Compiled by:

Dinier Amador
English 2 Serrano
Universidad Internacional de las Américas
2021
Catalina -Guerrero
IQ
English Department Troyo
Sarah Guzmán
Zuñiga

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 0

 Acknowledgements

This English booklet is the second part of a set of books which are a project

implemented by the English Department at UIA. This project aimed the improvement of

language teaching through the implementation of didactive and interactive material

within the courses, so students will take advantage of all the tips and information of this

booklet.

First of all, the English Department and the Head of Department must be thanked

by allowing the realization of this material. Her support and advice allowed us to achieve

the best of the results. Also, we want to thank the group of professors who kindly

provided material and their commentaries to accomplish this booklet.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................1
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................................2
Unit 1: Do you like onions?...............................................................................................................6
Read the dialogue..............................................................................................................................6
Simple Present...........................................................................................................................................7
Uses of the Present Simple.......................................................................................................................7
1. Repeated actions............................................................................................................................7
2. Facts or generalizations................................................................................................................7
3. Scheduled events in the near future............................................................................................8
4. To give instructions/directions....................................................................................................8
5. To tell stories..................................................................................................................................8
Position of adverbs................................................................................................................................8
Present Continuous...................................................................................................................................8
Grammar Form......................................................................................................................................9
1. The Now as a period of time.........................................................................................................9
Examples:............................................................................................................................................9
2. Long Actions in Progress Now.....................................................................................................9
Examples:............................................................................................................................................9
3. Near Future..................................................................................................................................10
Examples:..........................................................................................................................................10
Adverb Placement................................................................................................................................10
Examples:..........................................................................................................................................10
Simple Present vs. Present Continuous............................................................................................10
Practice 1...........................................................................................................................................11
Practice 2..........................................................................................................................................12
Practice 3..........................................................................................................................................13
Practice 4..........................................................................................................................................13
Practice 5..........................................................................................................................................17
Practice 6..........................................................................................................................................18
Practice 7...........................................................................................................................................20

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 Practice 9..........................................................................................................................................21
Practice 10........................................................................................................................................22
Practice 11.........................................................................................................................................23
Practice 12.........................................................................................................................................24
Practice 14.........................................................................................................................................25
Practice 15.........................................................................................................................................25
Practice 16.........................................................................................................................................26
Unit 2: Give me his jacket................................................................................................................27
Definition..............................................................................................................................................28
Personal Pronouns..............................................................................................................................28
Object Pronouns..................................................................................................................................28
Possessive Pronouns...........................................................................................................................28
Demonstrative Pronouns....................................................................................................................29
Interrogative Pronouns.......................................................................................................................29
Reflexive Pronouns..............................................................................................................................29
Indefinite Pronouns............................................................................................................................30
Practice 17.........................................................................................................................................32
Practice 18.........................................................................................................................................33
Use the correct personal pronoun.................................................................................................33
Practice 19.........................................................................................................................................33
Practice 20........................................................................................................................................34
Practice 21.........................................................................................................................................35
Practice 22........................................................................................................................................35
Practice 23........................................................................................................................................37
Practice 24........................................................................................................................................38
Unit 3: So does Mark!........................................................................................................................39
Use of so and too..................................................................................................................................39
Use of either and neither....................................................................................................................40
Practice 25........................................................................................................................................41
Practice 26........................................................................................................................................41
Practice 27........................................................................................................................................42
Practice 28........................................................................................................................................43
Practice 29........................................................................................................................................44

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Tag questions...........................................................................................................................................65
Unit 6: We're going camping..........................................................................................................72
Simple Future.......................................................................................................................................73
Future with Will...............................................................................................................................73
Future with Be Going To.................................................................................................................73
Voluntary Action (Will)...................................................................................................................73
Express a Promise (Will)................................................................................................................74
Expressing a Plan.............................................................................................................................74
"Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction...........................................................................74
IMPORTANT....................................................................................................................................75
Practice 55........................................................................................................................................78
Practice 56........................................................................................................................................79
Unit 7: What did you do after your tennis match?.................................................................80
Dialogue................................................................................................................................................80
Simple Past of Verb To Be..................................................................................................................81
Simple Past of Regular and Irregular Verbs.....................................................................................82
Form......................................................................................................................................................82
Use of Simple Past...............................................................................................................................82
Pronunciation Key.........................................................................................................................82
Practice 57........................................................................................................................................83
Practice 58........................................................................................................................................84
Practice 59........................................................................................................................................85
Practice 60........................................................................................................................................86
Unit 8: I was eating when the phone rang.................................................................................87
Dialogue................................................................................................................................................87
Practice 61.........................................................................................................................................88
1. Long action in past......................................................................................................................88
2. Interrupted Action in the Past....................................................................................................88
3. Parallel Actions............................................................................................................................89
Practice 62........................................................................................................................................90
Practice 63........................................................................................................................................90
Practice 64........................................................................................................................................91
Practice 65........................................................................................................................................92

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 Practice 66........................................................................................................................................93
Practice 67........................................................................................................................................94
Practice 68........................................................................................................................................95
Practice 69........................................................................................................................................97
Practice 70........................................................................................................................................97
Practice 71.........................................................................................................................................98
Practice 72........................................................................................................................................99
Unit 9: Infinitives to give reasons..............................................................................................101
Practice 73......................................................................................................................................102
Practice 74......................................................................................................................................103
Practice 75......................................................................................................................................104
Practice 76......................................................................................................................................106
Unit 10: Modal Verbs.......................................................................................................................107
Practice 77.......................................................................................................................................108
Practice 80......................................................................................................................................110
Reading...............................................................................................................................................111
The Story of Helen Keller, The Girl Who Could Not See, Hear or Speak................................111
Unit 11: Comparatives and superlatives...................................................................................114
Practice 82......................................................................................................................................116
Practice 83......................................................................................................................................117
Practice 84......................................................................................................................................118
Practice 85......................................................................................................................................121
Practice 88......................................................................................................................................124
Practice 89......................................................................................................................................126
Unit 12: Reading and comprehension.......................................................................................127
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................138
List of Verbs........................................................................................................................................139

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Unit 1: Do you like onions?
Read the dialogue.

Eric: Hello. I'm Eric Johnstone. I work here in the IT department.

Jan: Nice to meet you. I'm Jan Mazowiecki, from PDC Poland. I am visiting the head
office here in London.

Eric: Ah yes. I heard you were here. Would you like a cigarette?

Jan: No, thanks. I don’t smoke. But please go ahead.

Eric: Thanks. So where in Poland do you come from, Jan?

Jan: I'm from Poland.

Eric: And how long are you staying here in England?

Jan: I’m working here for three months. I’m learning about PDC's operations in the UK.
What about you? Are you based in London?

Eric: Yes. I have a permanent office here, but I travel abroad a lot - three, or sometimes
four days a week.

Jan: Where do you go on your business trips?

Eric: To Europe, and sometimes South America. So are you enjoying your stay here?

Jan: Yes, it's very interesting.

Eric: And are you finding time to go sightseeing in London?

Jan: No, not really. But I hope to have time before I leave.

Taken from: http://www.englishexercises.org/

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Simple Present
The simple present tense is used to express that an action (verb) in the present

takes place once, never, or several times. It is also used for actions that are set by a

timetable or schedule. Simple Present has three main uses to express the ideas.

Add 's / es' to the

verb in third person
Remember
singular.

We use “Do / does” to

make questions and
negatives

Uses of the Present Simple

1. Repeated actions

The Present Simple is used to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.
It means that the action is a habit, a hobby, a scheduled event, or something that often
happens.

 I play the guitar.

 She doesn't play soccer.
 Do you like onions?
 The bus leaves every 30 minutes.
 Where does the sun rise from?

2. Facts or generalizations

The Present Simple also shows that the speaker believes a fact was true, is true
now, and will be true in the future. It is also used to make generalizations:

 Italians love wine.

 The English people do not like cold countries.

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  Do the Japanese eat beef?

3. Scheduled events in the near future

The Simple Present can be used to talk about events in the near future. This is
normally used with time tables; arrival and departure times.

 The flight leaves at 6:55.

 The party starts at 10 pm.
 What time does the morning lesson start?

4. To give instructions/directions

 First, you boil some water and then you add the noodles and cook them for
three minutes.
 When you exit the MTR station, cross King’s Road and go two blocks down.

5. To tell stories

 Then she goes to the door and opens it and the monster pops out!

Position of adverbs

Adverbs of frequency are placed in front of the main action verbs within the
sentence.

 I only speak English?

 Do you only speak English?

Present Continuous
The present continuous focuses on the duration of an action. The present
continuous tense is used for actions that take place in the moment of speaking or for
actions with a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions
that are arranged for the near future.

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Grammar Form
Positive Negative Question
I I am watching T.V. I am not watching T.V. Am I watching T.V?
He / She / It She is reading a She is not reading a Is she reading a
book. book. book?
You / We / We are cooking. We are not cooking. Are we cooking?
They

1. The Now as a period of time

It expresses the idea that an action is taking place right in the moment the speaker
is talking. It can also be used in the negative way to express that something is not
happening now.

Examples:

 You are not swimming right now because you are out the pool.

 Are you sleeping?

 I am reading a book.

 Is he sitting or standing?

 What are you watching on the T.V?

 Why aren't you doing your homework?

2. Long Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century,
and so on. Sometimes, Present Continuous can be implemented to say that we are
performing a long action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this
exact second.

Examples:
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  I am studying to become a doctor.
 He is reading the book The Hunger Games.
 I am not reading any books right now.
 Are you working on any special projects at work?

3. Near Future

Present Continuous can also be used to indicate that an action will or will not happen
in the near future.

Examples :
 I am meeting a friend at noon.
 I am not going to the party tonight.
 Is he visiting his girlfriend at work?

Adverb Placement

In Present Progressive adverbs are placed between the conjugation of verb “To be”
and the verb in –ing form.

Examples:
 You are still watching TV.
 Are you still watching TV?

Simple Present vs. Present Continuous

Simple Present Present Continuous

Schedules and Routines: I go to Right now actions: I am studying
English classes every Tuesday. English right now.
Actions happening one after Actions happening at the same
another: I play the piano and then I time: I am watching the T.V while you
watch some T.V. are listening to music.
Actions set in a schedule: I work at 7:00 Arrangement for near future: I’m meeting
am. my boss at 9:00 am

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Practice 1

Use Simple Present to complete the sentences

1. They ________play______________hockey at school. (play)

2. She ____________doesn’t write_________e-mails. (not write)

3. _____Do_____you ______speak________English? (speak)

4. My parents _______don’t like____________fish. (not like)

5. ______Does______Anne _____have________any hobbies? (have)

6. Andy's brother ______works________________in an office. (work)

7. Leroy _____doesn’t read_____________very fast. (not read)

8. ___Do___Jim and Joe ____water____the flowers every week? (water)

9. Yvonne's mother _____doesn´t______a motorbike. (not ride)

10. Does__________Elisabeth _______drink______cola? (drink)

11. I usually _____go__________________ to school. (go)

12.They _____visit______________________ us often. (visit)

13.You _______play____________________ basketball once a week. (play)

14.Tom ______doesn´t work_______________ every day. (not work)

15.He always _______tells_________________ us funny stories. (tell)

16.She never ________helps________________ me with that! (help)

17. Martha and Kevin __________don´t swin____ twice a week. (not swim)

18.In this club people usually ______don´t dance___ a lot. (not dance)

19.We ___________live___________ in the city most of the year. (live)

20. Lorie ___________travels_____ to Paris every Sunday. (travel)

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Practice 2

Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive.

1. I / to read a book

_____________________________________________

2. it / to rain

_____________________________________________

3. he / to repair his bike

_____________________________________________

4. they / to watch a film

_____________________________________________

5. the cat /to sleep on the chair

_____________________________________________

6. Jane and Emily / to do their homework

_____________________________________________

7. Bill / to wait at the bus stop

_____________________________________________

8. we / to listen to the radio

_____________________________________________

9. the children / to play a game

_____________________________________________

10. Laura / to walk the dog

_____________________________________________

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Practice 3

Change the verb to create sentences in Present Continuous

1. Anna _____is resting____________________ (rest) right now.

2. I ________am talking____________ (talk) on the phone at this moment.

3. Bella _______is cooking_________ (cook) dinner now.

4. They _______are helping___________ (help) the teacher right now.

5. He______is running______________ (run) very fast!

6. Julia _____is baking____________ (bake) a chocolate cake at the moment.

7. I _____am having__________________ (have) fun!

8. You ______are dancing_______________ (dance) very nicely.

9. They _____are answering___________ (answer) all the questions.

10. John ___is eating____________ (eat) Salad, and I am eating fish.

Practice 4

Simple Present vs. Present Continuous

1. 1. Julie _____________________________ (read) in the garden.

2. I ___________________ (stay) in Spain for two weeks this summer.

3. He _______________________________ (come) over for dinner.

4. I ___________________________________ (work) on Sundays.

5. She______________________________________ (study) now.

6. She ____________________________ (take) a salsa dancing class.

7. Take your umbrella, it ______________________________ (rain).

8. Shhh! The baby __________________________________ (sleep).

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 9. My boyfriend _____________________________ (wear) a tie today.

10. My friends _____________________________ (play) soccer.

11. Luis and Karla ____________________ (eat) lasagna.

12.Listen! someone ______________ (knock) at the door.

13.Juana _____________________ (cook) dinner for her family right now.

14.He _______________________ (drive) a nice car.

15.Mr. Anderson ________________ (teach) chemistry at Hill High School.

16.They ______________________ (study) English at school.

17. When Dax ___________________(take) a shower, he (wash)

_____________________________ his hair with shampoo.

18.This cake _________________________ (taste) delicious.

19.The bag _________________________ (belong) to Jack.

20. When _____________________ (you / arrive) tonight?

21.Every Monday, Sally (drive) ___________ her kids to football practice.

22. Usually, I (work) ______________ as a secretary at ABT, but this

summer I (study) ________________ French at a language school in Paris.

That is why I am in Paris.

23. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ________________________.

24. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) __________________.

25. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) ________________ because

everybody (talk) ________________________ so loudly.

26. Justin (write, currently) ___________________ a book about his

adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.

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 27. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?

28. Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) _________ to a movie tonight with

some friends.

29. The business cards (be, normally) ___________________ printed by a

company in New York. Their prices (be) ____________________

inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

30. This delicious chocolate (be) ____________________ made by a small

chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.

31.Where's John? He __________________ (listen) to a new CD in his room.

32. Don't forget to take your umbrella with you to London. You know it always

________________________ (rain) in England.

33. Jean ________________________ (work) hard all day but she

________________________ (not work) at the moment.

34. Look! That boy ______________________ (run) after the bus. He

________________________ (want) to catch it.

35. Shh! The boss ________________________ (come).

We ________________________ (meet) him in an hour and

nothing is ready!

36. She ___________ (run) because she's late for her lesson.

37. We ________________________ (not want) to go to the concert.

38. Our teacher always ____________ (give) us lots of homework.

39. Where _______________________ (Pete / go)?

40. I __________________ (not work) today. I'm on holiday.

41. People ___________________ (speak) English in Jamaica.

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 42. Archie ____________ (not use) his computer at the moment.

43. _____________________ (Tony / live) near the park?

44. John _________________ (play) football at the moment.

45. We often ______________ (write) tests at our school.

46. I _______________________ (talk) to my teacher now.

47. Look! Mandy and Susan ______________ (Watch) a film on TV.

48. Olivia __________________ (visit) her uncle every weekend.

49. Now the sun ___________________________ (shine).

50. They sometimes _______________ (read) poems in the lessons.

Practice 5

Correct the mistakes

1. I no like cold water.

2. I no living at home right now.

3. I be living in this city.

4. I am study English.

5. I am not knowing my teacher’s name.

6. María teach our English class.

7. She expects us to be in class on time.

8. We always are coming to class on time.

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 9. My sister don’t have a job.

10. Does Anna has a job?

Practice 6
Too Much Fast Food?
According to a recent survey, Hong Kong consumers are (1) ________ more

money on convenience foods since the economic downturn. Because companies are

trying to make do with fewer staff, employees are (2) ________ harder than ever

before. More women (3) ________ joining the workforce as well.

They (4) ________ less time to prepare nutritious home-cooked meals for their

families. Instead, families (5) ________ out or (6) ________ convenience foods, such

as frozen pizzas and instant noodles. These foods (7) ________ more fat, salt and sugar

than home-cooked meals. Experts say that eating too much of them (8) ________ the

risk of serious health problems, including diabetes and heart disease.

However, the trend towards convenience foods (9) ________ benefitting some

business sectors. Supermarkets are (10) ________ to the higher demand for quick,

easy-to-serve meals by increasing their selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods.

These products often (11) ________ for higher prices than fresh food. Restaurants also

(12) ________ from the trend: most Hong Kong people now (13) ________ out at

least once a day.

Is convenience food just a fad or is home-cooked food (14) ________ a thing of the

past?

How (15) ________ this trend affecting our health?

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 Taken from: oupchina.com

1.  Bought  Sells
 Buys  Selling
 Spending
 Buy  Sell
 Spends
 Spent
7.
2.
12.
 Containing
 Work
 Contains  Profit
 Works
 Contain  Profiting
 Working
 Profits
8.
3.
 Increase
 Is
 Increasing 13.
 Are
 Increases
 Be  Eat

9.  Ate
 Eated
4.  Is
 Are 14.
 Has
 Be
 Have  Become
 Had  Became
 Becoming
5. 10.
15.
 Eating  Respond
 Eats  Responded  Does
 Eat  Responding  Is
 Have
6. 11.

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Practice 7
Add s / es / ies to the following verbs:

1. do ____________ 8. worry____________

2. study ____________ 9. play ____________

3. teach ____________ 10. grow ____________

4. say ____________ 11. watch____________

5. cry ____________ 12. miss ____________

6. dance ____________ 13. hurry ____________

7. fix ____________ 14. stop ____________

Practice 8

Circle the correct answer.

1. I plays / play golf every Saturday.

2. My mom live / lives in Roma.

3. Tom listens / listen to the radio in the morning.

4. We eat / eats rice for dinner every night.

5. My dog barks / bark all night.

6. Mrs. Gold sweep / sweeps the floor twice a week.

7. My brother never watches / watch horror movies.

8. My family go / goes to the mountain in the summer.

9. I often eat / eats dinner at my grandmother’s house.

10. Sharon do / does her chores regularly.

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 11. The animals takes / take a bath daily.

12. You seldom listen / listens in class.

13. Dana and Luis goes / go to the pool every afternoon.

14. I never hurt / hurts animals.

15. He never finish / finishes his homework on time.

Practice 9
Fill in the correct form of the verb in Present Simple:

1. Fish (not fly) ____________. They (swim) ____________

2. The sun (not rise) ___________ in the west. It (set)

____________ down in the west.

3. A spider (not have) ___________ wings. A bird (have) __________ wings.

4. Cats (not bark) ____________. Dogs (do) ____________.

5. Natalie usually (not sit) ____________ in the sun. She rarely (go)
____________ to the beach.

6. Babies (not talk) ____________. They (cry) ____________.

7. Dalia often (dry) ___________ the dishes but she (not put)
___________ them away.

8. Betty usually (not do) __________ homework before she (eat)

___________supper.

9. Sarit (brush) ____________ her hair every morning before she (go)
____________ to school.

10. Nir always (try) __________ to be a good boy, but he (not behave)
__________ well.

11. Mike usually (not catch) ____________ a cold in the winter. He

frequently (catch) ____________ in the summer.

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Practice 10
Make YES/NO Questions in the Present Simple:

1. Yes, Tomas hates mice.

____________________________________________________________

2. Yes, our uncle fixes everything.

____________________________________________________________

3. Yes, your mother prepares soup every Sunday.

____________________________________________________________

4. No, Benny’s father doesn’t work in a bakery every week.

____________________________________________________________

5. Yes, I always clean my room on Thursdays.

____________________________________________________________

6. No, Angela doesn’t run fast.

____________________________________________________________

7. Yes, Ignacio goes for the gold in the swimming contest every year.

____________________________________________________________

8. No, these rooms don’t have safety windows.

____________________________________________________________

9. Yes, the baby usually cries a lot.

____________________________________________________________

10. Yes, Omar always drives his motorbike too fast.

____________________________________________________________

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Practice 11
Write YES/NO Questions OR Wh-Questions to the following answers:

1. I study English four days a week.

____________________________________________________________

2. We usually finish school at 13:25.

____________________________________________________________

3. My Father washes the car once a week.

____________________________________________________________

4. Rinat comes late to work because she takes her son to kindergarten.

____________________________________________________________

5. The last bus leaves at 10:00 o’clock every night.

____________________________________________________________

6. Rinat feels very good.

____________________________________________________________

7. Yes, I like geography.

____________________________________________________________

8. No, we don’t go to the park every afternoon.

____________________________________________________________

9. My sister studies French because she wants to go to France.

____________________________________________________________

10. Yes, Ronit belongs to a youth club.

____________________________________________________________

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Practice 12
Danny is asking Galit questions. Fill in the questions below:

Danny:___________________________________________________.

Galit : My name is Galit.

Danny:___________________________________________________.

Galit : I live in Haifa.

Danny:___________________________________________________.

Galit : Yes, I go to school in Haifa.

Danny : ___________________________________________________.

Galit : My father drives me to school.

Danny:___________________________________________________.

Galit : School begins at 08:15 in the morning.

Danny : ___________________________________________________.

Galit : No, my father doesn’t take me back home.

Danny:___________________________________________________.

Galit : Nobody makes my lunch when I return home.

Danny : Well we very alike. It is nice to meet you.

Taken from: singalovski.ort.org.il

Practice 13

Circle the correct time expression:

1. I am studying for my grammar test (every day, at the moment).

2. The first lesson starts at nine o’clock (now, every day).

3. My brothers don’t work (at the moment, on Fridays).

4. Where are they going together (twice a week, tonight)?

5. Watch! Run! We are going to miss the bus! It is leaving (in five minutes,
every hour).

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 6. Do you wake up late (on weekends, right now)?

7. Dylan and his friends go to the stadium at least (at the moment, once a
week).

8. He studies Italian (four times a week, now).

9. Elisa doesn’t visit her relatives (every day, now).

10. Is the teacher correcting the works (at the moment, 4 times a week)?

Practice 14
Circle the correct form of the verb:

1. Look! That guy (runs, is running, are running) after Gloria.

2. The doctor (is taking care of, takes care of, take care of) my mother right
now.

3. It (are raining, rains, is raining) cats and dogs at the moment.

4. Mothers (feed, is feeding, feeds) their babies at night.

5. Many children (are playing, play, plays) in the park every afternoon.

6. The boys (is planning, are planning, plan) a beach camping trip today.

7. Karla rarely (dance, is dancing, dances) when people are watching her.

8. We (move, are moving, moves) to the new house the day after tomorrow.

9. I don’t like to drive (now, at night).

10. How often (does, is, do) Oren and Ben met?

Practice 15
Fill in the verbs in brackets in the correct form:

1. The neighbor’s baby _____________ (sleep) only 2 hours every afternoon.

2. Uncle Mario _____________ (eat) dinner with his family every Friday night.

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 3. Where is Xinia? She _____________ (talk) to the English teacher about her
homework.

4. I often _____________ (go) for a walk after supper.

5. Silence! They _____________ (play) the piano.

6. It’s six o’clock and we _____________ (watch) the news.

7. My sister _____________ (need) a lot of money to buy a new book for college.

8. Dr. Salas _____________ (work) nine-two hours a week.

9. Zaira and Jake _____________ (write) letters to their cousin Sara now.

10. My friend Edgar _____________ (like) classical music.

Practice 16
Fill in: Am / Is / Are / Do / Does

1. What ____________ your name?

2. Where ____________ you learn?

3. ____________ you a good pupil?

4. How old ____________ you?

5. ____________ you have many friends?

6. What ____________your father do?

7. ____________ your mother work?

8. Who ____________ your best friend?

9. ____________ you a happy person?

10. Why ____________ you looking at your watch?

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 25

Unit 2: Give me his jacket
1.

Do you know Paul?

Sure, he's in my English class, I study with him.

Why?

Oh, nothing. I just want him to help me a little bit,

that's all.

I have his phone number. Call him!

Ok, thanks!

2.

Hey Mick, do you like oranges?

Yeah, I really like them.

And do you like rice?

Sure, why not?

And how about chicken?

Yes, I like that too. Why do you ask me all this?

I want to make orange chicken for dinner.

Sounds great!

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 26

Definition
A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun within the sentence. They can
be classified into: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, relative,
reflexive, and intensive pronouns.

Personal Pronouns
A personal pronoun replaces a specific person or thing and changes its form
to indicate person, number, gender, and case.

Example:

Maria is eating an apple. She is hungry.

The students of English are making so much noise right now. They are
noisy.

Object Pronouns
An objective personal pronoun takes place of the object of a verb, compound
verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase.

Example:

Give me his jacket.

Ask her to clean her room.

Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun defines who owns a particular object or person.

Example:

This is my phone number.

Whose book is it? It’s mine.

These are your pencils. These are yours.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 27

Demonstrative Pronouns
They are used to represent a thing or things. They are: That, Those, This,
and These.

Example: This: [ðis]

This is Maria and that girl over there is her sister. These: [ði:z]
These are my papers. Those over the fridge are
yours.

Interrogative Pronouns
They are used to ask questions. They
represent things we don't know. There are four
main interrogative pronouns: who, whom,
what, which.

Notice that the possessive

pronoun whose can also be an
interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).

Example:

Who called?
Whom did you invite? I invited Juan.
Which one do you want?
What is it?

Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same
as the subject. Each personal pronoun has its own reflexive form.

Example:

I hurt myself.

She did the picture by herself.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 28

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person or thing. Some typical

indefinite pronouns are: all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything,
each, everybody/everyone, everything, nobody, none, one, some,
somebody/someone.

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. Notice that a

singular pronoun agrees in number and gender with the verb. Look at these
examples:

 Each of the players has a doctor.

 I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:

 All have expressed their views.

Pronoun Example

Singular Another That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?

pronoun
Anybody / Can anyone answer this question?
anyone

Anything The doctor needs to know if you have

eaten anything in the last two hours.

Each Each has his own thoughts.

Everybody We can start the meeting because

/ everyone everybody has arrived.

Everything They have no house or possessions. They lost

everything in the earthquake.

Nobody / I phoned many times but nobody answered.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 29

 no-one

If you don't know the answer it's best to

Nothing
say nothing.

Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived

One
but now one is missing.

Other One was tall and the other was short.

Somebody Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not

/ someone suicide.

Something Listen! I just heard something! What could it

be?

John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are

Plural Both
good.
pronouns
Others I'm sure that others have tried before us.

All is forgiven.
All
All have arrived.

They fixed the water so why isnone coming out

Singular and None of the tap?
plural I invited five friends but nonehave come.*
pronouns
Here is some.
Some
Some have arrived.

He was a foreigner and he felt that he was

Such
treated as such.

Personal Possessive Possessive Objective reflexive

Pronouns Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronouns

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 30

 I Mine My Me Myself
You Yours Your You Yourself
He His His Him Himself
She Hers Her Her Herself
It Its Its It Itself
We Ours Our Us Ourselves
You Yours Your You Yourselves
They Theirs Their Them Themselves

Practice 17

Fill the gaps with the correct pronoun or adjective pronoun.

Once upon a time there was a girl called Little Red Riding Hood. Together

with _______________ mum, _______________ lived in a big forest. One

fine day, Little Red Riding Hood’s mother said, “_______________ grandma is

ill. Please go and take this cake and a bottle of wine to_______________.

Grandma’s house is not too far from _______________ house, but always keep

to the path and don’t stop!”

So, Little Red Riding Hood made _______________ way to Grandma’s

house. In the forest _______________ met the big bad wolf. Little Red Riding

Hood greeted _______________ and the wolf asked:

“Where are _______________ going, Little Red Riding Hood?”

“To _______________ grandma’s house.” answered Little Red Riding Hood.

“Can you tell _______________ where _______________ grandma lives?”

“_______________ lives in a little cottage at the edge of the forest.”

“Why don’t _______________ pick some nice flowers for

_______________?” asked the wolf.

“That’s a good idea.” said Little Red Riding Hood and began looking for flowers.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 31

 Meanwhile, the wolf was on _______________ way to grandma’s house.

The house was quite small but nice and _______________ roof was made out

of straw. The wolf went inside and swallowed poor old Grandma. After that

_______________ put Grandma’s clothes on and lay down in

_______________ bed.

Taken from: http://www.ego4u.com

Practice 18

Use the correct personal pronoun.

1. ______________often reads books. (Leila)

2. ______________is watching TV. (Alan)
3. ______________is green. (the dress)
4. ______________are on the wall. (the pictures)
5. ______________is running. (the cat)
6. ______________are watching TV. (my sister and I)
7. ______________are in the garden. (the roses)
8. ______________is driving his car. (John)
9. ______________is from Bristol. (Liza)
10. ______________has got a brother. (Diana)
11. Have__________got a car, Sue?

Practice 19

Fill in the blanks with possessive pronouns or adjectives.

1. That policeman is a friend of …………….. (mine / my)

2. Honey, I have lost ………………. keys. (my / mine)

3. It is easy to lose ……………… temper when one is criticized. (ones / one’s)

4. The cat is in a good mood. It’s just had ……………… breakfast. (it’s / its)

5. He watched each gesture of ……………. as if she was a stranger. (her / hers)

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 32

6. My work is no business of ………………. (your / yours)

7. The teacher told the children to open ……………….. books. (their / there)

8. How is that cousin of ………………? (your/ yours)

9. A friend of …………… has invited me to France. (my / mine)

10. Jane broke ……………. leg mountain climbing. (her / hers)

Practice 20

Instructions: Replace each of the underlined elements with one logical

object pronoun.

1. Adam gave the book (__________) to Karen and me(__________).

2. Amanda saw you and me(__________) yesterday at the park.

3. Did Nicole give the book(__________) to Michelle(__________)?

4. I see you and your brother(__________).

5. Do you want to go with Mary, Jennifer, and me(__________)?

6. I gave the dog(__________) a bone. (The dog is a boy.)

7. Will you send these letters to my dad and me(__________)?

8. I love English(__________)!

9. I love computers(__________)!

10. Are you and your brothers(__________) going with Kathy, Matt, and

me(__________)?

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 33

Practice 21
Ch oose the correct Demonstrative pronoun

1. ______________is a hamburger.

2. ______________is a tomato. -------------->

3. __________________are bananas.

4. ______________are cherries. -------------->

5. ________________is a carrot. -------------->

6. __________________is an apple.

7. ________________are berries. -------------->

8. ______________________are lemons.

9. ______________________is an orange.

10. ___________________is a cake. -------------->

Practice 22
Complete the following sentences using appropriate interrogative pronouns.

1. ———————— did you do then?

( )What ( )Which ( )How

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 34

2. ———————— would you like to eat?

( )What ( )Which ( )Who

3. ———————- is knocking at the door?

( )What ( )Which ( )Who

4. ———————- is your phone number?

( )What ( )Which ( )Who

5. ———————– do you want to see?

( )What ( )Who ( )Whom

( )All of the above

6. ————————- will he say?

( )What ( )How ( )Who

7. ———————– did you see?

( )What ( )Who ( )Whom

8. About ———————– are you speaking?

( )who ( )whom ( )what

( )All of the above

9. ———————– came here in the morning?

( )Who ( )Whom ( )What

10. By ———————– was this book written?

( )who ( )whom ( )what

11. ———————- do you mean?

( )What ( )Why ( )How

12. ———————— do you think took the money?

( )Who ( )Whom ( )Why

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 35

13. ———————– is better – wisdom or riches?

( )Which ( )What ( )Either could be used

here

14. ——————– do you think is right?

( )Who ( )Whom ( )What

15. ———————— is a continent?

( )Which ( )What ( )Why

Practice 23
Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences

anywhere anyone Something (2) everyone nothing

somewhere someone (2) anything everything

1. Can you hear that? I think that ___________________ is knocking.

2. I was wondering if you would like ___________________ to drink.

3. That guy has been badly injured in the accident. Is there_________________

we can do to help him?

4. Carol was checking the Internet; however, she wasn’t able to find the article

___________________.

5. Unfortunately, this plant is already dead and there is ___________________

we can do about it.

6. Stop feeling sorry for your relationship! You should accept that ____________

has a beginning and an end.

7. ___________________ must do ___________________ about the

human rights in that country or it will be too late.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 36

8. The boss is writing his report. Therefore, he has to work ________________

quiet.

9. There is an exam tomorrow. I don’t need to remember you; ______________

has to study for it.

10. My boyfriend broke my heart by lying to me. I don't think I can trust

___________________ anymore.

Practice 24
Choose the correct reflexive pronouns from the drop down menu.

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,

yourselves, themselves
1. Robert made this T-shirt _______________.
2. Lisa did her homework ________________.
3. We helped _____________ to some Coke at the party.
4. Emma, did you take the photo by _________________ ?
5. I wrote this poem _______________ .
6.

7. He cut ______________ with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
8. The lion can defend _______________ .
9. My mother often talks to _____________.
10. Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help ________________.
11. Alice and Doris collected the stickers _____________.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 37

Unit 3: So does Mark!
Jason: It is cold tonight, right?

Carolina: Yeah, but I love this kind of weather.

Jason: I do too… The weather does not stop people

from coming to the concert.

Carolina: Today there is a special show, so people

won’t miss it.

Jason: Do you come often?

Carolina: I don’t go out a lot. And you?

Jason: I don’t either. I stay at home and rest a little.

Carolina: I just couldn’t miss this opportunity. Oh look! They are about to start.

Jason: Let’s get closer.

Agreements

So, too, either, and neither are words that

express agreement to what the speaker is saying. Some Auxiliaries:
Remember that the Auxiliary needs to agree with 1. Am / is / are
the verb tense in the original statement. 2. Do / does
3. Did
Use of so and too 4. Will
5. Can / could
6. Have / has /
SO and TOO are used to show agreement with
had
positive statements.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 38

SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)

 So do I.

 So does she.

 So will you.

Subject (pronoun) + Auxiliary +

TOO

 I did too.

 We will too.

 They could too.

Use of either and neither

EITHER and NEITHER are used to show agreement with negative

statements.

NEITHER + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun) “Me neither” and

“Me too” is a short
A. I don’t like English and informal way
to answer.
B. Neither do I.

1. I won’t come to the party.

2. Neither will I.

Subject (pronoun) + Auxiliary (Negative Form) + EITHER

A. I didn’t finish my homework.

B. I didn’t either.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 39

 1. I haven’t got any document.

2. I haven’t either.

Practice 25
Fill in the blanks with so, too, either and neither.

a) Juan goes to karate everyday. ___________ Mark. Mark ___________.

b) Katherine studied Medicine. ___________ Peter. Peter ___________.

c) Carolina is an excellent student. ___________ Vero. Vero ___________.

d) Peter can´t play the piano. __________ Ale. Ale _________.

e) Mariana bakes delicious cakes ___________ Teresa. Teresa _________.

f) Adriano will sing at the concert tomorrow________ Roger. Roger _______.

h) Jonathan didn’t do the homework ___________ Sarah. Sarah _________.

i) Erick told me a funny joke ____________ Josh. Josh __________.

j) They didn´t eat their veggies _____________ I. I ___________.

k) My mother finished the juice ___________ my sister. My sister ________.

l) Lisa and Ann don´t go to the party ____________ they. They __________.

m) I would travel to Bali ____________ we. We ___________.

n) We will have lunch together _____________ she. She __________.

Practice 26
You are talking to Maria. Answer true sentences about yourself. If
possible, use So….I or Neither…..I. Look at these examples carefully:
Maria: I'm tired today.
You can say: So am I. (Or I’m not.)
Maria: I don’t work very hard.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 40

You can say: Neither do I. (Or I do.)

Maria:

1. I’m studying English. ______________________.

2. I can ride a bicycle. _______________________.

3. I’m not American. ________________________.

4. I like to cook. ____________________________.

5. I don’t like cold weather. ____________________.

6. I slept well last night. _______________________.

7. I’ve never been to India. ___________________.

8. I don’t write letters very often. _______________.

9. I’m going out tomorrow night. _______________.

10. I wasn’t sick last week. ___________________.

11. I didn’t watch TV last night. _______________.

12. I go to the movies a lot. ____________________.

Practice 27

Fill in the blanks with so, too, either and neither.

1. I'm a student. ________________________________

2. I went on vacation last year. ________________________________

3. I'm not Chinese. ________________________________

4. I'll wake up early tomorrow. ________________________________

5. I won't go to work on Saturday. ________________________________

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 41

6. I've studied English. ________________________________

7. I didn't go to the movie theater. ________________________________

8. I don't speak Japanese. ________________________________

9. I haven't been to Paris. ________________________________

10. I have been to New York. ________________________________

11. I'm going to work tomorrow. ________________________________

12. I live in an apartment. ________________________________

13. I didn't visit my parents. ________________________________

14. I'll call him tomorrow. ________________________________

15. I'm not watching TV. ________________________________

16. I haven't fixed the car yet. ________________________________

17. I won't read that article. ________________________________

18. I've seen that movie. ________________________________

19. I like pizza. ________________________________

20. I exercised this morning. ________________________________

Practice 28

Complete the sentences using the complete structure for agreements

(So, too, neither, either).

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 42

Carlos goes to the mall every day.

(she) _____________________________________________________

(they) ____________________________________________________

I don’t play the guitar.

(I) ______________________________________________________

(he) ______________________________________________________

Karol is writing a book about her life.

(they)_____________________________________________________

(Carlos) __________________________________________________

She isn’t dancing because her feet hurt.

(we)______________________________________________________

(you) ____________________________________________________

Practice 29

1. "I'm not going to the meeting."

A. "Neither am I." C. "Neither do I."

B. "Either am I." D. "So am I."

2. "I'm thirsty and hungry."

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 43

A. "I too." C. "I am too."

B. "I am not too" D. "So do I."

3. "I don't know anything about politics in this country."

A. "Neither can I." C. "Neither have I."

B. "Neither do I." D. "So do I."

4. "I want to go to the beach."

A. "So am I." C. "So can I."

B. "So do I." D. "So will I."

5. "I had long hair when I was younger."

A. "So have I." C. "So did I."

B. "Neither did I." D. "Neither had I."

6. "I wasn't interested in any of the new classes that were introduced this
semester."

A. "Neither did I." C. "Neither was I."

B. "Me too." D. "Neither would I."

7. "I haven't met the new classmate yet."

A. "Neither was I." C. "I neither."

B. "Neither had I." D. "Neither have I."

8. "I'll be on vacation next month."

A. "So am I." B. "So can I."

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 44

C. "So will I." D. "So would I."

9. "It's too dark. I can't see anything."

A. "Neither can I." C. "Neither do I."

B. "Neither can't I." D. "Neither did I."

10. "I'd love to live near the ocean someday."

A. "So will I."

B. "So did I."

C. "So do I."

D. "So would

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 45

Unit 4: If I get sick, I go to the doctor

Marco: Where do you work?

Pauline: I work at a travel company in London, so I travel a lot.

Marco: Where do you normally travel to? And, how often do you travel?

Pauline: Well, when I have an assignment to research a country, I go there for a

month or two. If there aren’t any new assignments, I stay in London.

Marco: Do you miss London when you travel?

Pauline: I miss my family and friends but I love traveling. I sometimes can
take my husband with me when I go somewhere not too far away. I

always make sure that I have a good internet connection

when I stay in different places, so that I can easily keep
in contact with everyone.

Marco: When you return from traveling, does it take

you a while to get used to things again?

Pauline: I’ve been doing this job for a long time now, so when

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 46

I return, I usually get straight back into things.

Taken from: http://www.jdaenglish.com/

The Zero Conditional

There are around four kinds of conditional clauses. Zero conditional is

used when the result will always happen. There are necessary two simple present
tense verbs; one in the “If-clause” and one in the “main clause”. The “if” can be
replaced by “when” without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Rule:

If/When + Simple Present + (,) + Simple Present.

 If I get sick, I go to the doctor.

Simple Present + if/when + Simple Present.

 I go to the doctor if I get sick.

Examples:

 You get pink if you mix red and white.

 When my mom has headache, she takes a nap.

 If babies are scared, they start to cry.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 47

Practice 30

Look at the pictures and write a question and an answer per each
picture.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 48

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 49
Practice 31
Write question using “when” or “if”.
1.You:___________________________________________________
Friend: When I feel sick, I stay at my parents’ place and watch T.V all day.
2.You: __________________________________________________
Friend: I chat on Internet instead of on the phone if I have a bad cough.
3.You: _________________________________________________
Friend: If I get toothache, I take some pain killers. I don’t eat because it hurts.
4.You: __________________________________________________
Friend: When I have fever, I take some medicine and I don’t go out.

Practice 32
Make zero conditionals:

1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work)

________________________________________________________

2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food)

________________________________________________________

3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke)

________________________________________________________

4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy)

_______________________________________________________

5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)

______________________________________________________

6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat)

______________________________________________________
Universidad Internacional de las Américas 50
7. (you / smoke / you / get yellow fingers)
_______________________________________________________

8. (children / play outside / they / not get overweight)

_______________________________________________________

9. (you / heat ice / it / melt)

________________________________________________________

10. (I / speak to John / he / get annoyed)

_______________________________________________________

Practice 33

1. If you press that button _____________________________________

2. It's easier to sleep if ______________________________________

3. The teacher gets angry if

_____________________________________

4. If _______________________________________, I always feel sick.

5. His mother gets annoyed if ______________________________ late.

6. If _________________________ a word, I look in my dictionary.

7. They play football if _______________________ any homework.

8. If you freeze water __________________________________ to ice.

9. Farmers get angry if _________________________________.

10. _________________________________________ take and aspirin.

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 51

 11. ____________________________________ if you leave it in the sun.

12. If you pull a cat tail ______________________________________.

The First Conditional

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't
know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which
could easily come true.
The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the
other clause

Rule:

 if /when+ present simple, I + will + infinitive

Examples:

• If it rains, I won't go to the park.

• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
• She'll be late if the train is delayed.
• She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
• If I see her, I'll tell her.

Practice 34
Choose the correct response for each of the sentences:
1. If you _________ greasy food, you will become fat.
( ) eat ( ) will eat
2. If your sister goes to Paris, she _________ a good time.
( ) has ( ) will have
3. If he _________ that, he will be sorry.
( ) will do ( ) does
4. If I leave now, I ________ in New York by 8:00 PM.
( ) will arrive ( ) arrive
5. You ________ on your test if you don't study.
( ) won't do well ( ) don't do well
6. They won't know the truth if you ________ them.
Universidad Internacional de las Américas 52
( ) won't tell ( ) don't tell
7. If I bake a cake, ________ have some?
( ) will you ( ) do you
8. If he ________ you, will you answer the phone?
( ) will call ( ) calls
9. If you don't go to the party, I ________ very upset.
( ) am ( ) will be
10. If you get a haircut, you ________ much better.
( ) will look ( ) look

Practice 35
Choose the correct form of each verb to complete each sentence.

1.You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat.

( ) will get ( ) get
2.You won't pass the course if you ________.
( ) don't study ( ) won't study
3.You ________ better if you turn on the lamp.
( ) will be able to see ( ) are able to see
4.If I ________ some eggs, how many ________?
( ) will cook / do you eat ( ) cook / will you eat
5.If a deer ________ into your garden, it ________ all your plants.
( ) will get / eats ( ) gets / will eat
6.If we don't protect the elephant, it ________ extinct.
( ) becomes ( ) will become
7.She ________ completely different if she cuts her hair.
( ) will look ( ) looks
8.If you don't put so much sugar in your coffee, you ________ so much weight!
( ) won't put on ( ) don't put on

9.If you ________ an apple every day, you'll be very healthy.

( ) eat ( ) will eat

10. You'll pay higher insurance if you ________ a sports car.

( ) will buy ( ) buy
Universidad Internacional de las Américas 53
Practice 36
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence –
type I.

1.If we __________ (to send) an invitation, our friends ___________ (to

come) to our party.

2.He ________ (not/to understand) you if you _________________ (to

whisper).

3.They ___________ (not/to survive) in the desert if they ___________

(not/to take) extra water with them.

4.If you _____________ (to press) CTRL + s, you ______________ (to save)
the file.

5.You ________________ (to cross) the Channel if you __________ (to fly)
from Paris to London.

6.Fred ______________ (to answer) the phone if his wife __________ (to
have) a bath.

7.If Claire __________________ (to wear) this dress at the party, our guests
_____________ (not/to stay) any longer.

8.If I ______________ (to touch) this snake, my girlfriend ___________

(not/to scream).

9.She __________________ (to forget) to pick you up if you __________

(not/to phone) her.

10.I _____________ (to remember) you if you ______________ (to give) me

a photo.

The Second Conditional

Universidad Internacional de las Américas 54

 It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to
be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream

Examples:

 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won't win the lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won't
happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible,
because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

Examples:

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

The second conditional uses the simple past after if, then 'would' and the
infinitive:

Rule:

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in
formal writing).

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Practice 37
Second conditionals exercises. Complete the following sentences with
the words in brackets.

1. What would you do if you suddenly (win) _____________ half a million

pounds?
2. If he (get up) _______________________ up earlier, he'd get to work
on time.
3. If we (have) ________________________________ more time, I
could tell you more about it.
4. If you (sell) _____________________________ more products, you'd
earn more money.
5. I could help you if you (trust) ______________________ me more.
6. His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) __________________ some new
tires.
7. The children could be better swimmers if the (go) ________________
swimming more frequently.
8. I wouldn't mind having children if we (live) ________________ in the
country.
9. If I (be) ________________________ you, I wouldn't worry about
going to university.
10. If I (have) _____________________ any money, I'd give you some.
11. Your parents (be) ________________________ a lot happier if you
phoned them more often.

Practice 38
All of these sentences are second conditionals. Choose the correct form
of the verb in each question.

1. If smoking were allowed, I ________ a cigarette.

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( )had ( )would have
( )will have ( )have
2. We would learn a lot from dolphins if they ________.
( )will talk ( )talk
( )can talk ( )could talk
3. If the weather ________ better, we ________ to the park.
( )is... would go ( )were... would go
( )was... go ( )were... will go
4. He's so stupid! If he ________ an animal, he would be a sheep.
( )are ( )would be ( )was
( )were ( )is
5. We don't mind camping, but if we ________ enough money, we
________ in a hotel.
( )have... stayed ( )would have...stayed
( )had... would stay ( )had... stayed
6. If he were a young man, he ________ able to walk faster.
( )will be ( )would be
( )is ( )was
7. If there ________ no mosquitos, there would be no malaria.
( )is ( )would be ( )was
( )are ( )were
8. If I ________ a penny for every can of soda I've drunk in my life, I would
be rich!
( )will have ( )have
( )would have ( )had

9. If her hair were black, she ________ completely different.

( )will look ( )would look

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( )looks ( )look
10. We'd be on the beach if we ________ in Mexico!
( )were ( )will be
( )are ( )would be

Practice 39
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence –
type II. Mind the position of the if-clause.

1. If I _______________ (to meet) Richard, I _____________ (to tell)

him about our new office.
2. If the steak ________________ (not/to be) so hot, we __________ (to
eat) it.
3. What ____________ (you/to do) if it ________________ (to rain)?
4. He ________________ (to help) me if he ______________ (can).
5. If Andrew ___________ (to prepare) the meal, I ___________ (not/to
come) for dinner.
6. My father _________________ (not/to be) angry with me if I________
(to come) home early.
7. We ________________ (not/to have) a pet if we _____________ (to
live) in a flat.
8. If he __________________ (can/to speak) French, he ___________
(to get) the job in Marseille.
9. If you _____________ (to take) the 7:40 flight, you ___________
(must/not/to change) at Heathrow.
10. I _____________ (not/to stay) any longer if Gerry ___________ (to
sing) at the party.

Practice 40
Match up the parts of the sentence

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1.If I lost my job,
( )we'd both benefit.
( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.

2. If I were in your position,

( )I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.

3. If I spoke Japanese as well as you do,

( )I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
( )we'd both benefit.
( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.

4. If we spent more on Research and Development,

( )I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.

5. If you spoke less and listened more,

( )I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.

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( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
( )you'd be more aware of what people really felt.

6. If you spent more time on your own problems and a bit less on mine,
( )I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )we'd both benefit.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.

7. If we controlled our expenses a bit better,

( )I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )we'd save a lot of money.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.

8. If you invested some time into learning how the Internet works,
( )you'd find that it could really help you in your job.
( )I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.

9. If we opened an office in Tokyo,

( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
( )you'd be more aware of what people really felt.

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 ( )I'd be interested in working there.
( )we'd both benefit.

10. If you didn't take the job,

( )you'd regret it later.
( )you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
( )we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
( )I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.

The conditionals
type zero conditional First conditional Second conditional

definition something 100% true: most of the time is true probably not going to be true
something we prove

formula if/ if/ if/when+sub+past+object+,

when+sub+verb+comp+, when+sub+verb+comp +sub+would+verb
+sub+verb+comp +, +sub+modals+verb

example if ice melts, it becomes if I go to the movies, I if I won the lottery, I would
water will/may/might/could/e buy a car
at

Practice 41
Put in the correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type I, II).
Watch the underlined verbs.

1. If we meet at 9:30, we ________________________ (to have) plenty of

time.
2. Lisa would find the milk if she ___________________ (to look) in the
fridge.

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 3. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ____________
(to feed) the animals.
4. If you spoke louder, your classmates ________________ (to understand)
you.
5. Dan ____________________________ (to arrive) safe if he drove
slowly.
6. You ____________________________ (to have) no trouble at school
if you had done your homework.
7. If you ___________________________ (to swim) in this lake, you'll
shiver from cold.
8. The door will unlock if you ___________________ (to press) the green
button.
9. If Mel __________________________ (to ask) her teacher, he'd have
answered her questions.
10. I ____________________________ (to call) the office if I was/were
you.

Practice 42
Conditional Sentences type 1 and 2 - Fill in the correct forms of the
verbs.
1. If I were you, I _______________________________ (start) now.
2. If Charles ________________________ (visit) me, I would lend him
my tools.
3. If I _________________________ (be) at home, I will learn my words.
4. If Sam has a hammer, he ______________________ (lend) it to me.
5. If Mary helped in the kitchen, she _____________________ (get) more
pocket money.
6. If you _____________________________ (come), you would see her.
7. If we go to London, we _________________________ (see) the Tower.
8. Susan will help you if she _______________________ (get) more
pocket money.
9. I _____________________________ (tell) you if you asked me.

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 10. He ___________________________ (wash) his hands if you give him
some soap.
11. If you close the door, nobody __________________ (see) you.
12. If we ________________________ (eat) too much, we would get fat.
13. I will travel to the USA if I ___________________ (have) enough money
14. If you _____________________________ (get) up early, you would
catch the bus
15. If I have some money, I ______________________ (buy) a new car.

Practice 43
Conditional Sentences type I and II - fill in the correct forms.

1. If I hear a thief, I ___________________________ (catch) him.

2. He would go to the cinema if he ________________ (have) more time.
3. I __________________________ (phone) her if I knew her number.
4. If they were rich, they ______________________ (stay) at a hotel.
5. I would have been glad if he ______________________ (visit) me in
hospital.
6. I would pass the exam if I ________________________ (learn) harder.
7. If she explains him the situation, he _______________ (understand) it.
8. If we had gone to London, we ___________________ (see) the Tower.
9. I will have to invite Bob if I ______________________ (invite) Linda.
10. If I did not visit him, he ___________________________ (be) angry.
11. If he had offered me the job, I ________________________ (take) it.
12. If it _____________________________ (stop) raining, we will play
tennis.
13. If I ____________________________ (have) some money, I will buy a
new car.
14. If he offers me a job, I _________________________ (take) it.
15. If he __________________________ (drive) more carefully, he would
not cause an accident.

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Unit 5: We aren't late, are we?
Chris: Good morning. I'm not too early, am I?
Boss: No, not at all. You've been given a cup of coffee, haven’t you?
Chris: Yes, I have, thank you.
Boss: We should be ready for you in a couple of minutes. You wouldn't mind filling
in these forms while you're waiting, would you?
Chris: Ok, no problem. I'll give them to the receptionist
when I've finished, shall I?
Boss: If you would.

Later…
Boss: …So the hours are 9.30 to 5.30 Monday to Friday,
that's normal, isn’t it? And you'll be working in the stats
department: the receptionist showed you where that is,
didn’t she?
Chris: Well yes, she did, but…
Boss: And you haven’t had any major illnesses, have
you?
Chris: No, but I did want to say that…
Boss: And you've had a look at the terms and conditions, haven't you?
Chris: Yes, but I think there's been some sort of mistake.
Boss: Mistake? You are at Jones and Jones, having an interview for the position of
Account Manager, aren’t you?
Chris: Well, no, actually, I'm in IT. You do have IT vacancies here, don’t you?
Boss: Yes, of course we do. But your name is Chris Jones, isn’t it?
Chris: I'm afraid not. My name's Chris Smith.

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 Boss: Oh my goodness, there must have been some sort of mix-up. You will accept
my sincerest apologies, won’t you?

Tag questions
Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often
used for checking information that we think we know is true.

Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a
subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually
contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not')

Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the
main clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it
(negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?

If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag
question. If there is no auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple)
use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal question).

There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.

For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?

Positive sentences, with Negative sentences, with

positive tags
negative tags

simple Present 'be' She's Italian, isn't she? We aren't late, are we?

simple Present simple They live in London, don't they? She doesn't have any children, does
other verbs she?

Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't The bus isn't coming, is it?
we?
simple Past 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it? She wasn't at home yesterday, was
she?

simple Past other verbs He went to the party last night, They didn't go out last Sunday, did
didn't he? they?
Past continuous We were waiting at the station, You weren't sleeping, were you?
weren't we?
simple Future She'll come at six, won't she? They won't be late, will they?

Modals He can help, can't he? She can't speak Arabic, can she?
John must stay, mustn't he? They mustn't come early, must
they?

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Practice 44
Past Tense Question Tags - Positive and Negative. Type the correct word
in the boxes below.

was wasn't did

didn't were weren't

1. You saw George yesterday, ____________ you?

2. We weren't wrong, ____________we?
3. He didn't go, _______________ he?
4. I was correct, _________ I?
5. It didn't rain last night, _________it?
6. You were sick at the party, _________you?
7. She didn't leave early, _________ she?
8. He wasn't looking at me, _________he?
9. They got married last year, _________they?
10. They weren't going, _________they?

Practice 45
Fill in the gaps with the right question tags in English.
1. Joe is keen on sport, ____________?
2. Maria hasn’t forgotten about the meeting, ____________?
3. We shouldn’t enter this room, ____________?
4. Let’s ask someone for directions, ____________?
5. Just stop for a sec and listen to me, ____________?
6. Somebody will help us, ____________?
7. There weren’t any problems, ____________?
8. I’m late again, ____________?

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 9. You didn’t apologise to Frank, ____________?
10. Nobody remembered to book the tickets, ____________?

Practice 46
Fill in the correct question tag:

are they - are we - is he -

is it - is she - you

1. Your mobile isn´t new, ____________?

2. The test isn´t difficult, ____________?
3. Peter isn´t at home, ____________?
4. Sue isn´t in her room, ____________?
5. We aren´t late, ____________?
6. Mr and Mrs Brown aren´t in the taxi, ____________?
7. The prize isn´t good, ____________?
8. The bag isn´t expensive, ____________?
9. You aren´t in London, are ____________?
10. The football game isn´t this weekend, ____________?

Practice 47
Match the following sentences to the right question tags.

1. This isn't going to be cheap,  is it

2. Chris is going to help us,  are they
3. Tom isn't selling his car,  isn’t he
4. The student's aren't preparing for the exam,  can we
5. They're coming tomorrow,  isn´t it
6. We can put some things in the car,  aren´t they
7. We don't need any more boxes,  do we
8. Passing the exam is hard,  is he

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Practice 48
Complete each of the following sentences.

1. Bruce knows Janet, ______ he?

( )knows ( )do
( )doesn't ( )did
2. Alice did a good job, ______ she?
( )does ( )didn't
( )do ( )is
3. Bob and Janet can't swim, ______ they?
( )cannot ( )can't
( )can ( )do
4. It won't be difficult, ______ it?
( )won't ( )will
( )does ( )is
5. You ate my hamburger, ______ you?
( )don't ( )didn't
( )aren't ( )won't
6. They were nice, ______ they?
( )didn't ( )wasn't
( )isn't ( )weren't

Practice 49
Complete the questions tags.
1. Marc is good at maths, ______________he?
2. Sue is a beautiful girl, ______________she?

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 3. They are smart, ______________they?
4. Harry and Sally are in love, ______________they?
5. Charles plays tennis, ______________he?
6. She will come to the party, ______________she?
7. She likes thrillers, ______________she?
8. You are going to London, ______________you?

Practice 50
Question Tags - Positive
Type the correct word in the boxes below.

isn't aren't don't doesn't

1. He's rich, ______________he?

2. These are your glasses, ______________they?
3. You live in Fairfield, ______________you?
4. It's a lovely day, ______________it?
5. I'm late, ______________I?
6. You smoke, ______________you?
7. They walk to work, ______________they?
8. Bill likes chocolate, ______________he?
9. Those flowers are beautiful, ______________they?
10. Anna is from Sweden, ______________she?

Practice 51
Question Tags - Negative
Type the correct word in the boxes below.

am is are do does

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 1. This isn't your pen, ______________it?
2. You don't want this book, ______________you?
3. This food isn't very nice, ______________it?
4. He doesn't work, ______________they?
5. They aren't happy, ______________they?
6. I'm not good at this, ______________I?
7. You don't like shopping, ______________you?
8. We aren't late, ______________we?
9. She doesn't smoke, ______________she?
10. It isn't a very nice day, ______________it?

Practice 52
Complete each of the following sentences.

1. You don't like jazz, ______ you?

( )like ( )do
( )don't ( )will
2. Susan is American, ______ she?
( )isn't ( )can
( )does ( )is
3. They need help, ______ they?
( )doesn't ( )need
( )do ( )don't
4. Your brother is in Canada, ______ he?
( )does ( )isn't
( )is ( )doesn't

5. We will eat soon, ______ we?

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( )won't ( )do
( )eat ( )will
6. You smoke, ______ you?
( )smoke ( )don't
( )does ( )are

Practice 53
Fill in the gaps with the right question tags in English.

1. I'm late, ______________?

2. They're waiting, ______________?
3. It works, ______________?
4. You like it, ______________?
5. You can see him, ______________?
6. I'm not late, ______________?
7. He isn't leaving, ______________?

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Unit 6: We're going camping

Dialogue

A: We're going camping near Mt. Rainier this weekend. What are you doing?

B: I'm going to stay home.

A: Would you like to come along with us?

B: I don't have any camping equipment.

A: Don't worry. We'll let you use ours.

B: Are you sure it won't be an inconvenience for you?

A: No, not at all. We'd love your company.

B: Do you think it's going to rain?

A: It's not supposed to, but bring a rain jacket just in case. We'll pick you up at
5:00 a.m. Saturday morning. Can you be ready?

B: I'll be there bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.

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Simple Future

In English there are two different forms of future: "will" and "be going to."
They express two very different meanings but sometimes they can be used either
way.

Future with Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

 You will help us tomorrow.

 Will you buy some milk?

Future with Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

 Are you going to meet Paul tonight?

 We are going to the movies today.

Voluntary Action (Will)

"Will" suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. We need to use

"will" to answer to someone else's request for help.

Examples:

A. I'm really hungry.

B. I'll make some sandwiches.
1. I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
2. I'll get you some coffee.
 A: The phone is ringing.
 B: I'll get it.

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Express a Promise (Will)

"Will" is usually used in promises because they are not arranged plans.

Examples:

 I will call you when I arrive home.

 If I am elected President, I will make sure to help everyone.
 I promise I will not tell about the surprise party.

Expressing a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan but it can be in long or short
term.

Examples:

 He is going to spend his vacation in other country.

 She is not going to spend her vacation in other country.
o A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
o B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.

"Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express a general prediction about the
future. Pay attention to some words such as: “I think”, “I believe”, “It seems”, and
so on. We use “will” when there isn’t evidence to support our prediction.

Examples:

 The sky is black. It is going to snow. (Evidence)

 It's 8.30! You're going to miss the train! (Evidence)
 I will be in London tomorrow. (No evidence)
 There will be 50 people at the party. (No evidence)

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IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in
mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

Summary of Future Tenses

Will-Future Be going to- Future

Use 1: Express a Voluntary

Action Use 1:
Use 2: Express a Promise Use 2:
Use 3: Use 3: Express a Plan
Use 4: Express a Prediction (you need
Use 4: Express a Prediction evidence)

Practice 54

Complete using Will or Be going to

1. A: Why are you looking for a piece of paper?

B: I (write) ___I going to write_______ a letter to my friend in Ecuador.

2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!

B: I (get) _____I will get____________ you some coffee. That will help.

3. A: I can't hear the television!

B: I (turn) ____ I will get_______ the volume up so you can hear it.

4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) We going to

visit__ Paris, Nice and Grenoble.

5. Sarah (come) Sarah going to come to my house. Marco (be) will be there too.

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6. Ted: It is so hot in here!

Sarah: I (turn) ___ I going to turn___________ the air-conditioning on.

7. I think he (be) ____ I think he will be______ our next President.

8. After I graduate, I (attend) __ After I graduate, I will ___ medical school

and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.

9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is

simply too small for four people.

B: That man at the service counter (help) ____will help________ you.

10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) _are going to walk_ down to the

beach and go swimming.

11. Mark: What are you doing with those scissors?

Beth: I (cut) ___I am going to cut__ that picture of the ocean out of the travel

magazine.

Mark: What (you, do) _are you going to, do _with it?

Beth: I (paint) _I going to _ a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I

thought I could use this photograph as a model.

12. Mark: (you, do) ___will you do________ me a favor, JJ?

JJ: Sure, what can I do for you?

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Mark: I (change) __am going to______ that light bulb in dining room table. I

need someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there.

JJ: No problem, I (hold) __will hold______ it for you.

13.

Gina: Where are you going?

Ted: I (go) ____am going______________ to the store to get some medicines.

Gina: What (you, get) ____are you going to get__________________?

Ted: I (buy) ______________________ some butter, some salt, and some

coffee.

14.

John: Wow, it's freezing out there.

Jane: I (make) _____will make_________________ some coffee to warm us

up. Do you want a piece of pie as well?

John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) ____am going to have_____ dinner

with some friends later, so I'd better skip the pie.

Jane: I (go) ______________________ to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a

piece of pie anyway.

15.

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Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college.

Tom: Yeah, I (go) ___am going _______ to Guatemala next spring and I

thought knowing a little Spanish would make the trip easier.

Frank: I (visit) _____am will visit___________ my brother in Marseilles next

year. Maybe I should take a French class.

Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go)

______________________ get it, and we can see whether or not they're

offering a French course next semester.

Practice 55
Write correct form of the verbs in brackets in the correct future from.

Example:

 The weather ______ nice at the weekend. (to be)

 Answer: The weather will be nice at the weekend.

1) Peter _____________ 18 in three days. (to be)

2) Danny _______________________ a magazine this evening. (to read)

3) Look! It _________________ (rain) , so we can't ________ to the beach.

(to go)

4) There are a lot of clouds! It _____________ soon. (to rain)

5) The sun ______________ in the East. (to rise)

6) Wait a minute, I _________________ this box for you. (to carry)

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Practice 56

Write the correct form of going to or will to complete the dialogue.

LAURA: What are you doing this weekend, Jan?
TANYA: I ________________________ (see) a new play tomorrow at the
Royal Court theater.
LAURA: Have you got the tickets yet?
TANYA: No, I ________________________ (get) them this afternoon,
actually. Would you like to come?
LAURA: Oh, thank you, that would be nice.
TANYA: OK, I ________________________ (get) you a ticket too.
LAURA: Great ... what time does it start?
TANYA: Eight o'clock, but we ________________________ (all meet) in the
Green Cafe at 7.15.
LAURA: OK, I ________________________ (meet) you in the cafe, but, er...
I ________________________ (be) there around 7.30.
TANYA: That's fine.
LAURA: Oh, one other thing ... I've got no money at the moment... I
________________________ (pay) for the ticket on Saturday. Is that OK?
TANYA: Yes, that's OK, no problem.
LAURA: Great! Why don't we go eat something in the restaurant?
TANYA: That's a good idea. I ________________________ (phone) the
others and see if they want to come too.
LAURA: Good, and I ________________________ (book) a table for us.
TANYA: Great! I ________________________ (meet) you there in a
moment.
Taken from: grammarbank.com

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Unit 7: What did you do after your
tennis match?

Dialogue

Robert: Hi Alice, what did you do last weekend?

Alice: I did a lot of things. On Saturday, I went shopping.
Robert: What did you buy?
Alice: I bought some new clothes. I also played tennis.
Robert: Who did you play?
Alice: I played Tom.
Robert: Did you win?
Alice: Of course I won!
Robert: What did you do after your tennis match?
Alice: Well, I went home and took a shower and then
went out.
Robert: Did you eat in a restaurant?
Alice: Yes, my friend Jacky and I ate at 'The Good Fork'
Robert: Did you enjoy your dinner?
Alice: Yes, we enjoyed our dinner very much thank you.
We also drank some wonderful wine!
Robert: Unfortunately, I didn't go out this weekend. I
didn't eat in a restaurant and I didn't play tennis.
Alice: What did you do?
Robert: I stayed home and studied for my test!
Alice: Poor you!

Taken from: http://esl.about.com/

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 The simple past tense expresses an action that finished in the past and it
takes place once, never, several times. It can also be used to describe actions that
take place one after another. There are two kinds of simple past: Simple Past of
Verb to be and Simple Past of Regular and Irregular verbs.

Simple Past of Verb To Be

This tense follows the same structure for the creating on sentences.

Simple Past
of Verb To
Be

We / You /
I He / She / It
They

Was Was Were

Was not Was not Were not

(Wasn't) (Wasn't) (Weren't)

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 Simple Past of Regular and Irregular Verbs

Form

Noun + Verb* + -ed + Complement

I loved to watch T.V.

The only way to identify if a verb is
She ate an apple. regular o irregular is by learning a
list of verbs.
They grew together.

Luis and Steven played soccer.

Use of Simple Past

 An action in the past that takes place once, never or several times.
Example: He went to school every day.

 Actions in the past that take place one after the other.
Example: He took a book, sat down, and started to read it.

 An action in the past that takes place in the middle of another action.
Example: When I was taking a shower, the bell rang.

 If sentences type II (If I talked, …)

Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

Pronunciation Key

As well as in simple present, in past we need to pay attention to the final

pronunciation of the verbs.

1. /t/

Verbs that end in -ed before a voiceless consonant [p, k, f, sh, ch, s]

 Walked /wɔkt/

2. /d/

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Verbs ending in -ed before a voiced consonant [b, g, v, g, z, l, m, n] or a vowel

 Smelled /smɛld/
3. /ɪd/

Verbs ending in -ed before [t] or [d]

 Visited /vɪzɪtɪd/

Practice 57
Fill in the blanks using the correct Simple Past conjugation of the verbs.

William Shakespeare ________was__________ (be) born in Stratford-

on-Avon on April 23, 1564. He ______went____________ (go) to the local

Stratford Grammar School, where he was _____to_____________ (teach) by

Master Walter Roche. Lessons ______begined____________ (begin) at six

o'clock in the morning in the summer in order to make the most of daylight.

His father was _______called___________ (call) John Shakespeare a

Stratford upon Avon glove-maker. He _________sent_________ (send)

William to the local grammar school in 1571, but when William

_________was_________ (be) only 14 years old his fortunes fell so low that

William ______had____________ (have) to leave school. Some historians say

he ____________worked______ (work) in his father's shop.

At the age of 19 William ________married__________ (to marry) Anne

Hathaway the daughter of a rich farmer near Stratford. Three years later

Shakespeare ________went__________ (go) to London. How he

____livied______________ (live) there we do not know.

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 In about 1587 he _______became___________ (become) a member of

one of the few theatrical companies which _____existed_____________ (exist)

in those days. Around 1590 he ___began_______________ (begin) to try his

hand at writing plays. There _______ware___________ (be) no female actors

in those days, all the female parts were ___played_______________ (play) by

boys. It is thought that he _____wrote_____________ (write) his first major

play, Henry VI., Part One, in 1592.

His most famous play, Hamlet, ______was____________ (be) probably

first seen in 1601 at the Globe Theatre. Shakespeare

__continued________________ (continue) to write about 2 plays a year.

He ______returned____________ (return) to Stratford in 1612, where

he __________lived________ (live) the life of a country gentleman. He

________died__________ (die) of a fever on his birthday in 1616.

Taken from: http://www.learnenglish.de

Practice 58
Instructions: Rewrite the sentences into the negative form.

1. They collected stamps. ____ They didn’t collected stamps

2. You jumped high. _____ You did not jumped high.

3. Albert liked to play squash.___ Albert didn´t liked to play squash

4. The teacher tested our English. The teacher didn´t tested our English

5. Fiona visited her aunt in Ohio. _ Fiona didn´t visited her aunt in Ohio

6. He washed his bike.__ He didn´t washed his bike

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7. You were thirsty. ______you weren´t thirsty__

8. He di had a nice computer. ___________________________________

9. I bought some bread. __i didn´t bought some bread

10. You saw the house.______you________________________________

Practice 59

Instruction: Read the story and look for the simple past mistakes. Then,

write the mistake and the correction.

Once upon a time in a large forest, close to a village, stood the cottage where

the Teddy Bear family did lived lived. They was were not really proper Teddy Bears,

since Father Bear was very big, Mother Bear was middling in size, and only Baby

Bear could be described as a Teddy Bear.

Each bear haved its own size of bed. Father Bear's were large and nice and

comfy. Mother Bear's bed was middling in size, while Baby Bear had a fine little

cherrywood bed.

Beside the fireplace, around which the family did sit in the evenings, stooded a

large carved chair for the head of the house, a delightful blue velvet armchair for

Mother Bear, and a very little chair for Baby Bear.

The neighbors were all very respectful to Father Bear and people did raise

their hats when he goed by. Father Bear liked that and he always politely replied to

their greetings. Mother Bear had lots of friends. She visitted them in the afternoons

to exchange good advice and recipes for jam and bottled fruit. Baby Bear, however,

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had hardly any friends. This was partly because he did be rather a bully and liked to

win games and arguments. He were a pest too and always getting into mischief. Not

far away, live a fair-haired little girl who had a similar nature to Baby Bear, only she

was haughty and stuck-up as well, and though Baby Bear often ask her to come and

play at his house, she always said no.

Practice 60
Put the verbs into the correct form of the simple past tense.

1. It ______________ (be) great.

2. I ______________ (travel) around by car with two friends and we

______________ (visit) lots of interesting places.

3. In the evenings Ricardo and Carlos usually ______________ (go) to a

bar.

4. One night we even ______________ (learn) some Irish dances.

5. We ______________ (be) very lucky with the weather. It

______________ (not / rain) a lot. But we ______________ (see)

some beautiful rainbows.

6. Where ______________ (spend / you) your last holiday?

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Unit 8: I was eating when the
phone rang
Dialogue

Betsy: I telephoned you yesterday afternoon but you didn't answer?

Where were you?
Brian: I was in another room when you called. I didn't hear the
phone ringing until it was too late.
Betsy: What were you working on?
Brian: I was photocopying a report that I needed to send to a client.
What were you doing when you telephoned?
Betsy: I was looking for Tom and couldn't find him. Do you know
where he was?
Betsy: Oh, I see. What did you do yesterday?
Brian: I met the representatives from Driver's in the morning. In
the afternoon, I worked on the report and was just finishing when
you telephoned. What did you do?
Betsy: Well, at 9 I had a meeting with Ms Anderson. After that, I
did some research.
Brian: Sounds like a boring day!
Betsy: Yes, I don't really like doing research. But it needs to be
done.
Brian: I agree with you on that, no research - no business!
Betsy: Tell me about the report. What do you think of it?
Brian: I think the report is a good. Tom believes it's good, too.
Betsy: I know that every report you write is excellent.
Brian: Thank you Betsy, you are always a good friend!

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Practice 61
Answer the questions based on the reading.

1. What was Brian doing when Betsy telephoned?

R/ he was photocopying a report that I needed to send

2. What was Betsy doing when she telephoned Brian?

R/ I was looking for Tom

3. What did Brian do yesterday morning?

R/ met the representatives from Driver's in the morning

4. When did Betsy have a meeting with Ms Anderson?

r/ at 9 I had a meeting with Ms Anderson

The past continuous tense

1. Long action in past

indicates that an action is continuous at some point in the past. This tense is
formed with the verb "to be" in the past tense plus the (-ing) form of the verb.

 I was riding my bike all day yesterday.

 Joel was being a terrible role model for his younger brother.

2. Interrupted Action in the Past

Past Present Future

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 We use the past continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. Usually, that interruption is performed by a shorter action in the
Simple Past.

Examples:

 I was eating dinner when the TV turned off.

 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?

B: I was riding my bike.

3. Parallel Actions

Past Present Future

We also use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence. It
expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time.

Examples:

 I was studying while he was making noise.

 Were you listening while he was talking?
 I wasn't paying attention while I was writing, so I made several mistakes.

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Practice 62
Look at Ann’s diary and write sentences telling what was she doing on
Friday afternoon and evening?

4:00p.m.–wash my hair ____________________________________

5:30 p.m. – drink a cup of tea _________________________________

6:15 p.m. – speak to manager on the phone _________________________

6:55 p.m. – put on my green coat ________________________________

7:20 p.m. – take a taxi ______________________________________

(5:30 p.m.) ________________________________________________

(6:15 p.m.) ________________________________________________

Practice 63
Put the verbs into the correct form (past continuous).

1. When I called my friends, they __were playing__ (play) some games.

2. Last Saturday at six I __was preparing__ (prepare) something to eat.

3. The kids __ were playing ____ (play) in the garden when it suddenly began

to rain.

4. I ______was practing____ (practice) piano when he arrived home.

5. We __weren´t c_________________ (not / cycle) all day.

6. While Allan _____was working______________ (work) in his room, his

friends ___________________ (swim) in the pound near the house.

7. I tried to tell them the truth but they _________________ (not / listen) .

8. What ___________________ (you / do) yesterday?

9. Most of the time we ___________________ (sit) in the park behind my

house.

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 10. I ___________________ (listen) to the radio while my sister

___________________ (watch) TV.

11. When I arrived, They ___________________ (play) with the PC.

12. We ____were studying_____ (study) English yesterday at 4:00 pm.

Practice 64
Write sentences in past continuous.

the snowman / melt / in the sun

we / explore / a new territory __________________

the secretary / print out / a document

___________________________________________

the girls / not / concentrate / on the task

_________________________________________

Gary / not / practice / on the piano

____________________________________________

We / feed / the birds

________________________________________________

Jessica / ride / a horse

________________________________________________

my parents / not / eating / at a restaurant

________________________________________

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James and Monica / build / a tree house

________________________________________

their mother / not / cook / dinner

_______________________________________________

Practice 65
Write questions in past continuous.

Joe / dance

________________________________________________

your cousins / swim / in the lake

______________________________________________

the student / answer / a question

_______________________________________________

William / play / the guitar

________________________________________________

Janet / sit / on the bench

________________________________________________

Jane / tidy / her room

________________________________________________

Brendan / drive / a lorry

________________________________________________

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Sue and Jane / sell / fruits

________________________________________________

the pupils / write / a test

________________________________________________

your little sister / cry

________________________________________________

Practice 66
Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence. Use past
continuous

Sheila was waiting in the park.

________________________________________________

The pupils were talking about the United States.

__________________________________

The boss was dictating a letter.

________________________________________________

Barbara was looking for her necklace.

__________________________________________

Misses Bush was correcting our tests.

__________________________________________

An hour ago, Carol was talking on the phone.

____________________________________

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Avril was painting the kitchen.

________________________________________________

Katie was sitting in the living room.

___________________________________________

The children were running around noisily.

_______________________________________

Practice 67
Complete using past continuous

1) David _________________________________ (sleep) at three o'clock.

2) You ___________________________________ (study) at three o'clock.

3) Daniel __________________________________ (read) at three o’clock.

4) I ____________________________________ (work) at three o’clock.

5) They ______________________________ (eat) chocolate at three o’clock.

6) Jake _______________________________ (play) tennis at three o’clock.

7) We _________________________________ (watch) TV at three o’clock.

8) He _____________________________ (use) the internet at three o’clock.

9) You _______________________________ (cook) lunch at three o’clock.

10) We ___________________________ (travel) to London at three o’clock.

11) Mrs. Brown ___________________________ (not/walk) in the garden

when the murder happened.

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12) Mr. Black ____________________________________ (not/work) in

his study when the murder happened

Practice 68
Use the simple past or present continuous tense.

1. Jon and Bill were washing the car when they

_______________________ (see) their friend Alex.

2. Tony came to see me while I _______________________ (do) my

homework.

3. When Inga was driving, she _______________________ (notice) an

animal in the road.

4. Annie _______________________ (call) when Kerry was studying.

5. While Tom (read) _______________, Amely (watch)

_______________ a documentary on TV.

6. Marvin (come) _______________ home, (switch) _______________

on the computer and (check) _______________ his emails.

7. The thief (sneak) _______________ into the house, (steal)

_______________ the jewels and (leave) _______________ without a

trace.

8. Nobody (listen) _______________ while the teacher (explain)

_______________ the tenses.

9. While we (do) _______________ a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie)

_______________ on the beach.

10. He (wake) _______________ up and (look) _______________ at his

watch.

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 11. When I (do) _______________ the washing-up, I (break)

_______________ a plate.

12. While Tom (play) _______________ the piano, his mother (do)

_______________ the washing-up.

13. He (drink) _______________ some juice and then he (eat)

_______________ a few chips.

14. I (have) _______________ dinner when I suddenly (hear)

_______________ a loud bang.

15. When my father (work) _______________ in the garden, an old friend

(pass) _______________ by to see him.

16. She (go) _______________ to school, (take) _______________ out

her textbook and (begin) _______________ to learn.

17. When it (start) _______________ to rain, our dog (want)

_______________ to come inside.

18. When Jane (do) _______________ a language course in Ireland, she

(visit) _______________ Blarney Castle.

19. When I (be) _______________ on my way home, I (see)

_______________ an accident.

20.I (not / understand) _______________ what they (talk)

_______________ about.

Practice 69
Complete using simple past or past continuous.

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I _____________ (buy) a new alarm clock one day in Twinkle’s, when I

_____________ (see) somebody shoplifting. I’d just finished paying for my clock

as I _____________ (turn) round, an elderly woman _____________ (slowly

put) a silver ashtray into her bag that she _____________ (carry). Then she

_____________ (walk) over to another part of the shop and _____________

(pick up) an expensive-looking bracelet many times. When she _____________

(think) that nobody _____________ (look), she _____________ (drop) it into

the bag. Before I _____________ (have) a chance to tell the staff in the shop, she

_____________(notice) that I _____________ (watch) her and

_____________ (hurry) out. Unfortunately for her, two policemen

_____________ (walk) past at that moment and she _____________ (run)

straight into them.

Taken from: allabroad.weebly.com

Practice 70
Put the verbs into the past simple or the past continuous form.

1. He _____________ (sit) on the bank fishing, when he _____________

(see) a hat floating down the river.

2. It _____________(rain) when we _____________ (drive) to my place. I

_____________(remember) closing the windows, so I _____________(not

worry).

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3. As the goalkeeper _____________ (throw) the ball to the defender a

sparrow _____________ (fly) across the pitch and it _____________ (hit) the

poor bird.

4. A history lesson _____________ (go) on. I _____________ (glance) at

the teacher who _____________ (draw) something on the blackboard.

5. The waiting room was full of people. Some _____________(read) others

_____________ (sleep). When the doctor _____________ (arrive) I

_____________ (stop) reading my book.

6. The train _____________ (start) when the door _____________ (open)

and two men _____________ (leap) in.

7. Most of us _____________ (listen) to the lecturer but some students

_____________ (whisper) to each other. One of the boys _____________

(close) his eyes and _____________ (fall) asleep).

8. While I _____________ (wonder) whether to buy that scarf a woman

_____________ (come) and _____________ (buy) it.

Practice 71

Each sentence has one mistake. Write the correct sentences.

1. She was seeing the shark while she was surfing.

2. What was you doing last night at 8.00pm?

3. I was reading a book when my brother was getting back.

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4. He didn’t liked the film very much.

5. What did he see while he swam?

6. You can turn off the TV, I not was watching it.

7. I was talking to Stephen while the phone rang.

8. I went to the cinema last night but I wasn’t liking the film.

Practice 72

Decide whether the verbs underlined are in the correct tense.

I was sitting at a desk writing letters. Outside the wind shut the garden

shed’s door. Again and again. I wasn’t able to concentrate on my work. I was

getting up and went to the window. The sounds of the storm were getting louder

and the murmurs of a distant thunder were reaching me at that moment. I was

thinking I was going to finish what I was doing but I went back to my writings. The

rain was pouring down in large drops. I was hearing an animal howling. A dog – I

thought. But it was the wind. I was seeing the trees bending down to the ground.

Some leaves were rushing high up to the sky but suddenly they were giving up their

struggle and returned. At that instant someone knocked at the door. While I turned

towards it I realized that it was me. My heart beat aloud. When I continued the

letter I wrote I constantly smiled upon my cowardness.

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 Taken from: allabroad.weebly.com

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Unit 9: Infinitives to give reasons
Dialogue
Complete the conversation using the infinitive of the verbs in brackets.
Then read it aloud.

PEDRO: Hi Sally! What are you doing?

SALLY: I’m trying to use the computer, but I can’t turn it on!

PEDRO: Here you are. You use this button (1)

_________________ (turn on) the computer.

SALLY: Ah! Great!

PEDRO: Are you going to use it (2)

_________________ (send) an email?

SALLY: Yes, but I also want to use it (3)

_________________ (look up) some
information about Wallace and Gromit.

PEDRO: Do you like Wallace and Gromit?

SALLY: Yes, I love the way they use models (4)

_________________ (make) the films.

PEDRO: Did you know that they draw thousands

of pictures (5) _________________ (plan) the story?

SALLY: No, I didn’t. That’s really interesting.

PEDRO: I know. I want to go to college (6) _________________ (learn) about
filmmaking.

Taken from: http://www.macmillaninspiration.com

Infinitives

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 An infinitive is the most basic form of the verb. It contains “to” + “verb”. It
can be used to describe the purpose of someone or something.

 What do you use a vacuum for?

I use a vacuum to clean my house.
 Why did you go to the store?
I went to the store to buy some food.
 I use my lips to kiss!
 Be quiet! I come here to study, not to socialize!

Practice 73

Complete the sentences using the verbs: Enter – Do – Make – Get –

Talk

1. I'm calling the doctor's office __to make __ an appointment.

2. I need to go online ___to do______ some research on places to go on

vacation.

3. I have to go to the embassy ___to get____ my visa.

4. Rita needs a photo ID ___to enter_____ the country.

5. My wife and I are going ___to visit__ a friend at the hospital.

6. Her teacher is going to call her parents _____to talk__________ about her

low grades.

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Practice 74
Complete the sentences with an infinitive to give a reason

1.I went to the coffee shop because I wanted to meet my best friend.

a. I went to the coffee shop _to meet_my best friend.

2.I often travel by public transport. I want to save money.

b. I often travel by public transport __to save___money.

3.I’m studying at university. I want to be a pharmacist.

c. I’m studying at university _____ to be ____a pharmacist.

4.I called my uncle because I needed to find out what time he would arrive.

d. I called my uncle ___ to fin out ______________what time he would arrive.

5.I stayed late at the office. I had to finish the project.

e. I stayed late at the office ___ to finish _________the project.

6.I bought a new sofa for putting in the living room.

f. I bought a new sofa __for put _in the living room.

7.I have been working extra hours because I need to earn more money.

g. I have been working extra hours ___ to earn __________more money.

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8.I’m learning another language so I have a better chance of promotion at work.

h. I’m learning another language __ to have __a better chance of promotion at

work.

9.He does a lot of exercise. He wants to become healthier.

i. He does a lot of exercise __ to become _healthier.

10.We are organizing a big surprise party. We want to celebrate his fortieth

birthday.

j. We are organizing a big surprise party _ to celebrate __his fortieth birthday.

11.I started running a course for helping new mothers look after their babies.

k. I started running a course ___to help__new mothers look after their babies.

12.I usually go to the supermarket so I can buy everything I need in one place.

l. I usually go to the supermarket __to buy__ everything I need in one place.

Practice 75
Join each pair of sentences by using infinitives.

Example:
He goes out every morning. He buy the newspaper.
He goes out every morning to buy the newspaper.

1. He did not have even a penny with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.

a. _He did not even a penny with him to buy a loat of bread__

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 2. Every cricket team has a captain. He leads other players.

a. _ Every cricket team has captain. He leads other player__

3. You must part with your belongings. Only on this condition you can save

your life.

a. __ you must part with your belongings to save your life_

4. He went to England. He wanted to learn English.

a. _ He went to England to learn English

5. The robber took out a knife. He wanted to frighten the traveler.

a. __ The robbert took out a kine to

6. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.

a. _ I speak the the thruth to be no afraid_

7. He wants to be a millionaire. He works hard for that reason.

a. _ He works hard to be a millonarie

8. He has five children. He must provide for them.

a. _ He has five children to provide for them __

9. He collects old stamps. It is his hobby.

a. _______ It I his hobby to collect old stamps_____

10. That young man has squandered away all his wealth. He must have been

foolish.

a. he must have been foolish to squander away all his wealth

Practice 76
Use your imagination. You are planning a trip to another country.
Make a list of thing you will need and provide reasons of why you need
them.

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 1. ___________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________

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Unit 10: Modal Verbs
Dialogue
A: Let’s go shopping. I have got quite a number of things to buy, and I believe I can
get them all in this shop. You see, I ought to buy a present for my friend. She has
invited me to her birthday. What shall we look at first?

B: Gloves, I think. They must be on the ground floor. Yes, here

we are, and I can see just the kind I want.

A: Well, that didn’t take us long, now let’s go up by the escalator

to the third floor.

B: We’ll just take a quick look around to see if there is anything

we could take back as presents for the family.

A: I like these books, and do you? Shall we ask how much they
are?

B: I want to get a comb and some hair clips. Where do you think
I can find them?

A: Oh, you must go to the haberdashery department. That’s on a

lower floor, I believe. We’ll get them on our way out.

B: How do you like those white shoes just over there, on the
right?

A: I like them very much, indeed. They are perfect for summer wear.

B: Do you think they’re my size? They look just about right.

A: You should try them on.

Taken from: http://englishstandarts.blogspot.com/

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Practice 77
Job description

In groups, you must write 6 sentences describing a job. It would be like

a riddle. Try to arrange the sentences placing the most difficult “clues”
with the highest score.

Written by Simon Payen for Teach-This.com ©20I4

Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English. All the auxiliary
verbs except “be”, “do”, and “have” are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs,
modals only exist in their helping form and they cannot act alone as the main
verb in a sentence.

Modals are different from normal verbs:

1: They don't use 's' for the third person singular.

2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').

3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').

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 Use Modal Verb Example Notes

Probability Can  My sister can

Could be dangerous.
 I could do it
myself.
Obligation Have to  I have to do Must represents a
Must my stronger
homework. obligation
 I must do my
homework.
No obligation Don’t have to  I don’t have
to go to the
party with
you.
Prohibition Mustn’t  You mustn’t
insult people
that way!
Recommendation Should  We should Ought to is not
Ought to hurry! used in the
 He ought to negative form.
talk to her.

Practice 78

Crete some sentences related to the situation. You have to express

advice, prohibition, obligation or probability.

Situation: One of your friends from U.S.A is coming to Costa Rica. Tell him/her

what to do or not to do in the country. Take into account the possible cultural shock

among them.

1. ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

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 5. ____________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________

Practice 79

Complete the chart using modal verbs. Talk about behaviors,

obligations, and possibilities.

A good A good teacher…

friend…
 

 

 

 

Practice 80
Use mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to.

1) We have a lot of work tomorrow. You ______________________ be late.

2) You ______________________ tell anyone what I just told you. It's a

secret.

3) The museum is free. You ______________________ pay to get in.

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4) Children ______________________ tell lies. It's very naughty.

5) John's a millionaire. He ______________________ go to work.

6) I ______________________ do my washing because my mother does it for

me.

7) We ______________________ rush. We've got plenty of time.

8) You ______________________ smoke inside the school.

9) You can borrow my new dress, but you ______________________ get it

dirty.

10) We ______________________ miss the train, because it's the last one
tonight.

Practice 81

Reading
The Story of Helen Keller, The Girl Who Could Not See, Hear or Speak

I’d like you to know the story of Helen Keller, who could neither see nor
hear from the time she was a baby. Yet the brilliant girl was able to overcome all
those handicaps, to graduate from a college with honors and become a useful
citizen.

I must say there was nothing wrong with Helen Keller when she was born.
Her father and mother were very proud of their pretty baby, who tried to say “pa-
pa” and “ma-ma”. For nineteen months Helen grew bigger and stronger. She was
able to walk when she was a year old; she could say a few words.

But one day the child fell ill. She must have been very ill. For days she was
laid up with a high fever and soon the parents learned that their darling would
never be able to see and hear.
The little child was now doomed to a life of silence and darkness. She could not
hear what was said to her and did not know how to talk; she was unable to
play with other children.

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 When Helen was 6 years old her parents took her to Baltimore and then to
Washington to famous doctors to find out if they could do something to make her
hear and see again, but the doctors could do nothing. The child was hopelessly
deaf. Dr. Bell said the Kellers they should address the Perkins Institution for the
blind in Boston and ask if they could send someone to help the child.

It was a wonderful day for Helen Keller when Ann Sullivan arrived in March
1887 to take charge of the child who could neither hear nor speak. Helen was nearly
seven, Ann Sullivan was past twenty. Ann Sullivan found a way to make herself
understood. She gave the child a doll, and taking Helen Keller’s hand she slowly
spelled out "d-o-l". The child learnt for the first time that things must have names.

When Miss Sullivan later spelled into the little girl’s hand the word “w-a-t-e-
r” and then let the water from the pumps run over her hand, a new light seemed to
brighten the face of the child. During the next 3 months, she learned 300 words
and could even put some of them into sentences.
Miss Sullivan loved her pupil who was so quick to learn. She lived with Helen,
played with her and worked with her every hour of the day. By means of the hand
language, Helen and her teacher were able to talk to each other.

Helen learned to read books that were printed for the blind with raised
letters. She also learned to use the typewriter to write what she wanted to say.
When Helen was 10 she was determined that she would learn to speak. At first she
learned only the sounds of the letters of the alphabet, but soon she was able to say
words and sentences.

In the story of her life Helen Keller writes, “I shall never forget the surprise
and delight I felt when I uttered my first connected sentence: “It is warm.” At first
she had much difficulty with her speech, but Ann Sullivan understood what Helen
trying to say. Helen practiced speaking day after day until at last she developed a
clear voice. Later she was able to speak before large crowds which came to hear her
whenever she lectured.

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 At the age of 20 Helen Keller passed all the difficult entrance examinations
to Radcliffe College. Helen did extremely well in her classes and was able to keep
up with the other students. Helen wrote “The Story of My Life” while she was in
college. In her writings and lectures Helen did everything she could to help and
encourage others who were blind.
(From "Short Stories of Famous Women")

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Unit 11: Comparatives and
superlatives
Dialogue

David: How do you like living in the big city?

Maria: There are many things that are better than living in the country!

David: Can you give me some examples?

Maria: Well, it certainly is more interesting than the country.
There is so much more to do and see!

David: Yes, but the city is more dangerous than the country.
Maria: That's true. People in the city aren't as open and
friendly as those in the countryside.

David: I'm sure that the country is more relaxed, too!

Maria: Yes, the city is busier than the country. However, the
country is much slower than the city.

David: I think that's a good thing!

Maria: Oh, I don't. The country is so slow and boring! It's
much more boring than the city.

David: How about the cost of living? Is the country cheaper

than the city?
Maria: Oh, yes. The city is more expensive than the country.

David: Life in the country is also much healthier than in the

city.

Maria: Yes, it's cleaner and less dangerous in the country. But, the city is so much
more exciting. It's faster, crazier and more fun than the country.

David: I think YOU are crazy for moving to the city.

Maria: Well, I'm young now. Maybe when I'm married and have children I'll move
back to the country.

Taken from: www.thoughtco.com

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 An adjective is a word or phrase that is used to describe a noun. A
comparative adjective is used to make a comparison between two things. This
comparison may express equality or inequality.

Equally Comparisons:

They show an equal comparison. You need to use an adjective between the
subordinating conjunctions “as”.

 The sun is as hot as hell.

Inequality comparisons:

They express an unequal comparison. You need to use an adjective in the

comparison form followed by the subordinating conjunction “than”. You may
have to double the final consonant letter for some comparative adjectives.

 I am more intelligent than my brother.

 The Everest is higher than Cerro Chirripo.

Some rules

1. One syllable adjectives: add “er” to the adjective

 It's colder today than it was yesterday.

Note: If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is

usually doubled in the comparative. Examples: big-bigger, fat-fatter, hot-hotter.

 An elephant is bigger than a dog.

2. Adjectives ending in -y: change the -y to -ier

 She's looking happier than my mom.

 This topic is easier than the last one.

3. Two or more syllable adjectives: use “more” with the unchanged

adjective

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  My sister is more careful with her writing than I am with mine.

Note: The comparative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with -er.
Examples: simple-simpler, clever-cleverer, narrow-narrower. To be sure which
comparative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.

Irregular Comparatives

Adjective Comparative
good better
bad worse
little less
much more
far further / farther

Use of “less” and “fewer”

Less is the comparative form of little. It is used especially before uncountable

nouns. Fewer is the comparative of few. It is used before plural nouns. For
example:

1. Jeff drinks less alcohol than John.

2. I have fewer apples than I you have.

Practice 82
Write the comparative:

a) old ___older________
b) good _____better_______
c) strong _____stronger__________
d) large ______larger_________
e) happy _____happier__________
f) serious ____more serius___________
g) modern _____more modern__________
h) pretty ____prettier___________
i) important _____more important__________
j) bad ____worse___________

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Practice 83
Look at the pictures and describe them using the verb “to be.”

1. _Costa Rica is smaller than the United States__

2. _The United States has more states than Costa Rica _

3. _ Apple is better than windows _

4. _Windows is easier to use than Apple _

5. _ Superman has more powers than Batman_

6. ____________________________________________________

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Practice 84

Complete the sentences with the correct comparative of the adjectives

into parenthesis.

1. My house is __bigger_____________ (big) than yours.

2. This flower is ___more beautiful_____ (beautiful) than that one.

3. The book A Game of Thrones is ___more inter______ (interesting) than

Twilight.

4. Non-smokers usually live __longer______________ (long) than

smokers.

5. Is the snake more dangerous___ (dangerous) than a scorpion?

6. A holiday by the sea is ______better_________ (good) than a holiday in

the mountains.

7. It is strange but often a coke is __more expensive__ (expensive) than a

beer.

8. Who is __richer____ (rich) than Vivian?

9. The weather this summer is even ___worst__________ (bad) than last

summer.

10. Carlos was _____more int______________ (intelligent) than the thief.

11. Apples are __healthier___ than chips. (healthy)

12. Elephants are __bigger______________ (big) than bears.

13. Gold is ___more expensive_______________ than silver. (expensive)

14. Bikes are __slower than cars. (slow)

15. I am ______better___________ at English than my brother .(good)

16. My friend is _______taller_______________ than me. (tall)

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 17. Sandy is _______thinner____________ than Tamara. (thin)

18. My father is ______stronger_____________ than Tom's father.

(strong)

19. "Harry Potter "books are _________________ than "The Book of the

Jungle". (interesting)

20. The tiger is _________________________ than a fox .(heavy)

21. The weather is ________________ than yesterday . (hot)

22. The girls are _____happier____________________ than the boys.

(happy)

23. Berta is ____more be________________ than Debby.(beautiful)

24. French is _________more dif________________ than English.

(difficult)

25. Tina is 5 years old. Sandra is 10 years old. Sandra is

_____older___________ than Tina.(old)

26. Russia is __larger________________ than France. (large)

27. I am ___worst____________ at math than my best friend (bad)

28. Love is ___more import_______________ than money. (important)

29. His car is ____cheaper____________ than mine. (cheap)

30.The first movie is____more boring______________ than the second. I

don't recommend it. (boring)

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Superlatives

Definition:

It is the form of an adjective that indicates a quality of extreme degree. In

English, the superlative is formed by preceding an adjective or adverb with "most"

or by adding the suffix "-est."

Short adjectives

1-syllable adjectives old, fast

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y happy, easy

Normal rule: add "-est" old → the oldest

Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -st late → the latest

Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel,

big → the biggest
consonant, double the last consonant

Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i happy → the happiest

Long adjectives

2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y modern, pleasant

all adjectives of 3 or more syllables expensive, intellectual

modern → the most

modern
Normal rule: use "most"
expensive → the most
expensive
Example:

 Bart Simpson: This is the worst day of my life.

 Homer Simpson: The worst day of your life so far.

(The Simpsons Movie, 2007)

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Practice 85
Complete the sentences with the correct superlatives of the adjectives
into parenthesis.
1. This is a BIG school =» This is the ___ ___________________ school in

London.

2. That was an EASY exercise =» That was the ___ easiest ____ exercise of the

test.

3. This is a COMFORTABLE armchair =» This is the _ most confortable __

armchair in this shop.

4. This is a NICE cheese burger =» This is the ___ nicest __________ cheese

burger of the McDonald's Company.

5. That was a very BAD conversation =» That was the __________________

conversation I have had.

6. That was a DIFFICULT exercise =» That was the _____________________

exercise of the test.

7. He's got a GOOD pen =» He's got the ________________________ pen of

the class.

8. This is an INDIFFERENT pupil =» This is the

_________________________ pupil of my class.

9. He is a FUNNY boy =» He is the ____funnies_________ boy in the world.

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Practice 86
Choose the correct superlative or comparative

1. Which girl is ________? Dana or Karen?

a) young c) younger
b) the youngest d) more young

2. Indian cooking has some of ________dishes in the world.

a) hot c) hotter
b) the hottest d) hottest

3. Tomer is _________ boy in the class.

a) the strongest c) strong

b) stronger d) the most strong

4. That is ____________ song this band has.

a) the most beautiful c) bautifulest

b) more beautiful d) beautiful

5. The China Wall is _____ wall in the world.

a) the longest c) longer

b) more long d) long

6. Cities are ____________ than villages

a) busier c) the busiest

b) busy d) most busy

7. February is ______ than April.

a) short c) shorter
b) the shortest d) most short

8. Bill Gates is one of ___________ people in the world.

a) the rich c) rich

b) richer d) the richest

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9. I am ______ at music than my old sister.

a) good c) goodest
b) better d) the best

10. Ice hockey is __________ sport in Canada.

a) popular c) more popular

b) the most popular d) populariest

11. Garfield is ___________ than Nemo.

a) the funniest c) funnier

b) more funny d) funny

12. Amalia is ___________ girl in the class.

a) the cleverest c) cleverer

b) clever d) more clever

13. German is __________ than English.

a) the most difficult c) difficult

b) difficulter d) more difficult

14. Swimming is ______________ than running.

a) exciting c) excited
b) more exciting d) the most exciting

Practice 87

Write sentences using comparatives or superlatives.

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 1. _______________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________

Practice 88
Look at the pictures below and compare using More, Fewer, and Less.

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 1. ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

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Practice 89
Look at the pictures below and compare these characters. Use
superlatives as well.

Alice Homer Bob Courage Sheldon

Cooper
9 years old 41 years old 28 years old 5 years old
37 years old
35 kilos 90 kilos 65 kilos 14 kilos
53 kilos
1,20 meters 1,73 meters 1,57 meters 89
centimeters 1,83 meters
IQ: 93 IQ: -23 IQ: 87
IQ: 45 IQ: 187

1. ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________

7. ___________________________________________________

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Unit 12: Reading and comprehension
Directions: Read the following passages. Then answer the questions
below.

Fruit Fly Fix

It is breakfast time. You have been looking forward to

eating a nice ripe banana ever since you woke up. Just
when you reach for the delicious piece of fruit on your
counter, you see something that makes you much less
hungry: a swarm of fruit flies!

Fruit flies are tiny insects that are attracted to ripe or

rotting fruits and vegetables. The flies not only eat the
fruit; they also lay their eggs there. A single fruit fly can
lay up to 500 eggs on the surface of a piece of fruit.
Within eight days, the fruit flies that hatch from these
eggs are full adults that can then lay their own eggs. As you can see, what might
start out as a small fruit fly problem can become very large very quickly.

Although there is a chance fruit flies can carry germs on to your food, this is not
very likely. Fruit flies are annoying, but they probably will not hurt you. Because
they are such a nuisance, however, most people want to get rid of these pesky bugs
as quickly as possible. Some people use pesticide sprays on the fruit flies. Although
this will kill the flies, it will also spread harmful poison all over your kitchen.
Luckily, there is also a completely safe way for you to get rid of fruit flies in your
house.

The first step is for you to remove all fruits or vegetables from your counter. Store
these items in the refrigerator or in sealed containers. Clean up any spilled juice or
bits of food that might be on the floor. Take out the trash and empty the recycling
bin. Wash any dirty dishes that are in your sink. Doing all of these things will stop
new fruit flies from finding food or places to lay their eggs.

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Next, make a trap to catch all of the remaining fruit flies
in your house. First, fill a small bowl with a few
tablespoons of vinegar. Then, put a piece of very ripe or
rotting fruit into the vinegar. Cover the bowl very tightly
with a sheet of plastic wrap and poke a few very small
holes in the wrap with a fork. If all goes according to
plan, the flies will enter the trap through the holes but
will be unable to fly back out. This trap will catch all of
the remaining fruit flies. You can either kill these flies or
release them outdoors.

Fruit flies can be a pest, but they do not have to make you crazy. With a little effort,
you can get existing flies out of your house and prevent new ones from taking over
your kitchen.

1) In reading this passage, we learn that fruit flies

I. die immediately after they lay their eggs

II. can grow into adults after only 8 days

III. are mostly harmless

( )I only ( )II and III only

( )I and II only ( )I, II, and I

2) As used in paragraph 3, a nuisance is something that

( )bothers you ( )grows fast

( )can be dangerous ( )is very small

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3) According to the passage, why should you not use pesticide spray to kill fruit
flies?

( )most sprays do not actually kill all of the fruit flies

( )buying sprays can get expensive if you need to use a lot of them

( )the sprays take too much time to work

( )it can be dangerous to use them in your kitchen

4) Based on the information in the penultimate (next-to-last) paragraph, we

can understand that the author thinks that

( )some people do not mind having fruit flies in their house

( )some people do not like killing insects

( )fruit flies do not like vinegar

( )making a fruit fly trap can be difficult

5) Imagine you had a fruit fly outbreak in your kitchen. What would you do to
handle the situation? Would you take the advice offered in the passage? Why or
why not?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

6) How would you react if you only saw one fruit fly in your house? Would you
take the same action you described in question five, or would you behave
differently? Why?

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_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

7) Do you think the advice offered by the author of this

passage can also help you protect your kitchen from other bugs,
such as roaches? Why or why not? Explain your inference.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________

Robots
A robot is a machine. But it is not just any
machine. It is a special kind of machine. It is a
machine that moves. It follows instructions. The
instructions come from a computer. Because it is
a machine, it does not make mistakes. And it
does not get tired. And it never complains.
Unless you tell it to!
Robots are all around us. Some robots are used
to make things. For example, robots can help
make cars. Some robots are used to explore
dangerous places. For example, robots can help
explore volcanoes. Some robots are used to clean
things. These robots can help vacuum your

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 house. Some robots can even recognize words.
They can be used to help answer telephone calls.
Some robots look like humans. But most robots
do not. Most robots just look like machines.
Long ago, people imagined robots. Over 2,000 years ago, a famous poet
imagined robots. The poet’s name was Homer. His robots were made of gold.
They cleaned things and they made things. But they were not real. They were
imaginary. Nobody was able to make a real robot. The first real robot was made
in 1961. It was called Unimate. It was used to help make cars. It looked like a
giant arm.
In the future, we will have even more robots. They will do things that we
can’t do. Or they will do things that we don’t want to do. Or they will do things
that are too dangerous for us. Robots will help us fight fires. They will help us
fight wars. They will help us fight sickness. They will help us discover things.
They will help make life better.

1) As used in paragraph 1, we can understand that something special is NOT

( )normal ( )perfect
( )expensive ( )tired

2) According to the author, robots may be used to

I. make cars
II. explore volcanoes
III. answer telephone calls

( )I only ( )II and III only

( )I and II only ( )I, II, and III

3) What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?

( )to show how easy it is to make a robot

( )to tell what a robot is
( )to describe the things a robot can do
( )to explain the difference between a robot and a machine

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4) According to the passage, when was the first real robot made?

( )1961 ( )2003
( )1900 ( )2000 years ago

5) Using the information in the passage as a guide, which of these gives the best
use of a robot?

( )to help make a sandwich ( )to help read a book

( )to help explore Mars
( )to help tie shoes

6) Which of these statements correctly summarizes how the author of this

passage feels about robots?

( )Robots are old.

( )Robots are helpful.
( )Robots are confusing. ( )Robots are dangerous.

7) Near the end of the passage, the author says that "In the future, we will have
even more robots." The author concludes by telling us that robots "will help
make life better." What do you think about this? Do you think this is true?
Will robots help make life better? Why or why not? Explain.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Spider Webs

All spiders spin webs. That's because webs help spiders.

Webs help spiders do three things. Webs help spiders hold eggs.

Webs help spiders hide. And webs help spiders catch food.

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 Webs help spiders hold eggs. Many
spiders like to lay their eggs in their webs. The
webs help keep the eggs together. Webs help
spiders keep their eggs safe.

Webs help spiders hide. Most spiders are dark. They are brown, grey, or
black. But spider webs are light. They are white and cloudy. When spiders hide
in their webs, they are harder to see.

Webs help spiders catch food. Spider webs are sticky. When a bug flies
into the web, it gets stuck. It moves around. It tries to get out. But it can't. It is
trapped! Spiders can tell that the bug is trapped. That's because spiders feel the
web move. And the spider is hungry. The spider goes to get the bug.

As you can see, webs help spiders hold eggs. Webs help spiders hide.
And webs help spiders catch food. Without webs, spiders would not be able to
live like they do. Spiders need their webs to survive!

1) This passage is mostly about

( )spider ( )spider eggs

colors ( )spider webs

2) Spider webs help spiders

hold eggs
catch food
find water

( )I and II only ( )I, II, and III ( )I, II, and III

3) As used in paragraph 4, the word trapped most nearly means

( )stuck ( )hidden ( )eaten

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4) How can spiders tell when something is trapped in their web?

( )They hear ( )They smell ( )They feel it.

it. it.

5) As used in the last sentence of the passage, the word survive means to stay

( )alive ( )hidden ( )caught

6) The passage lists three reasons why spiders spin webs. Of these reasons,
which do you think is the most important? How come?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________

7) Do you like spiders? Why or why not? Have you ever been scared by a
spider? Have you ever been hurt by one? Have you ever helped one?
Explain.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________

8) Are spiders good? Do we need them in our world? Why or why not?

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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________

Materials

A material is what something is made of.

There are 5 basic materials. Most things are
made with these materials. Some things are made
of metal. Some things are made of glass. Some
things are made of wood. Some things are made
of cloth. And some things are made of plastic.
There are some other materials. But they are not
used as much as these 5 materials.

Let’s talk about metal first. Metal is very

heavy. And it is very hard and strong. It usually
feels cool if you touch it. We use metal to make
lots of things. We use it for forks and knives. We
use it for keys. We use it for cars. We use it for
these things because it is very strong.

Next, let’s talk about glass. Glass is very smooth. It feels cool to touch. It is
not as heavy as metal. It is hard. But it is not strong. It breaks very easily! Then
why do we use it? We use it because it is clear! You can see
through glass! That’s why we use it for windows. That’s also
why we use it for glasses.

Now, let’s talk about wood. Wood is lighter than

metal and glass. It is not as strong as metal. But it is
much stronger than glass. We use wood to make lots of
things. Things made from wood are usually light and
hard and strong. Chairs and tables are made from
wood. Pencils are made from wood.

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 Now let’s talk about cloth. Cloth is very light. It is much lighter than
wood. And it is very soft. We use cloth to make lots of things. For example, it is
used to make clothing. And it is used to make blankets.

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 Last, let’s talk about plastic. Plastic is also very light. But it is different
from cloth. Sometimes it is soft. And sometimes it is hard. Plastic can be used to
make thin plastic bags. These are light, soft, and strong. But plastic can also be
used to make bicycle helmets. These are light, hard, and strong. A helmet and a
bag seem different. But they are both made from plastic.

1) Which sentence from the passage best describes the main idea?

( ) "We use cloth to make lots ( ) "There are 5 basic

of things." materials."
( ) "Metal is very heavy." ( ) "A helmet and a bag seem
different."

2) According to the passage, which of these things is a material?

( ) chairs ( ) windows
( ) clothing
( ) wood

3) According to the passage, how does glass feel?

a. smooth and cool

b. warm and soft
c. light and hard
d. sharp and heavy

4) In paragraph 4, the passage says, “Wood is lighter than metal and glass.”
What is the main purpose of this sentence?

( ) to explain something ( ) to compare something

( ) to recommend something ( ) to demonstrate something

5) Which material would you use if you wanted to make something that was
strong and very light?

( ) plastic
( ) metal
( ) wood ( ) glass

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6) In this passage, the author talks about

( ) hard things first, then soft ( ) strong things first, then

things weak things
( ) heavy things first, then ( ) cool things first, then
light things warm things

7) In this passage, we learn about a 5 different materials. Which of these

materials do you think is best? Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________

8) In this passage, we learn about a 5 different materials. Which of these

materials do you think is worst? Why?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Carly's Family

Carly has a large family. She lives with four people. Carly
also has two pets.
Carly’s mom is a doctor. Carly’s mom works at the
hospital. Carly’s mom helps people who are sick.
Carly’s dad works at home. Carly’s dad cooks for the
family. Carly’s dad drives the kids to soccer practice.
Carly has two brothers. James is ten years old. Scott is
fourteen years old.

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 Carly has two pets. Jinx is a small, black cat. Diego is a large, brown do Carly
loves her family!

1) How many people are in Carly's family?

( ) four ( ) five ( ) six

2) Carly's mom works at the

( ) restaurant ( ) mall ( ) hospital

3) This passage is mostly about Carly's

( ) family ( ) pets ( ) soccer team

4) Which of the following is most likely true?

( ) Carly's mom coaches the soccer team.

( ) James is the best soccer player in the family.

( ) Jinx and Diego are part of Carly's family.

5) The oldest brother in Carly's family is

( )James ( )Diego ( )Scott

6) How is your family the same as Carly's family? How is it different? Explain.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

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Bibliography

Articles Exercises a/an and the. (n.d.). Retrieved on December, 2013

http://www.grammarbank.com/articles-exercises.html

Beare, K. (n.d.). What were you doing?. Retrieved on May, 2014 from:

http://esl.about.com/

CEIP TRINA RULL. (n.d.). Retrieved on December, 2013 from

www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ceiptrinarull

Exercises. (n.d.). Retrieved on December, 2013 allabroad.weebly.com

Gap-fill Exercise. (n.d.). Retrieved on December, 2013 from

http://www.englishlab.net/hp/quiz9_past_simple_1_add_ed_letter.htm

Goldilocks and the three bears. (n.d.). Retrieved on December, 2013 from

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-past/goldilocks

Grammar.yourdictionary.com. (m.d). Parts of speech. Pronouns. Retrieved on May,

2014 from:

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 http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/pronoun-

games.html

Simple Present/Present Continuous. (n.d.). Retrieved on December, 2013 from

http://www.oupchina.com.hk/elt/progress/ProgressGradedGrammar.pdf

List of Verbs
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
arise arose arisen elevarse
awake awoke awaken despertarse
be was/were been ser o estar
bear bore born(e) llevar
beat beat beat/beaten golpear
become became become llegar a ser
befall befell befallen sobrevenir
beget begat begotten producir
begin began begun empezar
behold beheld beheld contemplar
bend bent bent doblar
bereave bereft bereft afligir
beset beset beset acosar
bet bet bet apostar
bid bade bidden ordenar
bind bound bound atar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar
bring brought brought traer

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 broadcast broadcast broadcast difundir
build built built construir
burn burnt burnt quemar
burst burst burst reventar
buy bought bought comprar
can could - poder
cast cast cast lanzar
catch caught caught coger
chide chid chidden reprender
choose chose chosen elegir
cleave cleaved cleaved partir
cling clung clung agarrarse
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept arrastrarse
crow crew crowed cacarear
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tratar
dig dug dug cavar
dive dove dove zambullir
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar
dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled huir
fling flung flung arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbear forbore forborne abstener
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forecast forecast forecast pronosticar
forego forewent foregone abstener de

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 foresee foresaw foreseen prever
foretell foretold foretold predecir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
forsake forsook forsaken desamparar
freeze froze frozen helar
get got gotten obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grind ground ground moler
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
have had had haber, tener
has had had haber, tener
hear heard heard oír
heave hove hove alzar
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit pegar
hold held held sostener
hurt hurt hurt herir
inlay inlaid inlaid incrustar
keep kept kept mantener
kneel knelt knelt arrodillar
knit knit knit tejer
know knew known saber
lay laid laid colocar
lead led led dirigir
lean leant leant recostar
leap leapt leapt brincar
learn learnt learnt aprender
leave left left dejar, irse
lend lent lent prestar
let let let permitir
lie lay lain acostarse
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
may might - poder

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 mean meant meant significar
meet met met reunirse
mistake mistook mistaken equivocar
mow mowed mown segar
must - - deber
ought ought - deber
pay paid paid pagar
prove proved proven demostrar
put put put poner
quit quit quit renunciar
read read read leer
rend rent rent desgarrar
ride rode ridden montar
ring rang rung llamar
rise rose risen levantarse
run ran run correr
saw sawed sawn aserrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
shake shook shaken sacudir
shall should
shed shed shed esparcir
shine shone shone brillar
shoe shod shod calzar
shoot shot shot disparar
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentar
slay slew slain masacrar
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizar
sling slung slung tirar
slit slit slit rajar

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 smell smelt smelt oler
smite smote smitten afligir
speak spoke spoken hablar
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilt spilt derramar
spin spun spun girar
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear
spread spread spread extender
spring sprang sprung brotar
stand stood stood colocar vertical
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck adherir(se)
sting stung stung picar
stink stank stunk apestar
stride strode stridden dar zancadas
string strung strung ensartar
strive strove striven forcejear
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancearse
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn rasgar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown lanzar
thrust thrust thrust encajar
tread trod trodden pisotear
understand understood understood entender
undo undid undone deshacer
unhold unheld unheld sostener
upset upset upset volcar
wake woke woken despertar
wear wore worn llevar, usar
weave wove woven tejer
weep wept wept llorar
wet wet wet mojar

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 will would - aux. futuro
win won won ganar
wind wound wound enrollar
withdraw withdrew withdrawn retirar ($$$)
withhold withheld withheld retener
withstand withstood withstood resistir
wring wrung wrung torcer
write wrote written escribir

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