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Tutorial Set 4

The document discusses linear transformations and their representations as matrices. It contains 6 questions related to finding standard matrices of linear transformations, determining eigenvectors and eigenvalues, representing transformations as matrix products, and modeling population growth using linear algebra.

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samuelkeithchew
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29 views

Tutorial Set 4

The document discusses linear transformations and their representations as matrices. It contains 6 questions related to finding standard matrices of linear transformations, determining eigenvectors and eigenvalues, representing transformations as matrix products, and modeling population growth using linear algebra.

Uploaded by

samuelkeithchew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

Department of Mathematics

2023-2024 (Semester 1) MA1513 Tutorial Set 4

To be discussed in week 5 (Sep 11 - 15, 2023).


Hints and selected answers are given on the last page. Refer to them only when necessary.

1. For each of the following linear transformations, find the standard matrix by two
approaches: (i) finding the images of the standard basis vectors; (ii) stacking
method.

(a) T : R2 → R2 such that


(( )) ( ) (( )) ( ) (( )) ( )
1 2 1 0 2 2
T = , T = and T = .
−1 0 1 2 0 2

(b) T : R3 → R3 such that


           
1 1 1 1 1 0
T 0  = 1,
 T  1 = 0
 and T 0 = 0.

1 2 0 1 0 1
( ) ( ) ( )
3 0 0 4 0 0
2. Let A = ,B= and C = .
8 −1 1 0 0 0
Determine whether the following vectors are eigenvectors of each of the three ma-
trices; and find the associated eigenvalues for each matrix.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1 −2 2 a
, , , , , where a, b not both 0.
1 0 2 1 1 b
3. For each of the following matrices,
     
1 1 0 1 0 0 −1 1 1
(a) A = 1 1 1, (b) B = 1 1 0, (c) C = −2 2 1.
0 0 2 0 1 1 2 −1 0

(i) find all the eigenvalues of the matrix;


(ii) use the answer in (i) to determine whether the matrix is non-singular.
(iii) find a basis for the eigenspace associated with each eigenvalue of the matrix;
(iv) determine whether the matrix is diagonalizable;
(v) find a non-singular matrix P that diagonalize the matrix if it is diagonalizable.

4. Given a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 such that all the points on the line
with equation y = x on the xy-plane is scaled by a factor 3 (for example, the point
(1, 1) is transformed to (3, 3)), and all the points on the line with equation y = −x
is scaled by a factor 31 .

1
(i) Without finding the standard matrix A of T , write down the two eigenvalues
and the corresponding eigenvectors of A.
(ii) Find A.

5. A certain species of animals has two life stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old) and
adult. Each year,

• an adult produces an average of 1.5 juveniles;


• 40% of the juveniles survive to become adults;
• 70% of the adults survive.
( )
j
Let xn = n where jn and an are the number of juveniles and adults respectively
an
in year n.

(i) Find the stage matrix A such that xn+1 = Axn .


(ii) Suppose the number of juveniles and adults are 12500 and 10000 respectively
in year 2020. Find j2021 , a2021 , j2022 , a2022 .
(iii) Explain why the proportion of juveniles to adults remain the same over the
years 2020, 2021 and 2022. Do you expect the proportion to stay constant in
the long run?

6. (MATLAB) The terms yaw, pitch and roll are used in aerospace industry to de-
scribe the maneuvering of an aircraft.

Refering to the diagram above, a yaw is a rotation in the xy-plane. A yaw by an


angle θ (clockwise) is a linear transformation with standard matrix
 
cos θ sin θ 0
Y = − sin θ cos θ 0 .
0 0 1

A pitch is a rotation in the xz-plane. A pitch by an angle α (clockwise) is a linear


transformation with standard matrix
 
cos α 0 − sin α
P =  0 1 0 .
sin α 0 cos α

2
A roll is a rotation in the yz-plane. A roll by an angle β (clockwise) is a linear
transformation with standard matrix
 
1 0 0
R = 0 cos β − sin β  .
0 sin β cos β

If we perform a yaw by an angle θ followed by a pitch by an angle α, the composite


transformation is given by the product Y P .
Similarly, a yaw with angle θ, followed by a pitch with angle α, and then a roll with
angle β is given by the product Y P R. The effect of such a combination of rotations
is again a rotation about a certain axis. This axis is given by an eigenvector of the
transformation matrix that corresponds to the eigenvalue 1 (why?).
Suppose an aircraft perform a yaw with 20◦ , followed by a pitch with 30◦ , and then
a roll with 15◦ .

(i) Write down the matrix Q of the composite transformation.


(ii) Check that 1 is an eigenvalue of Q.
(iii) Find the axis of rotation of the composite transformation.
(iv) Is the axis of rotation the same if we perform the roll first, followed by the
pitch, and then by the yaw?

3
Hints and selected answers
( )
1 −1
1. (a) (only need to use two of the three equalities to find the standard
1 1
matrix);
 
0 1 1
(b) 0 0 1 (need to use all the three equalities to find the standard matrix).
1 0 1

2. Multiply each matrix with the corresponding vectors.

3. (a) eigenvalues 0 and 2; {(−1, 1, 0)T } basis for E0 and {(1, 1, 0)T } basis for E2 .
(b) eigenvalue 1; {(0, 0, 1)T } basis for E1 .
(c) eigenvalues −1 and 1; {(−1, −1, 1)T } basis for E−1 and {(1, 2, 0)T , (1, 0, 2)T }
basis for E1 .
We determine whether a 3 × 3 matrix is diagonalizable by checking whether it has
three linearly independent eigenvectors. The maximum number of linearly inde-
pendent eigenvectors can be obtained from the basis vectors for all the eigenspaces.
( ) ( )
1 1 −1
4. (i) eigenvalues 3 and 3 with eigenvectors and respectively.
(5 4) 1 1
(ii) A = 34 35 .
3 3
( )
0 1.5
5. (i) . (ii) j2021 = 15000, a2021 = 12000, j2022 = 18000, a2022 = 14400.
0.4 0.7
(iii) Find the eigenvectors of the stage matrix.

6. (i) Input the three matrices Y, P and R. The MATLAB command to input sine
and cosine functions are sin(x), cos(x) (where x is some angle in radian).
For example, to input cos(20◦ ), type: ≫ cos(pi*20/180).
After entering Y, P and R, use MATLAB to compute the matrix multiplication
≫ Q=Y*P*R.
(ii) Use the MATLAB command ≫ [A B] = eig(Q).
The diagonal entries of B give the eigenvalues of Q. The three columns of A give
the corresponding eigenvectors.
(iii) The third column of A is the vector that gives the axis of rotation for the
composite transformation.
(iv) No. (Use MATLAB to go through the process for the matrix M=R*P*Y).

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