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2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Voctech Senior High School
Grade 11

First Semester
Module No. 2

___________________
Name of Student

MR. REY EMMANUEL G. ILUMBA, LPT

Teacher

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• The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of

functions; (b) key concepts of rational functions; (c) key concepts of
rational functions; and (d) key concepts of inverse functions,
MONTHLY OBJECTIVES:
exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
• The learner demonstrates understanding of: key concepts of simple
and compound interests, and simple and general annuities
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st
SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 5TH

LESSON #5: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
• represents real-life situations using logarithmic functions;
• distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and
logarithmic inequality:
• solves logarithmic equations and inequalities;
• represents a logarithmic function through its: (a) table of
values, (b) graph, and (c) equation:
• finds the domain and range of a logarithmic function;
• determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of
logarithmic functions; and
• solves problems involving logarithmic functions, equations,
and inequalities

In the previous module, we have learned about rational, one-to-on, inverse and exponential functions and
its applications in real life. Logarithmic function is simply the inverse of an exponential function. It is mainly
used, but not limited to, earthquake intensity measurement, acidic measurement of solutions (pH value),
sound intensity measurement and expressing larger values. This module will help you understand the key
concepts of logarithmic functions and apply these concepts to formulate and solve real-life problems with
precision and accuracy.

Zero-Exponent Rule: a0 = 1, this says that

anything raised to the zero power is 1.

Power Rule (Powers to Powers): (am)n = amn,

this says that to raise a power to a power you
need to multiply the exponents. There are
several other rules that go along with the
power rule, such as the product-to-powers
rule and the quotient-to-powers rule.

Negative Exponent Rule: , this says

that negative exponents in the numerator get
moved to the denominator and become
positive exponents. Negative exponents in the
denominator get moved to the numerator
and become positive exponents. Only move
the negative exponents.

Product Rule: am ∙ an = am + n, this says that to

multiply two exponents with the same base,
you keep the base and add the powers.

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Quotient Rule: , this says that to

divide two exponents with the same base,
you keep the base and subtract the powers.
This is similar to reducing fractions; when you
subtract the powers put the answer in the
numerator or denominator depending on
where the higher power was located. If the
higher power is in the denominator, put the
difference in the denominator and vice versa,
this will help avoid negative exponents.

DEFINITION OF LOGARITHM
A logarithm is the power to which a number must be raised in order to get some other number. For example,
the base ten logarithm of 100 is 2, because ten raised to the power of two is 100.

EXAMPLES:

EXPLAINATION
(1) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐 is equal to 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 100 This is an example of a base-ten logarithm. We call
it a base ten logarithm because ten is the number
that is raised to a power. The base unit is the
number being raised to a power.
(2) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟖 = 𝟑 is equal to 23 = 8 There are logarithms using different base units. If
you wanted, you could use two as a base unit. For
instance, the base two logarithm of eight is three,
because two raised to the power of three equals
eight.

In general, you write log followed by the base number as a subscript. The most common logarithms are
base 10 logarithms and natural logarithms; they have special notations. A base ten log is written

𝒍𝒐𝒈

And a base ten logarithmic equation is usually written in the form:

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 = 𝒓

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SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

In this section we will now take a look at solving logarithmic equations, or equations with logarithms in them.
We will be looking at two specific types of equations here. In particular we will look at equations in which
every term is a logarithm and we also look at equations in which all but one term in the equation is a
logarithm and the term without the logarithm will be a constant. Also, we will be assuming that the logarithms
in each equation will have the same base.

STEPS FOR SOLVING AN EQUATION INVOLVING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

a) Isolate the logarithmic function.

b) If convenient, express both sides as logs with the same base and equate the arguments of the log
functions.
c) Otherwise, rewrite the log equation as an exponential equation

EXAMPLE: Solve log 2 (5x + 7) = 5

SOLUTION:

• Rewrite the equation to exponential form

logs 2 (5x + 7) = 5 ⇒ 2 5 = 5x + 7
⇒ 32 = 5x + 7
⇒ 5x = 32 – 7
5x = 25
• Divide both sides by 5 to get
x=5

EXAMPLE: Solve log 10 (2x + 1) = 3

SOLUTION:

• Rewrite the equation in exponential form

log10 (2x + 1) = 3n⇒ 2x + 1 = 103
⇒ 2x + 1 = 1000
2x = 999
• On dividing both sides by 2, we get;
x = 499.5
• Verify your answer by substituting it in the original logarithmic equation;
⇒ log10 (2 x 499.5 + 1) = log10 (1000) = 3 since 103 = 1000

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES

Solving logarithmic inequalities, it is important to understand the direction of the inequality changes if the
base of the logarithms is less than 1.

log 2 𝑥 < log 2 𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑦

log 0.5 𝑥 < log 0.5 𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 > 𝑦

EXAMPLE #1

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EXAMPLE #2

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EXMAPLE #3

In this section, you will be learning what logarithmic function is and how to identify the domain, range,
intercepts, zeroes and asymptotes on the function. Kindly read and study the mathematical key points
below.

IDENTIFYING THE DOMAIN & RANGE OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

▪ Set up an inequality showing the argument greater than zero.

▪ Solve for x.
▪ Write the domain in interval notation

EXAMPLE: What is the domain of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟑) ?

SOLUTION:

The logarithmic function is defined only when the input is positive, so this function is defined when 𝑥 +
3>0

𝒙+𝟑> 𝟎
𝒙 > −𝟑
Hence, the 𝐷{𝑥|𝑥 > −3}

Using a calculator, make a table of values of the function, so that you can determine the range:

𝒙 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 0 1 1.5 2 2.3

Hence, the 𝑅{𝑦|𝑦 > 0}

IDENTIFYING THE INTERCEPTS AND ASYMPTOTES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

▪ In identifying the intercepts of the logarithmic functions, you just need to substitute zero to the 𝑥
and 𝑦

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EXAMPLE: What are the intercepts of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟑) ?

Solution:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟑)
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟎 + 𝟑)
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟑)
𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟓
(𝟎, 𝟏. 𝟓)
𝑓(𝑥) = log 2 (𝑥 + 3)
0 = log 2 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 + 3 = 20
𝑥+3=1
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝑥 =1−3
𝑥 = −2
(−𝟐, 𝟎)

LESSON #6: SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTERESTS

OBJECTIVES:

• illustrates simple and compound interests;

• distinguishes between simple and compound interests;
• computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in
simple interest and compound interest environment; and
• solves problems involving simple and compound interests.

Congratulations! You are now already in the next chapter of the subject General Mathematics which is the
business math. In the succeeding lessons you will be learning basic concepts and term in business math.
In this lesson, you will be learning the basic concepts on simple and compound interest.

KEY TERMS

(1) Principal is the amount of money borrowed or invested.

(2) Term is the length of transaction period. It starts with origin date and ends with maturity date.
(3) Maturity value is the amount of money which the lender or investor receives from the borrower at
the end of the term. m

The learner demonstrates understanding of: key concepts of simple and

MONTHLY OBJECTIVES:
compound interests, and simple and general annuities
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st
SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 6TH

Principal Maturity Value

(Origin Date) (Maturity date)
Term

(4) Simple interest is earned when only the original principal earns interest for the duration of term.
(5) Compound interest is a type of interest which results from the periodic addition of simple interest
to the principal.

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EXAMPLE. SOLVE THE FOLLOWING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BELOW.

(1) A 2-year loan of $500 is made with 4% simple interest. Find the interest earned.

Solution:
Always take a moment to identify the values given in the problem. Here we are given:

Time is 2 years: t=2

Initial amount is $500: P=500
The rate is 4%. Write this as a decimal: r=0.04

Now apply the formula:

I=Prt=500(0.04)(2)=40

Answer: The interest earned is $40.

In this example, the time given was in years, just as in the formula. But what if you are only given
a number of months? Let’s use another example to see how this might be different.

(2) A total of $1,200 is invested at a simple interest rate of 6% for 4 months. How much interest is
earned on this investment?

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Solution:

(3) An investment earns 3% compounded monthly. Find the value of an initial investment of
$5,000 after 6 years.
Solution:

(4) What is the value of an investment of $3,500 after 2 years if it earns 1.5% compounded quarterly?
SOLUTION:

FUTURE VALUE OF SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST

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EXAMPLE: Solve for the future value.

(1) An investment earns 3% compounded monthly. Find the value of an initial
investment of $5,000 after 6 years.

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(2) A business takes out a simple interest loan of $10,000 at a rate of 7.5%. What is
the total amount the business will repay if the loan is for 8 years?

The learner demonstrates understanding of: key concepts of simple and

MONTHLY OBJECTIVES:
compound interests, and simple and general annuities
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st
SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 7TH

LESSON #7: SIMPLE AND GENERAL ANNUITIES

OBJECTIVES:

• illustrates simple and general annuities;

• distinguishes between simple and general annuities;
• finds the future value and present value of both simple annuities and
general annuities;
• calculates the fair market value of a cash flow stream that includes an
annuity;
• calculates the present value and period of deferral of a deferred
annuity.

You are already understood the basic concept about simple and compound interest. You have also learned
what is the importance of interest rate in doing loans and investments.

In this lesson, you will be learning the basic concepts on simple and compound annuity.

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You may be wondering why you should work with Home Credit to achieve your dreams. The answer is
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First, you only need two valid IDs. Many other loans
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credit line, Home Credit has you covered. Shop for
anything you want on installment and Home Credit will

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take care of the details. It's fast and easy; you can be at the store and leave with your purchase within
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Home Credit gives you the leverage to afford what makes you happy. Buy things to your heart's content
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WHAT IS ANNUITY?

Annuity a series of payments made for a time interval which is usually stipulated in contracts. The
payment is made by installments and does not vary for the duration of the contract.

EXAMPLE:

✓ Loans

✓ Car and Home Mortgages

✓ Insurance

✓ Pension & Retirement Products

✓ Credit Cards

(1) Simple Annuity is an annuity for which the interest period is the same as the payment period.

(2) General Annuity where the interest period and the payment period don’t coincide.

(3) Ordinary Annuity is an annuity for which the payments are made at the end of each interest

(4) Deferred Annuity is similar to ordinary annuity except that the first payment is not made at the end of
the first interest but later.

SIMPLE ANNUITY FORMULAS

Future Value of Simple EXAMPLE:
Ordinary Annuity
The treasurer of ABC
P = The future value of the International expects to invest
annuity stream to be paid in the $100,000 of the firm's funds in a
future long-term investment vehicle at
PMT = The amount of each the end of each year for the next
annuity payment five years. He expects that the
r = The interest rate company will earn 7% interest
n = The number of periods over that will compound annually. The
which payments are made value that these payments should
have at the end of the five-year
This value is the amount that a period is calculated as:
stream of future payments will P = PMT [((1 + r) n - 1) / r]
grow to, assuming that a certain P = $100,000 [((1 + .07)5 - 1) /
amount of compounded interest .07]
P = $575,074
earnings gradually accrue over
the measurement period. The .005833 interest rate used
Usually, the key variable in the in the last example is 1/12th of
equation is the interest rate the full 7% annual interest rate.
assumption, which could be
severely misstated from the
interest rate that is actually
experienced in future periods.

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Present Value of Simple EXAMPLE:

Ordinary Annuity
ABC International has committed
P = The present value of the to a legal settlement that requires
annuity stream to be paid in it to pay $50,000 per year at the
the future end of each of the next ten years.
What would it cost ABC if it were
PMT = The amount of each to instead settle the claim
annuity payment immediately with a single
payment, assuming an interest
r = The interest rate P = PMT [(1 - (1 / (1 + r) n)) / r] rate of 5%? The calculation is:
n = The number of periods
P = $50,000 [(1 -
over which payments are to
(1/(1+.05)10))/.05]
be made P = $386,087
The present value calculation for
an ordinary annuity is used to
determine the total cost of an
annuity if it were to be paid right
now.

GENERAL ANNUITY FORMULAS

A general annuity is an annuity where the payment intervals are not the same as the interest intervals.
A general ordinary annuity is which the periodic payment is made at the end of the payment interval.

Example:
Monthly payments of $500 where interest is 6, compounded monthly. Here the payment interval and the interest
interval are the same – 1 month.

Suppose there are monthly payments of $500, but the interest is 6%, compounded semi-annually. Here the
payment interval is 1 month, but the interest period is 6 months. They are not the same. This type of annuity is
called a general annuity.

FUTURE GENERAL ANNUITY

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PRESENT GENERAL ANNUITY

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WHAT IS A DEFERRED
ANNUITY?

A deferred annuity is a
contract with an insurance
company that promises to
pay the owner a regular
income, or a lump sum, at
some future date. Investors
often use deferred
annuities to supplement
their other retirement
income, such as Social
Security. Deferred
annuities differ
from immediate annuities,
which begin making
payments right away.

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The learner demonstrates understanding of: basic concepts of stocks and

MONTHLY OBJECTIVES:
bonds.
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st
SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 8TH

LESSON #8: STOCKS AND BONDS

OBJECTIVES:
• illustrate stocks and bonds;
• distinguishes between stocks and bonds;
• describes the different markets for stocks and bonds; and
• analyzes the different market indices for stocks and bonds

You are already understood the basic concept about simple and compound annuities. In this lesson, you
will be learning the basic concepts on stocks and bonds.

Stocks and bonds are

often paired together
when talking about
investments, but their
risks, returns and
behaviors have stark
differences.

WHAT’S THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN STOCKS
AND BONDS?

Stocks give you partial

ownership in a
corporation, while bonds
are a loan from you to a
company or government.
The biggest difference
between them is how they
generate profit: stocks
must appreciate in value
and be sold later on the
stock market, while most
bonds pay fixed interest
over time.

STOCKS

Stocks represent partial ownership, or equity, in a company. When you buy stock, you’re actually
purchasing a tiny slice of the company — one or more "shares." And the more shares you buy, the more
of the company you own.

EXAMPLE:

Let’s say a company has a stock price of $50 per share, and you invest $2,500 (that's 50 shares for $50
each).

Now imagine, over several years, the company consistently performs well. Because you’re a partial owner,
the company’s success is also your success, and the value of your shares will grow just like the value of
the company. If its stock price rises to $75 (a 50% increase), the value of your investment would rise 50%
to $3,750. You could then sell those shares to another investor for a $1,250 profit.

Of course, the opposite is also true. If that company performs poorly, the value of your shares could fall
below what you bought them for. In this instance, if you sold them, you’d lose money.

Stocks are also known as corporate stock, common stock, corporate shares, equity shares and equity
securities. Companies may issue shares to the public for several reasons, but the most common is to raise
cash that can be used to fuel future growth.

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BONDS

Bonds are a loan from you to a company or government. There’s no equity involved, nor any shares to buy.
Put simply, a company or government is in debt to you when you buy a bond, and it will pay you interest on
the loan for a set period, after which it will pay back the full amount you bought the bond for. But bonds
aren’t completely risk-free. If the company goes bankrupt during the bond period, you’ll stop receiving
interest payments and may not get back your full principal.

EXAMPLE:

Let’s say you buy a bond for $2,500 and it pays 2% annual interest for 10 years. That means every year,
you’d receive $50 in interest payments, typically distributed evenly throughout the year. After a duration of
10 years, you would have earned $500 in interest, and you’d get back your initial investment of $2,500, too.
Keeping a bond for the full duration is known as “holding until maturity.”

With bonds, you usually know exactly what you’re signing up for, and the regular interest payments can be
used as a source of predictable fixed income over long periods.

The durations of bonds depend on the type you buy, but commonly range from a few days to 30 years.
Likewise, the interest rate — known as yield — will vary depending on the type and duration of the bond.

THE BOND MARKET

The bond market is where investors go to trade (buy and sell) debt securities, prominently bonds, which
may be issued by corporations or governments. The bond market is also known as the debt or the credit
market. Securities sold on the bond market are all various forms of debt. By buying a bond, credit, or debt
security, you are lending money for a set period and charging interest—the same way a bank does to its
debtors.

The bond market provides investors with a steady, albeit nominal, source of regular income. In some cases,
such as Treasury bonds issued by the federal government, investors receive biannual interest
payments.1 Many investors choose to hold bonds in their portfolios as a way to save for retirement, for their
children's education, or other long-term needs.

THE STOCK MARKET

A stock market is a place where investors go to trade equity securities, such as common stocks, and
derivatives—including options and futures. Stocks are traded on stock exchanges. Buying equity securities,
or stocks, means you are buying a very small ownership stake in a company. While bondholders lend
money with interest, equity holders purchase small stakes in companies on the belief that the company
performs well and the value of the shares purchased will increase.

The primary function of the stock market is to bring buyers and sellers together into a fair, regulated, and
controlled environment where they can execute their trades. This gives those involved the confidence that
trading is done with transparency, and that pricing is fair and honest. This regulation not only helps
investors, but also the corporations whose securities are being traded. The economy thrives when the stock
market maintains its robustness and overall health.

Just like the bond market, there are two components to the stock market. The primary market is reserved
for first-run equities: initial public offerings (IPOs) will be issued on this market. This market is facilitated by
underwriters, who set the initial price for securities. Equities are then opened up on the secondary market,
which is where the most trading activity takes place.

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NOTE: PASSED ONLY THIS ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE LESSONS
WILL SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #6: Business Mathematics (50 PTS.)

STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:

I. DIRECTIONS: Solve the following problems below about simple and compound interest.

1. Find the interest on a used car loan of $5000 at a rate of 16% for a period of 8 months.

2. Find the interest earned on an investment of $10,000 into a money market account that pays a
simple interest rate of 1.75% over a 39-week period.

3. Find the amount owed on an investment of $10,000 into a money market account that pays a simple
interest rate of 1.75% over a 39 week period.

II. DIRECTIONS: Solve the following problems below about simple and general annuities.

1. How much money must you deposit now at 6% interest compounded quarterly in order to be able
to withdraw $3,000 at the end of each quarter year for two years?

2. Suppose you invested $1000 per quarter over a 15 year period. If money earns an annual rate of
6.5% compounded quarterly, how much would be available at the end of the time period. How
much is the interest earned?

III. TITLE: STOCKS & BONDS

1. Make a poster on the World of Business Mathematics that shows about stocks and bonds.
2. Draw it in a long clean bond paper. The bond paper must have a border (1/2 inch in each side).
3. Draw your poster in a landscape lay out.
4. You will be scored accordingly with the rubrics below:

CREATIVITY & CONTENT: 30 PTS

CLEANLINESS: 20 PTS
TOTAL: 50 PTS.

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