user.
10) Database Independence is an ability of a database to modify a schema definition at one
level without affecting a schema in the next higher level.
11) Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database
12) The process of applying a data model theory to create a data model instance is known as
Data Modelling
13) Database architecture is logically divided into 3 types.
14) An Entity can be any object, place, person, or class
15) An Attribute describes a property or characteristics of an entity
16) An Relationship describes relation between entities
17) Primary key is a key that uniquely identifies each record in a table
18) The process of sharing data stored in database is data sharing among multiple users
19) Data Mining is a process of analysing and picking out relevant information from data
20) “Data about data” is metadata
21) Domain is a set of values for an attribute in a column
22) An entity in a table is a record/row
23) Process of extracting knowledge from collected data is called data mining
24) Data warehouse is a repository of an organization electronically stored data
25) Database Model describes how the data is represented and used.
26) Generalization combines two lower-level entity to from higher level entity
27) Records are stored in chronological order in Sequential file organization
28) Cardinality refers to the minimum number of relationships in an entity.
29) The duplication of data is called Data Redundancy
30)A relation is a table that consists of rows(records) and columns(attributes)
31) Data mining is extracting the information from the large volume of data
32) DBMS is a software used for creating and managing the database
33) External level is called the view level in 3-schema architecture
34) Conceptual level is called the logical level
35) Internal level is called the physical level
36) Validity and accuracy of data is referred as Data integrity
37)The ability to modify a schema definition at one level without affecting the schema
definition at another level is called data independence
38) Data mining is discovery of knowledge from the large volume of data
39) ISAM combines the best features of sequential and direct access
40) Conversion of data into information is called Data Processing
41) Processed data is called Information
42) Collection of raw facts, figures, statistics is called Data
43) In 1-tier architecture user directly interacts with the database
44) The structure of database is called as Schema
II PUC-COMPUTER SCIENCE (41) DATABASE CONCEPTS(FILL IN BLANKS)

45) Primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table

46) Protection of data is the Security
47) Diamond is the symbol used to represent relationship in E-R diagram
48) Rectangle is the symbol used to represent entity in ER diagram
49) Ellipse/Eclipse/Oval is the symbol used to represent attributes in ER diagram
50) Information is processed data with some definite meaning or
Information is a processed data
51) Example for popular DBMS is a MySQL/SQL Server/Sybase
52) File is basic unit of storage in computer system
53) The data model organizes that data in the form the tree is Hierarchical model
54) The data model organizes that data in the form the graph is Network model
55) In relational model data is organized in table
56) Relational model represents data in the form of a table.
*****
Data Abstraction (3 Schema architecture/RDBMS Architecture)
Internal Level is the lowest level of data abstraction
It deals with the physical representation of the database on the computer
It is also known as physical level
(It describes how the data is physically stored and organized on the storage medium)
Conceptual Level: It is the next higher level of data abstraction
It delas with the logical structure of the entire database
It is also known as logical level
External Level: It is the highest level of abstraction
It deals with user’s view of the database
It is also known as View level
RDBMS (Relational Data Management System)
DBMS (Data Base Management System): is a software that allows creation, definition and
manipulation of database
Popular DMBS software’s are: MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, IBM DB2, MS SQL Server,
Informix, Ingres, MS-Access, SAP
Advantages (Features) of DBMS:
Data Redundancy: means data duplication(replicating)
Data Integrity: refers to the validity of data and consistent
(validity and accuracy of data is referred as data integrity)
Data Security: protection of data is the security
DBMS Users (database users):
Application programmers and system analysts:
System analysts determine the requirement of end users
Application programmers implement these parameters in programs
Database Administrator (DBA): is responsible for authorization access to the database for
coordinating and monitoring its use.
Database Designers: is responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database.
End users: people who require access to the database for querying updating and generating
reports
Database Terms:
Schema: The structure of the database is called Schema
File: is basic unit of storage in computer system
Table(Relation): Collection of rows and columns is called as table
Records: a single entry(row) in a table is called a Record or Row
Tuple: Records are also called the tuple
II PUC-COMPUTER SCIENCE (41) DATABASE CONCEPTS(FILL IN BLANKS)

Domain: set of values for an attribute in that column

Data: is a collection of facts, figures, statistics, which can be processed to produce meaning
information
Information: is processed data with some definite meaning
ER Diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram):
ER Diagram: is a visual represented of data that describes how data is related to each other.
(Entity, Attribute, Relationship)
Entity: Entity is an real world object
An entity is represented using symbol rectangle
Attribute: An attribute is a properties or characteristics of an entity
An attribute is represented using symbol eclipse/ellipse/oval
Relationship: A relationship describes relations between entities
Relationship is represented using symbol diamond/rhombus
Data Independence: Data independence is a ability to modify the schema definition in one
level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level
Types of Data Independence: Physical data independence & Logical data independence
ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method)
ISAM is the combinations of sequential and direct access file organization
Database Model: a database model is an abstract model that describes how data is
represented and used.
3-database models: Hierarchical model, Network Model, Relational Model
Hierarchical Model: Data is organized in the form of trees
Network Model: Data is organized in the form of graph
Relational Model: Data is organized logically in the form of rows and columns and stored in
the tuple. (table)
Key: the key is defined as the column or attribute of the database table (or) It is a
column/columns which identifies the each row or tuple.
Various Types of Relational Keys:
Candidate Key(ck):is an attribute (or set of attributes) that uniquely identifies a row. i.e
A key which is eligible to become the primary key is called a candidate key.
Example: Student (slno, rollno, regno, name, combination, marks)
In this student table as slno, rollno and regno fields identifies all the tuples uniquely.
Therefore, these fields are called candidate key
Primary Key(pk): is a key that uniquely identified each record in a table
(a primary key value is unique and cannot be null/it should not be empty or null)
There is only one primary key for a table.
Primary Key/Super Key is a superset of Candidate key.
Example: Stu_id, Emp_id, Bank_accno, tc_id, dl_no, etc..
Alternate Key/Secondary Key(sk): The candidate key which is not considered as primary
key currently is called alternate key. It is also called secondary key
Student (slno, rollno, regno, name, combination, marks)
In this, regno is considered as primary key, so that rollno may be an alternate key.
Foreign Key(fk): When we combine two databases, then primary key of one database can be
used in the another database, such keys are called as foreign key.
Example: Consider two tables employee and department
Employee(empno, name, dept_id, salary)
Department(dept_id, deptname,address)
In the above example, dept_id in the employee table can identify all the records of the
department table uniquely.
II PUC-COMPUTER SCIENCE (41) DATABASE CONCEPTS(FILL IN BLANKS)

Composite Key: one or more than one columns that uniquely identifies each tuple in a
relation is called composite key
Example: Student (slno, rollno, regno, name, combination, marks)
If rollno and regno keys can be considered as composite keys
File Organization:
a) Serial File Organization: in serial organization data is stored in the chronological order.
Records are arranged one after another in no particular order
b) Direct Access File Organization (Random File Organization):in direct file organization
data is stored randomly,
c) Sequential File Organization: Records are stored one after another in an ascending or
descending order determined by the key field of the records
d) ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method): is the hybrid sequential and direct access
file organization.
Aggregation: is a process when relation between two entity is treated as a single entity
Normalization: is the process of organizing data in a database.
There are a few rules for database normalization each rule is called a “normal form”
First Normal Form(1NF), Second Normal Form(2NF), Third Normal Form(3NF),
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Abstraction Mechanisms: there are two abstraction mechanisms used to model the
information, 1) Generalization and 2) Specialization
1) Generalization: is a bottom-up approach in which to lower-level entities combine to form
a higher-level entity.
2) Specialization: “ is opposite to Generalization” is a top-down approach in which one
higher level entity can be broken down into two lower level entity.
Data Mining: The discovery of knowledge from the collected data is called data mining (or)
Data mining refers to extracting or mining knowledge from large amount of data
Data mining stages: selection, preprocessing, transformation, data mining, evolution
Data Mining software’s are SPSS, SAS, Think Analytics, G-Sat
Data Warehouse: A data warehouse is a repository of an organization’s electronically stored
data.
ETL(Extract, Transform, Loading)-ETL Tools(Informatica, Talend)
Client-Server Databases (Oracle, DB2, ISAM, Informix, Adabas, etc..)
PC-Databases (MS-Access, ESS(Spread Sheet/MS-Excel))
Components of Data warehouse: Data Sources, Data Transformation, Reporting, Metadata,
Operations
Metadata- “data about data” that describes the data warehouse.
It is used for building, maintaining, managing and using the data warehouse.
RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System):
RDBMS Like MS-SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Sybase
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called Relation
The Relation (Table) is a Collection of rows(tuples) and columns(attributes)
SQL,RDBMS, DBMS, Field, Record, Relationship,
*****

Prepared By: H.Ramesh, MCA, Sr. Lecturer in Comp.Sci.,

RVPB PU College (IMSC Institute),Metagalli, KRS Road, Mysuru-16
Mobile: +91-9448845623(WA) | +91-9741874177