EXERCISE 1.

1
1 For manufacturing a certain item, the fixed cost is 6500and the cost of producing each unit
is 12.50.
(i) What is the cost function ? Draw a graph, clearly indicating TC, TFC and TVC.
(ii) What is the total cost of producing 75 items?
(iii) What is the average cost of producing 400 items?
2. The cost function for a certain commodity is
1
c (x) = 12 + 3x
3
Write down the total cost, fixed cost, variable cost and average cost when 3 units are
produced.
3. Cost of producing 75 units of a commodityis 275 and cost of producing 150units is
300.Assuming that TC is linear, find the
(i) cost function.
(ii) average total cost of producing 75, 150,225 units respectively.
(iii) average fixed cost of producing 75, 150,225 units respectively.
(iv) average variable cost of producing 75, 150,225 units respectively.
4. The total cost of producing and marketing x units of commodity is given by
c=2X+ -x 2 + 5e.
Find
(i) the fixed cost (ii) the variable cost (iii) total cost of producing 5 units
I
(iv) average cost of producing 5 units.

Answers
(ii) <7437.50 (iii) 08.75
1. (i) C(x) = 6500 + 12.50x
2. TC = 08, FC = 02, VC = AC =

3. (i) C (x) = 250 + —x (ii) 0.67, 0.44

(iii)0.33, 0.67, 0.11 (iv) 0.33, 0.33, {0.33

2
(ii) VC = 2x + Y x

(iii) 15 + 5e (iv) 3 + e

1309
Commerce and Economics
Application of Calculus in
 EXERCISE 1.2

1. The demand function is x = 24 ¯ 2P, where x is the number of units demanded and p is the
price per unit. Find the revenue function R in terms of p. (Isc 2016)
2. Find the profit function and hence find the breakeven points when
(i) R(x) = 40x, C(x) = 30x + 150
(ii) p = 25, C(x) = 30x + 150
(iii) 72-4x, C(x) = 16x + 180
(iv) R(x) = 750x - 5x2, C(x) = 100x + 20000.
3. A publishing house finds that the cost directly attributed to each book is 30 and that the
fixed costs are 15000.If each book can be sold for 45, then determine
(i) the cost function (ii) the revenue function (iii) the breakeven point.

1314 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 commodity is fixed at 60 and its cost function is C(x) = 35x + 250.
4. The selling price of a
(i) Determine the profit function. (ISC2020)
(ii) Find the breakeven point.
5. A television manufacturer finds that total cost for the production and marketing x number of
television sets is :
c (x) = 300x2 + 4200x + 13500
Each product is sold for 8400.Determine the breakeven points. (ISC2006)
6. A firm paid 25000 as rent of its office and 15200 as the interest of the loan taken to produce
x units of a commodity. If the cost of production per unit is 8 and each item is sold at a price
of 75, find the profit function. Also, find the breakeven point.
company sells its product at 10 per unit. Fixed cost for the company is 35000and the
variable cost is estimated to run 30% of the total revenue. Determine:
(i) the revenue function (ii) the total cost function
(iii) the quantity of products the company must sell to cover the fixed cost.
8. company sells its products at the rate of 6 per unit. The variable costs are estimated to
•-"'¯run 25%of the total revenue received. If the fixed costs for the product is 4500,find
(i) the total revenue function (ii) the total cost function
(iii) the profit function (iv) the breakeven point
(v) the number of units the company must sell to cover its fixed cost.
pen manufacture company introduces production bonus to the workers that increases the
cost of pens. The daily cost of production C for y pens is given by
C(y) = (2.05y+ 550) rupees.
(i) If each pen is sold at 3, determine the minimum number that must be produced and
sold daily to ensure no loss.
(ii) If the selling price is increased by 30 paise per piece, what would be the breakeven
point?
(iii) If it is known that atleast 500pens can be sold daily, what price the company should
charge per piece to guarantee no loss?
1 profit making company wants to launch a new product. It observes that fixed cost of the
new product is 35000and the variable cost per unit is 500. The revenue function for the
sale of x units is given by 5000x —100x2.
Find the :
(i) profit function (ii) breakeven values, and
(iii) the values of x that result in a loss.
11. A company manufactures wrist watches for which p = 1500—3x represents the demand
function, where p is the price per unit. Cost price involves initially a fixed cost of 38400
and a variable cost of 420per watch. Find at what level of production the company expects
to recover its cost.
12. The fixed cost of a new product is 35000and the variable cost per unit is 500. If the
demand function is p = 5000 —100x,find the breakeven value(s).
companyhas fixed cost of 10000and cost of producing one unit of its product is
50. If each unit sells for 75, find the breakeven value. Also, find the values of x for which
the company always results in profit.
14. The price of selling one unit of a product when x units are demanded is given by the equation
p = 4000—2x. The fixed costs of the product are 20000and 1484per unit as the cost of
production. Find the level of sales at which the company can expect to cover its costs.
• A company sells pens at 5 per unit. The fixed cost for the company is 3200 and variable
cost is estimated to run 25% of the total revenue. Determine :

Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics

 function (ii) the total cost function
(i) the total revenue
(iii) the breakeven point, and cost.
must sell to cover its fixed
(iv) the number of pens the company is 15
of noodles each day at 20 a packet, The cost of production is
16 company sells x packets
overhead cost of 1200, Determine the profit function. What
per packet plus a fixed daily 200 packets?
if 1000 packets are produced and sold everyday ? 500 packets?
the profit
The average
x of a commodity in terms of price p is given by x 9 (245 71)),
FThe demand
cost is 20 per unit. Find in terms of p:
(i) the cost function (ii) the revenue function
(iii) the profit function
zero.
(iv) the price and level of output at which profit is

Answers
3
2. (i) P(x) = 10x —150; breakeven point is x = 15
= —5x—150;no breakeven point
(iii) P(x) = 56x —4x2 —180; breakeven at x = 5, 9
(iv) P(x) = 650x —5x2 —20000; breakeven at x = 50, 80
3. (i) C(x) = 15000 + 30x (ii) R(x) = 45x (iii) x = 1000
4. (i) 25x - 250 (ii) x = 10
6. P(x) = 67x —40200,breakeven point is 600
(ii) C(x) = 35000 + 3x (iii) 3500 units
7. = lox
8. (ii) C(x) = 4500 + 1.5x
(iii) P(x) = 4.5x - 4500 (iv) x = 1000
(v) 750 units
(i) 579 (ii) 440 (iii) 0.15
10. (i) P(x) = 4500x- 100x2 - 35000 (ii) x = 10, 35
(iii) x < 10 or x > 35
produce minimum 40 units
11. Breakeven points are x = 40, 320. Thus, the company should
to recoverits cost
12. x = 10, 35
and sells more than
13. 400 units; the company will always remain in profit if it produces
400 units of the product
8 units to cover
14. Breakevenpoints are x = 8, 1250.Hence, the company must sell atleast
its costs
-15. (ii) C = 3200 + 1.25x
(iii) x = 853.33 640
16. P(x) = 5x - 1200;0800 profit; <1300 profit; loss
20 (ii) R = (245 - 7p)
17. (245 - 7p)
9
105
(iii) P-
1
(p 20) (245 - 7p) (iv) p = 20, x = 9
9
EXERCISE1.3
1. Amanufacturer's total cost function is C = 1200 + 20x + x2. Find
(i) average cost function
(ii) the marginal cost function
(iii) the marginal cost when 10 units are produced and interpret it
(iv) C(ll) a—
C(IO) and interpret it.
2. Given the total cost function for x units of a commodity as
C(x) = + 3x2 - 16x + 2. Find

(i) the marginal cost function

(ii) the average cost function. (ISC 2018)

3. The cost function C(x) of a firm is given by C(x) = 2x2 —4x + 5. Find
(i) the average cost, and (ii) the marginal cost when x = 10.

4. The total cost function for a production is given by C(x) = 4 x2 —7x + 27. Find the number of
units produced for which M.C. = A.C. (ISC 2019)
5. The average cost function for x units of a commodity is
16
AC = —x2 + 3x —7 +
3 x
(i) Find the marginal cost.
(ii) Show that the marginal average cost is given by x2
YYerify that (AC) = (MC —AC) for
512 + 600.

7. The total variable cost of manufacturing x units in a firm is 3x + — Show that the
25
average variable cost increases with output x.

+ 6 is the total cost of production of x units of a commodity, show that

marginal cost falls continuously as x increases.

9. The average cost function AC for a commodity is given by AC = x + 5 + 36 in terms of
output x. Find x

Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics 1327

 (t) the total Costand the matgifiaj cost ASthe' functions Ofx,
(ii) the ovttput for Which AC ineteageg. (ISC2015,
240 600x, 10)
(t) find marginal Costand average cost
(it) calculate the range where AC falls
(ih) find the point where AC = MC, Verify that AC is minimum at this point. What
is the
minimum average cost ?
11. if C üX2+ bx + k is the total cost function, find
(t) slope of average cost function (AC function).
(it) slope of marginal cost function (MC function).
Hint , (i) Slope of average cost function = d
dx
12. The demand function of a monopolist is given by p = 1500—2x —x2. Find
the marginal
revenue for any level of output x. Also, find the marginal revenue (MR) when x = 10.
13. monopolist's demand function is x = 50 —L.
(i) Find the total revenue function, average revenue function and marginal
revenue
function.
(ii) At what level of output is marginal revenue zero? Interpret it.
(iii) At what price is marginal revenue zero ?
14. e demand for a certain product is represented by the equation
p = 300 + 25x —x2 (in rupees)
(z) Find the marginal revenue function.
(ii) Obtain the marginal revenue when x = 12 units and interpret it.
(iii) Calculate R(13) —R(12) and interpret it.
15. The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is givenby
R(x) = 300x - . Find
5
(i) the average revenue (ii) the marginal revenue
(iii) the total revenue when MR = 0.
100
16. If p = —4 represents the demand function for a product where p is the price per unit

when q units are sold, find the marginal revenue.

17. A company finds that total revenue from sale of q units of its product is 2q rupees whereas

the cost is 500 + — . Find the rate of change of profit when q = 500.
2 20
18. iven the total cost function for x units of a commodity as
C(x)= —x3 + x2 —8x + 5, find :

(i) the marginal cost function (ii) average cost function

(iii) slope of average cost function, (ISC2005)
19. If the cost of production of x-units is C (x) = 4()---2()x + I()x2, find the average cost function
and the output x where average cost is minimum. Verify that the average cost is equal to the
marginal cost at this level of output.
20. The demand function of a monopolist is p (x) = 300 x2,Find
(i) the revenue function (ii) the marginal revenue function
(iii) the output x when revenue is maximum.

1328 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 function is given by x = 600 P , where the price is p per unit and the
21. If the demand
manufacturer produces x units per week at the total cost of (x2+ 78x + 2500), find the value
of x for which the profit is maximum.
2
roduct can be manufactured at a total cost C(x) = ZY—+ 100x + 40, where x is the number
100
of units produced. The price at which each unit can be sold is given by
x
P(x) = 200 - . Determine the production level x at which the profit is maximum.
400
What is the price per unit and total profit at this level of production? (ISC2018)
x2
23. A manufacturer can produce x items at a total cost of 120x+ — If he sells the whole
2

produce at <p per item, where p = 2 100 then find the production level x at which the

profit is maximum. What is the price per item and the total profit?
24. Find the profit maximising output level, given x = 200 —10p and AC = 10 + — 30
x where x

represents the units of output, p is the price per unit and AC is the average cost.

Answers
1200 (ii) MC = 20 + 2x
+ 20 + X
x
(iii) MC = 40 at x = 10; it indicates that are needed to increase the production from
10 to 11 units
(iv) <41; it indicates exact amount needed to increase the production from 10 to
11 units
(ii) AC = x2 + 3x —16 + 2
2. (i) MC = x2 + 6x - 16 3 x
3. (i) 16.5 (ii) 36
9. (i) Total cost = x2 + 5x + 36, marginal cost = 2x + 5 (ii) x > 6
10. (i) MC = 3x2 - 48x + 600, AC = x2 - 24x + 600
(ii) AC falls when x increases from 0 to 12
(iii) AC = MC at x = 12. At this level of output, AC is minimum and its value is 456
11. (ii) 2a
x
12. (i) MR = 1500 - 4x - 3x2 (ii) MR = 1160 when x = 10
13. (i) R = 200x - 4x2, AR = 200 - 4x, MR = 200 - 8x
(ii) MR = O at x = 25; further production leads to negative returns, so this is the point
of maximum total revenue
(iii) MR = Oat p = 100
14. MR = 300 + 50x 3x2
(ii) MR 468 when x = 12; it indicates that 13th unit yields <468 revenue
(iii) <456;it indicates exact amount yielded by 13th unit

15. (i) AR = 300 - 2x

(ii) MR = 300 - (iii) 012500
5 5

16. MR = 200 0.75

17.
dq 400

Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics 1329

 €4
EXERCISE I
1. The marginal cost of production of the commodity is 30 + 2x, it is known that fixed cost is
200, find
(i) the total cost.
(ii) the cost of increasing output from 100 to 200 units. (ISC 2020)
2. The marginal cost of manufacturing x units of a product is given by MC = x2 150x + 750, If
the fixed cost is 1250, find the total cost and the average cost.
3. The marginal cost function of producing x units of a product is given by MC = 3x2 —10x + 3.
If the total cost of producing 1 unit of the product is Z7, find the total cost function and the
average cost. (ISC 2019)
4. Determine the cost of increasing output from 100 to 200 units if the marginal cost MC
(in per unit) is given by
MC = 0.003x2 - 0.01x + 2.5
500
5. The marginal cost of a product is given by MC and the fixed cost is
2x + 25

2500.Find the total cost function. Also, find the average cost of producing 72 units.
6. The marginal cost function of producing x units of a product is given by MC = 3e0•3x + 5.
If the fixed cost is Z6050,find the total cost function. Also, find the cost of production of
10units.
7. The marginal revenue function of a commodity is 9 + 6x2, find the revenue function. Also,
find the revenue obtained on selling 5 units of the product.
8. The marginal revenue function of a commodity is MR = 15 + 4x —3x2, find the revenue
function. Also, find the corresponding demand function.
9. The marginal revenue function of a commodityis MR = 7 —
6
find the revenue

function. Also, find the revenue obtained on selling 4 units of the product.
x
10. The marginal revenue of selling x units of a commodity is given by MR = 20 e10 1+—
10
If the revenue obtained on selling 10 units of the commodity is <200e,find the revenue
function.

Answers
1. (i) C = 200 + 30x + x2 (ii) 03000

Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics 1333

 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answerfront the given four options in questions (1 to 14):
1. For manufacturing a certain item, the fixed cost is 9000and the variable cost Ofproducing
each unit is 30. The average cost of producing 60 units is
(a) e 150 (b) e 180 (c) e 240 (d) e 120
2. If the cost function of a certain commodity is C(x) = 2000 + 50x ——
1
x2, then the average cost
of producing 5 units is 5
(a) e 451 (b) < 450 (c) < 449 (d) e 2245

3. If the demand function is x = 24¯ where x is the number of units produced and p is the
price per unit, then the revenue function R(x)is

(a) R(x) = 12x- 2 x2 (b) R(x) = 8x- -2 2

2 3 3
4. If the selling price of a commodity is fixed at 45 and the cost function is C(x) = 30x + 240,
then the breakeven point is
(a) x = 10 (b) x = 12 (c) x = 15 (d) x = 16
5. The fixed cost of a product is 1800and the variable cost per unit is 55. If the demand
function is p(x) = 400 —15x, then the breakeven values are at
(a) x = 10, 15 (b) x = 8, 15 (c) x = 8, 20 (d) x = 12, 15
6. The demand function of a monopolist is given by x = 100—4p. The quantity at which MR
(marginal revenue) = 0 will be
(a) 25 (b) 10 (c) 50 (d) 40

7. If the total cost of producing x units of a commodity is given by C(x) = —x3 + x2 —15x + 3000,
then the marginal cost when x = 5 is
(a) < 25 (d) < 50
8. If the total cost function is given by C(x) = 10x—7x2+ 3x3,then the marginal average cost
function (MAC)is given by
(a) 10—14x + 9x2 (b) 10-7x+ 3x2 (d) -14 + 18x

9. If the total cost function for a production of x units of a commodity is given by —x2—7x + 27,
then the number of units produced for which MC = AC is
(d) 36

1334 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 function of producing x units of a commodity is given by
10. If the total cost the
360 2x2, then
the level of output at which total Costis minimum is
(b) 12
(a) 24
demand function is p(x) 20 then the marginal revenue When x ± 10 ic
lt. If the 2
(b) t 10 (c) 05
80
.....„-...,....—.-
function for a product igp , Where x is the number OfOnits and p is the
12. if the demand
for which the revenue will be maximum is
price pet unit, then the value of x
(a) 40 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 80
function Of a product is given by MC 10 4x + 3x2 and fixed cost ia
13. If the marginal cost
500, then the cost function is
(a) 10x—2x2 + x
3 (b) 500 + 10x-2x 2 + x3
(d) 500 + lox -8x 2 + 9x3
—9x2, then the revenue function
14. If the marginal revenue function of a commodity is MR
is
(a) 2x2 —9x3 (b) 2-18x (c) x2 —3x3 (d) 18+X 2 —3x3

Answers
10. (d) ll. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (c)

CHAPTER TEST
1. The cost function C(x) for x breads is given by C(x) = (3.5x + 12000)
(i) If each bread is sold for 6, determine the minimum number of breads that should be
produced and sold to ensure no loss.
(ii) If the selling price is increased by 50 paise per bread, what would be the breakeven
point?
2. A factory is manufacturing table fans. From the information given below, calculate the
breakeven point (of cost).
Total fixed cost = 30 lacs
Cost of labour per fan = 30
Cost of material per fan = 275
Miscellaneous variable expenses per fan = 45
Selling price per fan = 500.
3. An entrepreneur wants to start the production of floppy disks. He observes that he will have
to spend 2 lacs for technicalknowhow, 6 lacs on plant and machinery, and the cost of
producing each floppy is 6. He can sell each floppy at 13. Determine the breakeven point.
Also calculate his profit or loss when he produces ij
(i) 1 lac floppy disks (ii) 1.5 lacs floppy disks.
4. A firm knows that demand function for its main product is linear. It also knows that it
can sell 3000units at 5 per unit and it can sell 1200units when price is 11 per unit.
Determine :
(i) the demand function (ii) the total revenue function
(iii) the average revenue function (iv) the marginal revenue function.

Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics 1335

 production and marketing x units of a product is given by
5. The total cost of
-x 3 -10x 2 +30
to minimize
Find the number of units Ofthe product produced
(i) the marginal cost (ii) the average variable cost.

+ 15x and fixed cost 30, so

Hint. (ii) VC (Variable cost) = ! x3
3

AVC (Average variable cost) = x -e -e -10x+15

output x at which the
6. If the demand function is p = . Find the level of production of
total revenue will be maximum.
sell at Zp per unit, where
7. A manufacturer produces x units of a commodity and
600 The cost of production of x units is (x2 + 54x + 2000). Find the number of

units of the commodity produced and sold to have maximum profit. What is the maximum
profit?
— 2
If the fixed cost is
8. The marginal cost function of a product is given by MC
of the
540, find the total cost function. Also find the average cost of producing 4 units
product.
9. A cultural organisation is arranging a dance programme. It expects 300 persons to attend
the show if the entrance fee is 8 per person. It also estimated that if the entrance fee is
decreased by 1, then 60 additional persons would attend the show. What should be the
entrance fee to get the maximum revenue?
Hint. Let x per person be the entrance fee and y be the number of persons attending the
show, then revenue = xy.
Let y = a + bx, where a, b are constants.
It is given that y = 300 when x = 8, and y = 360 when x = 7
-s 300 and 360 -a +7b
-s a = 780 and b = -60 —y = 780 -60x.
R (revenue) = x(780 - 60x) = (780x - 60x2).

Answers
1. (i) 4800 (ii) 4000 2. 20000 3. 1.14 lacs; < 1 lac loss; < 2.5 lacs profit
x x2 x x
4. (i) p = 15 - (ii) R = 15x - (iii) AR = 15 (iv) MR = 15 -
300 300 300 150
5. (i) 10 (ii) 15 7. 39; 0647
8. 4X+9+ 537);035.50 9. <6.50

1336 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

EXERCISE2
1. If the two lines of regression are 3x —2!! + 1 = 0 and 2x —y—2= 0, find and .
2. If the two coefficients of regression are -- 0.6 and —e
1.4, find the coefficient of correlation.
1
3. If the regression coefficients for the variables x and y are bYX 1 and bxy , then find the
2
angle between the regression lines.
4. Find the regression coefficient of y on x for the following data:
Ex = 60, Ey = 105, Ex2 = 800, Ey2 = 2000, Exy = 1200 and n = 10.
5. x and y are correlated variables. Ten observationsof values of (x, y) have the following
results :
Ex = 55, Ey = 55, Exy = 350, Ex 2 = 385.
Predict the value of y when the value of x is 6.
6. The following results were obtained with respect to two variables x and y :
Ex = 30, Ey = 42, Exy = 199, Ex2 = 184, Ey2 = 318, n = 6.
Find the following :
(i) the regression coefficients.
(ii) correlation coefficient between x and y.
(iii) the regression equation of y on x.
(iv) the likely value of y when x = 10. (ISC 2012)
7. (i) Out of the two regression lines, find the line of regression of Y on X :
3x + 12y = 8, 9x +3y= 46 (ISC 2005)
(ii) Two regression lines are represented by 2x + 3y —10 = 0 and 4x + y —5 = 0. Find the line
of regression of y on x. (ISC 2011)
(iii) Two regression lines are represented by 4x + I()y = 9 and 6x + 3y = 4. Find the regression
line of y on x. (ISC 2013)
8. Find the coefficient of correlation from the following regression lines
(i) O,4x-5Y+1=O (ISC 2018, 03)
(ii) 3x+4y-7=O, 4x+y-5=O.
9. If = 18, = 100, = 14, = 20 and correlation coefficient = 0.8, find the regression
equation of y on x. Also estimate the value of y when x = 70. (ISC 2019)
10. The correlation coefficients between x and y is 0.6. If the variance of x is 225, the variance of
y is 400, mean of x is 10 and mean of y is 20, find
(i) the equation of two regression lines.
(ii) the expected value of y when x = 2. (Isc 2020)
11. The following table shows the mean and standard deviation of the marks of Mathematics
and Physics scored by the students of a school :
Mathematics Physics
Mean 84 81
Standard deviation 7 4

The correlation coefficient between the given marks is 0.86. Estimate the likely marks in
Physics if the marks in Mathematics are 92. (ISC2013)
12. From the given data
Variable x Y
Mean 6 8
Standard Deviation 4 6

1354 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 correlation , Find •
an d coefficient
regression coefficients b x and b (ii) regression
(i) line of x on y.
likely value of x when y = 14.
(iii) most
series of index numbers : P for price (ISC 2018)
Thereare two index and S for stock
of a commodity.
13. The mean and standard deviation of P are 100 and 8 and of S are
103 and 4 respectively, The
correlation coefficient between the two series is 0.4. With these data,
obtain the regression
on S and S on P.
lines of P (ISC2005)
line of regression of marks in statistics (X) on
The marks in accountancy(Y)for a class
14. is 3Y —5X + 180 = 0.
of
50 students
Averagescore in accountancy is 44 and variance of marks in statisticsis —th of variance
16
of marks in accountancy. Find the average score in statisticsand also the coefficientof
correlationbetween marks in statistics and accountancy.
equations of the two regression lines, 4x + 3y + 7 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 8 = 0, find:
15. From the
y.
(i) the means of x and (ii) the regression coefficients.
correlation.
(iii) the coefficient of (Isc 2012)
variables have regression lines 3x + 2y —26 = 0 and 6x + y—31 = 0. Calculate:
16. Two random
y
(i) the mean values of x and (ii) the coefficient of correlation

(iii) the standard deviation of y, given variance of x is 25.

students get respectively 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 marks (X) out of 10 in subject A, and 3,
17. Show that if five
regression equation of Y on X can be written as
3, 5, 7, 6 marks (Y) out of 10 in subject B, the
y = 1.8 + x.
the following data, treating y as the dependent variable:
18. Fit a straight line to
12 13 12
x 14
23 22 24 24
22
= 16.
Hence,predict the value of y when x data :
variable, find the line of best fit for the following
19. Treating x as independent
11 14 13
x 15 12
24 22 30
25 28
x = 10.
Hence,predict the value of y when coefficient'r' for the following
b b and correlation
20. Find the regression coefficients xy
data : (ISC 2020)

basis of following data:

of regression on the
21. Find the equations of the lines
3 4
x 1 2
180 338
142
observations (x, y) are as follows:
regression line of y on x, if the
22. (i) Find the equation of 16), (8, 6), (9, 18).
(5, 10), (6, 14), (7, (ISC 2019)
(1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 2), (4, 12),
of y when x = 14,
Also, find the estimated value
given .
(ii) The following observations are (7, 16), (8, 6), (9, 18)
(1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 2), (4,
12), (5, 10), (6, 14),
also estimate the value of x when
and
when the value of x is 10
Estimate the values of y
the value of y is 5.
1355
Linear Regression
 23. The following table shows the ages x and systolic blood pressure y of 12 women.
Age (x) 56 42 72 36 63 47 55 49 38 42 68 60
BloodPressure 147 125 160 118 149 128 150 145 115 140 152 155
(i) Find the correlation coefficient between x and y.
(ii) Determine the least squares regression line of y on x,
(iii) Estimate the blood pressure of a woman whose age is 45 years.
24. The following table shows final grades of 10 students
in Algebra and Physics.
Algebra (x) 75 80 93 98
65 71 68 84 77
Physics (y) 82 91 95
78 86 72 80 72 89 74
(i) Find both the least squares lines.
(ii) If a student receives 75 marks in
Algebra, what is his expected score in Physics?
(iii) If a student receives 95 marks
in Physics, what is his expected score in Algebra?
Answers

1. = 5, =8 2. —0.916 3. tan-I ! 4. 1.295 5. 5.788

3
6. = -0.323, b = -0.458 (ii) -0.385 (iii) lix + 34y - 293 = O (iv) 5.382
7. (z) 3x + 12y = 8 (ii) 2x + 3y - 10 = O (iii) 4x + 10y = 9
8. (i) 0.79 (ii) -0.433 9. 8x - 7y + 556 = O; 159-3
7
10. (i) Regressionline of y on x is 4x —5y + 60 = 0 and
regressionline of x on y is
20x - 9y - 20 = o
(it) 13.6
11. 84.93 12. (l) byx
4
xy = (ii) 9x = 4y +22 (iii) 8.667
13. Pons : x = 0.8y + 17.6;S on P : y = o.2x + 83
14. Average marks in statistics = 62.4;coefficient of correlation = 0.8
4 11
15. (ii) byx- 3 3
(iil) —2
7 7 xy=-a 4
16. (ii) -0.5 (iii) 15
18. 4y = —x+ 105;when x = 16,y = 22.25
19. y = —0.4x+ 31, when x = 10, then y = 27
20. = -0.216, bxy ¯- ¯ 0.0656;r = -0.119
21. y = 34x + 100, x = 0.014y+ 0.162
22. (i) 4x-3y + 10 = O;22
(ii) When x = 10, then y = 50 , when y —5, then x = 10
3 3
23. (i) 0.8961 (ii) y = 1.138x + 80.78 (iii) 132
24. (i) y = 0.661x+ 29.13;x = 1.15y- 14.39 (ii) 79 (iii) 95

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in questions (1 to 10):
1. If the lines of regression are parallel to the coordinate axes, then the coefficient of correlation
is
1
(d)
2

1356 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 2. If the lines of regression coincide, then the
coefficient of correlation is
(b) 1 only
(c) —1only (d) 1 or—I
3. The two lines of regression are perpendicular if
(a) byx.bxy (b) byx.bxy
xy YX
4. If the line of regression of x on y is 3x + 2!!—5
= 0, then the value ofb is
3 2
(b) 2 3
2 3 (d)
3 2
5. If coefficient of correlation is —0.6,standard
deviation of x is 5 and variance of y is 16, then
the value of byx is
(a) 0.75 (b) 0.48 (c) -0.48 (d) -0.75
6. In a bivariate data, if b ——1.5and b ¯—¯ 0.5, then the coefficient of correlation is
xy
(a) 3 3
(b) (d)
2 4 4 2
7. If for 5 observations of pairs (x, y), Ex = 15, Ey = 25, Ey2 = 135 and Exy = 83, then the value of
b is
(a) 0.8 (b) 1.25 (c) -0.8
8. If the two lines of regression are 2x —y —4 = 0 and 9x —2y —38 = 0, then the means of x and y
variates respectively are
(c) 7,10
9. If the regression coefficients b —1.6 and bxy—0.4, and 0 is the angle between the two lines
of regression, then the value of tan 0 is
(a) 0.36 (b) 0.72 (c) 0.18 (d) 0.64
10. If for 25 observations of pairs (x, y), Ex = 200, Ey = 150, Ex2 = 3000 and Exy = 1500, then the
equation of line of regression of y on x is
(a) 3x + 14y = 60 (b) + 60 = O (c) 14x—3y= 60 (d) 3x-14y = 60

Answers
4. (c) 5. (c)
10. (b)
 CHAPTER TEST
their values (Xi,Yi)have the
1. If x and y are a pair of correlated variables. Ten observations of
following results:
Exi 55, Eyi = 55, = 350 and Ex? = 385.
Predict the value of y when the value of x is 6.
2. For observations of pairs (x, y) of the variables x and y, the following results were obtained:
Ex = 125, Ey = 100, Ex2 = 1650, Ey2 = 1500, Exy = 50 and n = 25.
Find the equation of the line of regressionof x on y. Hence, estimate the value of x if

3. The coefficientof correlation between the ages of husbands and wives in a community was
found to be 0.8; the mean of husbands' age was 25 years and that of wives 22 years. Their
standard deviations were 4 and 5 years respectively. Find:
(i) the two lines of regression.
(ii) the expected age of husband when wife's age is 22 years,
(iii) the expected age of wife when husband's age is 33 years. (ISC 2002)
4. The lines of regression in a bivariate distribution are x + 2y = 5 and 2x + 3y— 8 = 0. Find:
(i) the mean of x and y. (ii) the regression coefficients.
(iii) coefficient of correlation.
5. Find the line of regression of y on x for the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5 8 10
9 8 10 12 14 16 15

Answers
1. 5.79 2. 22x + 9y = 146; when y =
3. (i) x -y + 3, y = 0.64x + 10.92 (ii) 25 years (iii) 30 years
1 3
4. (ii) byx (iii)
2 2
5. 0.867x + 7.912
EXERCISE3.2
Long answer questions (1 to 27) :
Solve the following (1 to 8) linear programming problemsgraphically :
1. Minimize Z = —3x+ 4y subject to the constraints
x + 2y 8, 3x + 2y 12, 0, 0. (NCERT)
2. Minimize Z = 3x + 5y subject to the constraints

3. Maximize Z = 4x + y, subject to the constraints

x + y < 50, 3x 0. (NCERT)
4. Minimize Z = 200x + 500y, subject to the constraints
x +2y2 10, 3x + 4y 24, 0. (NCERT)
5. Minimize Z = x + 2y subject to the constraints
2x + y 2 3, x + 2y 6, x 2 0, y 0.
Show that the minimum value of Z occurs at more than two points.
6. Minimize and maximize Z = 3x + 9y subject to the constraints
x + y 2 10, x +3y 60, x x 2 0, y 2 0. (NCERT)
7. Minimize Z = 3x + 2y subject to the constraints
x + y 2 8, 3x 15, x 2 0, 0.

Linear Programming 1383

 8. Minimize and maximize Z x 2! subject to the constraints
x + .2y> 100, 2x-y O,2xæy 200, x > 0, y > 0. (NCERT)
9. A manufacturer considers that men and women workers are equally efficient and so he pays
them at the same rate. He has 30 and 17 units Ofworkers (maie and female) and capital
respectively, which he uses to produce two types of goods A and B, To produce one unit of A,
2 workers and 3 units Ofcapital are required while 3 workers and 1 unit of capital is reqtured
to produce one unit OfB. If A and B are priced at {100 and {120 per unit respectively, how
should he use his resources to maximise the total revenue? Form the above as an L.P.p,and
solve graphically.
10. A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 1 hour of work on machine A and
3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It takes 3 hours on machine A and 1 hour
on machine B to produce a package of bolts. He earns a profit of 07.50 per package on nuts
and e 7 per package on bolts. How many packages of each should be produced each day, so
as to maximize his profit, if he operates his machines for atmost 12 hours a day.
11. A small firm manufactures gold rings and chains. The combined number of rings and chains
manufactured per day is atmost 24. It takes one hour to make a ring and half an hour for a
chain. The maximum number of hours available per day is 16. If the profit on a ring is
and on a chain is e 190, how many of each should be manufactured daily so as to maximize
the profit?
12. A company produces two types of goods, A and B, that require gold and silver. Each unit
of type A requires 3 g of silver and 1 g of gold while that of B requires 1 g of silver and
2 g of gold. The company can use atmost 9 g of silver and 8 g of gold. If each unit of type A
brings a profit of 40 and that of type B 50, find the number of units of each type that the
company should produce to maximize the profit. Formulate and solve graphically the LPP
and find the maximum profit.
13. A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B, each type requiring the use of two
machines—anautomatic and a hand-operated.It takes 4 minutes on the automaticand
6 minutes on the hand-operated machine to manufacture a package of screws 'A', while
it takes 6 minutes on the automatic and 3 minutes on the hand-operated machineto
manufacture a package of screws 'B'. Each machine is available for atmost 4 hours on any
day. The manufacturer can sell a package of screws 'A' at a profit of <7 and of screws 'B'
at a profit of < 10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he can manufacture, how many
packages of each type should the factory owner produce in a day in order to maximize his
profit? Determine the maximum profit.
14. A dealer in rural area wishes to purchase a number of sewing machines. He has only <57600
to invest and has space for atmost 20 items. An electronicsewing machine costs him 0600
and a manually operated sewing machine <2400.He can sell an electronic sewing machine
at a profit of 220 and a manually operated sewing machine at a profit of 180.Assuming
that he can sell all the items that he can buy, how should he invest his money in order to
maximize his profit. Make it as an L.P.P.and solve it graphically.
15. A company manufactures two types of novelty souvenirs made of plywood. SouvenirsOf
type A require 5 minutes each for cutting and 10 minutes each for assembling. Souvenirs
of type B require 8 minutes each for cutting and 8 minutes each for assembling. There are
3 hours 20 minutes available for cutting and 4 hours available for assembling. The profit is
<50 each for type A and {60 each for type B souvenirs. How many souvenirs of each type
should the company manufacture in order to maximize the profit?
16. A manufacturer produces two products A and B. Both the products are processed on two
different machines, The available capacity of first machine is 12 hours and that of second
machine is 9 hours per day. Each unit of product A requires 3 hours on both machines and
each unit of product B requires 2 hours on first machine and 1 hour on second machine. Each
unit of product A is sold at <7 profit and that of B at a profit of Find the production level
per day for maximum profit graphically.

1384 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 11.A cottageindustry manufactures pedastal lamps and wooden
machine time as well as craftsman time in making, shades, Both products require
The number Ofhour(s) for producing
1 unit of each and corresponding profit is given in the
following table:
Item Machine time Crafts'tta/i tinte Profit (in Z)
redastal lamp 1.5 hours 3 hours 30
Woodenshade 3 hours 1 hour
20
In a day, the factory has availabilityof not more than
24hours of craftsman time. Assuming that all items 42 hours of machine time and
manufacturer schedule his daily production in manufactured are sold, how should the
order to maximise the profit? Formulate it as
an L.P.P.and solve graphically.
IS. An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers.
ticket is 30 kg and for an economy class Baggage allowed for a first class
ticket is 20 kg. Maximum capacity for the baggage is
4500kg. The profit on each first class ticket
is and on each economy class ticket is 000,
Determine how many tickets of each type
must be sold to maximize the profit of the airline.
Alsofind the maximum profit.
19. A carpenter has 90, 80 and 50 running feet respectively
of teak wood, plywood and rosewood
which is used to produce product A and
product B. Each unit of product A requires 2, 1 and
1 running feet and each unit of product B requires
1, 2 and 1 running feet of teak wood,
plywood and rosewood respectively. If product A
is sold for 48 per unit and product B
is sold for 40 per unit, how many units of
product A and product B should be produced
and sold by the carpenter, in order to obtain the
maximum revenue. Formulate the above
as a linear programming problem and solve it,
indicating clearly the feasible region in the
graph.
(ISC 2019)
20. A diet is to contain atleast 80 units of Vitamin A and 100 units
of minerals. Two foods Fl and
F2are available costing <5 per unit and < 6 per unit respectively.
One unit of food Fl contains
4 units of vitamin A and 3 units of minerals whereas one
unit of food F2 contains 3 units of
vitamin A and 6 units of minerals. Formulate this as a linear
programming problem. Find the
minimum cost of diet that consists of mixture of these two foods and
also meets minimum
nutritional requirement.
21. A dietician wishes to mix two types of food in such a way that the
vitamin contents of the
mixturecontain atleast 8 units of vitamin A, and 10 units of vitamin C. Food I
2 units/ kg of vitamin A and 1 unit/ kg of vitamin C. Food Il contains 1
contains
unit/ kg of vitamin
A and 2 units/ kg of vitamin C. It costs <50 per kg to purchase food I and <70
per kg to
purchase food Il. Determine the minimum cost of such a mixture.
22.Reshmawishes to mix two types of foods P and Q in such a way that
the vitamin
contentsof the mixture contains atleast 8 units of vitamin A and 11 units of vitamin
B.
FoodP costs {60/kg and food Q costs {80/ kg. Food P contains3 units/ kg of vitamin
A and 5 units/ kg of vitamin B while food Q contains 4 units/ kg of vitamin A and
2 units/kg of vitamin B. Determine the minimum cost of the mixture.
(NCERT)
23.A farmer has a supply of chemical fertiliser of type A which contains 10%
nitrogen and
6%phosphoric acid and of type B which contains 5% nitrogen and 10%phosphoric acid.
Aftersoil test, it is found that atleast 7 kg of nitrogen and same quantity of phosphoric acid
is required for a good crop. The fertiliser of type A costs <5 per kg and the type B cost
Perkg. Using linear programming, find how many kilograms of each type of the
fertiliser
shouldbe bought to meet the requirement and for the cost to be minimum. Find the feasible
regionin the graph. (ISC 2017)
24'Davidwants to
invest atmost {12000in Bonds A and B. According to the rule, he has to
invest atleast {2000 in Bond A and atleast in Bond B, If the rates of interest on Bonds
Aand B respectively are 8% and 10%per annum, formulate the problem as L.P.P,and solve
it
graphicallyfor maximum interest. Also determine the maximum interest received in a
year.

Linear Programming 1385

 25. The feasible region for an L.P.IIis shown in 32
the adjoining figutev
(t) Write the constraints for the 24
(ii) Write the coordinates Ofthe points A, 20
B and C, 1

12
(iii) Find the maximum value of the
8
objective function 4
Z 30x + 50y.
o 4 8 12 1620 2 8 32

26. The feasible region for an L.P.P.is shown in the

adjoining figure. The line CB is parallel to OA. 16
14
Answer the following:
12 A(6, 12)
(z) Write the constraints for the L.P.P. 10
(ii) Write coordinates of the point B. 8
(iiz) Find the minimum value of the objective 6
function
Z=3x-4y
2 4 6 8 10 12 x

27. An oil company has two depots A and B with capacities of 7000 litre and 4000 litre respectively.
The company is to supply oil to three petrol pumps D, E and F, whose requirements are 4500
litre, 3000 litre and 3500litre respectively. The distance (in km) between the depots and the
petrol pumps is given in the following table :
Distance from thé depot (in km)
From

Assuming that the transportation cost per km is <1 per litre, how should the deliverybe
scheduled in order that the transportation cost is minimum? What is the minimum cost?
(NCERT)

Answers
3 1
1. Minimum = —12 at x = 4, y = O 2. Minimum = 7 at x = —,y
2
2
3. Maximum = 120at x = 30, y O 4. Minimum = 2300at x = 4, y = 3
5. Minimum -- 6 at the corner points (6, 0) and (0, 3). In fact, all points on the line segment
joining the points (6, 0) and (0, 3) yield the minimum value 6
6. Minimum = 60 at (5, 5). Maximum = 180 occurs at two corner points (15, 15) and
(O,20). In fact, all points on the line segment joining the points (15, 15) and (0, 20) yield
the maximum value 180
7. No feasible solution

1386 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (Il)

 8. Maximum value 400 at (0, 200); minimum
value 100 fact, all
points on the line segment joining the points (20,40) at (20/40) and (0, 50), Tn
and (O/50) give the same minimum
value 100
9. 3 units of product A and 8 units of product B; maximum revenue 1260
10.3 packages of nuts and 3 packages of bolts; maximum profit Z73.50
Maximum profit e544()occurs when 8 rings and 16 chains are produced daily
12.2 units of type A and 3 units of type B; maximum profit 230
13.Maximum profit occurs when 30 packages of screw A and 20 packages of screw
are produced
"13
14. He should buy 8 electronic and 12 manually operated sewing machines, maximum profit
3920.
15.Maximumprofit e 1600 occurs when 8 souvenirs of type A and 20 of type B are
produced
16. 2 units of product A and 3 units of product B, maximum profit {26
17. 4 pedastal lamps and 12 wooden shades, maximum profit {360
IS. 150 tickets of executive class and no tickets of economy class; maximum profit is
75000
19.40 units of product A and 10 units of product B; maximum revenue = 2320.
32 units of food F2 are
20. Minimum cost of the diet is <124when 12 units of food Fl and —
mixed
21.2 kg of food I, 4 kg of food Il, minimum cost is <380
22. Minimum cost = <160 at (83, 0 and 2, — . In fact, all points on the line segment

joining the points 0 and 2, give the same minimum cost <160

23.50 kg of type A and 40 kg of type B, minimum cost 570

24.0000 in bond A and <10000in bond B yield maximum interest of <1160
25. (i) x + y 24, x +2y 32, x 0, y 2 0
(ii) A(24, 0), B(16, 8), C(O, 16)
(iii) Maximum value of the objective function is 880 and it is attained at the point B.
26. (i) 4, x 2 0, y 20
(ii) B(6, 16)
(iii) Minimum value of objective function is —46and it is attained at the point B.
27•500,3000,3500 litre are supplied from depot A and 4000,0, 0 litre are supplied from depot
B to petrol pumps D, E, F respectively; minimum cost of transportation = <44000.