Java

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

ALFAHAD KHAN

Roll No.: 1901012017

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Integral University, Lucknow

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MS. NIDA KHAN Name-ALFAHAD KHAN
MS. FIZA AFREEN Univ. Rollno.1901012017

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards all the people
who have

in various ways, helped in the successful completion of my seminar topic " Java”.

I convey my gratitude to Ms. Nida Khan and Ms. Fiza Afreen for giving me the
constant source of inspiration

and help in preparing the seminar topic, personally correcting my work and providing
encouragement throughout this seminar topic.

I would also like to thank all our faculty members for steering me through the tough as
well as

easy phases of the topic in a result-oriented manner with concern attention.

ALFAHAD KHAN

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in this seminar report entitled “Java” by
Alfahad Khan student of CSE 1, 4th year is a faithful record of work that has been
carried out by this student under our supervision.

Nida Khan & Fiza Afreen Ma’am

Assistant Professors

Computer Science & Engineering.

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 ABSTRACT

This seminar report provides an overview of the Java programming language,

including its history, syntax, and features. Java is a widely used language in the field
of software development due to its platform independence and object-oriented
programming capabilities. The report covers topics such as variables, data types,
control structures, and object-oriented concepts such as inheritance and
polymorphism. It also discusses important Java libraries and frameworks, such as
JavaFX and Spring, and provides examples of their usage. Additionally, the report
touches on advanced topics such as multithreading, exception handling, and Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) architecture. Overall, this seminar report provides a
comprehensive understanding of Java programming and its applications in software
development.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page No.

I. Introduction of java 7

II. Key features of java 8

A. Platform independence 8
B. Simple 8
C. Object-Oriented 8
D. Robust 9
E. Distributed 9
F. Portable 9
G. Performance 9
H. Multithreaded 9
I. Interpreted & Compiler 10
J. Architecture Neutral 10

III. Package 11

IV. Features of packages 12

V. Standard java packages 13

A. Java. Lang packages 14
B. Java. io packages 15
C. Java. Util packages 16
D. Important packages 17

VI. Creating a package 18

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VII. Advantages 19

VIII. Disadvantages 21

XI. Conclusion 22

X. Reference 23

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I. INTRODUCTION OF JAVA
Java is a programming language and environment invented by James Gosling and
others in 1994. Java was originaly named Oak and was developed as a part of the
Green project at the Sun Company. Java is an object-oriented programming language
with a built-in application programming interface (API) that can handle graphics and
user interfaces and that can be used to create applications or applets. Because of its
rich set of API's, similar to Macintosh and Windows, and its platform independence,
Java can also be thought of as a platform in itself. Java also has standard libraries for
doing mathematics. Java is the same as C and C++. One major difference is that Java
does not have pointers. However, the biggest difference is that you must write object
oriented code in Java. Procedural pieces of code can only be embedded in objects. In
the following we assume that the reader has some familiarity with a programming
language. In particular, some familiarity with the syntax of C/C++ is useful.In Java we
distinguish between applications, which are programs that perform the same functions
as those written in other programming languages, and applets, which are programs
that can be embedded in a Web page and accessed over the Internet. Our initial focus
will be on writing applications. When a program is compiled, a byte code is produced
that can be read and executed by any platform that can run Java.

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II. KEY FEATURES OF JAVA

1. Platform Independence
The concept of Write-once-run-anywhere (known as the Platform independent) is
one of the important key feature of java language that makes java as the most
powerful language. Not even a single language is idle to this feature but java is
more closer to this feature. The programs written on one platform can run on any
platform provided the platform must have the JVM.

2. Simple
There are various features that makes the java as a simple language. Programs are
easy to write and debug because java does not use the pointers explicitly. It is
much harder to write the java programs that can crash the system but we can not
say about the other programming languages. Java provides the bug free system due
to the strong memory management. It also has the automatic memory allocation
and deallocation system.

3. Object Oriented
To be an Object Oriented language, any language must follow at least the four
characteristics.  Inheritance: It is the process of creating the new classes and
using the behavior of the existing classes by extending them just to reuse the
existing code and adding the additional features as needed. Encapsulation: It is the
mechanism of combining the information and providing the abstraction.
Polymorphism : As the name suggest one name multiple form, Polymorphism is
the way of providing the different functionality by the functions having the same
name based on the signatures of the methods. Dynamic binding : Sometimes we
don't have the knowledge of objects about their specific types while writing our
code. It is the way of providing the maximum functionality to a program about the
specific type at runtime.

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4. Robust
Java has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection
mechanism. It provides the powerful exception handling and type checking
mechanism as compare to other programming languages. Compiler checks the
program whether there any error and interpreter checks any run time error and
makes the system secure from crash. All of the above features makes the java
language robust.

5. Distributed
The widely used protocols like HTTP and FTP are developed in java. Internet
programmers can call functions on these protocols and can get access the files
from any remote machine on the internet rather than writing codes on their local
system.

6. Portable
The feature Write-once-run-anywhere makes the java language portable provided
that the system must have interpreter for the JVM. Java also have the standard data
size irrespective of operating system or the processor. These features makes the
java as a portable language.

7. Performance
Java uses native code usage, and lightweight process called threads. In the
beginning interpretation of bytecode resulted the performance slow but the
advance version of JVM uses the adaptive and just in time compilation technique
that improves the performance.

8. Multithreaded
Java is a Multithreaded programming language. Multithreading means a single
program having different threads executing independently at the same time.
Multiple www.studymafia.org 8 threads execute instructions according to the

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program code in a process or a program. Multithreading works the similar way as
multiple processes run on one computer. Multithreading programming is a very
interesting concept in Java. In multithreaded programs not even a single thread
disturbs the execution of other thread. Threads are obtained from the pool of
available ready to run threads and they run on the system CPUs.

9. Interpreted & Compiler

We all know that Java is an interpreted language as well. With an interpreted
language such as Java, programs run directly from the source code. The interpreter
program reads the source code and translates it on the fly into computations. Thus,
Java as an interpreted language depends on an interpreter program.The versatility
of being platform independent makes Java to outshine from other languages. The
source code to be written and distributed is platform independent. Another
advantage of Java as an interpreted language is its error debugging quality. Due to
this any error occurring in the program gets traced. This is how it is different to
work with Java.

10. Architecture Neutral

The term architectural neutral seems to be weird, but yes Java is an architectural
neutral language as well. The growing popularity of networks makes developers
think distributed. In the world of network it is essential that the applications must
be able to migrate easily to different computer systems. Not only to computer
systems but to a wide variety of hardware architecture and Operating system
architectures as well. The Java compiler does this by generating byte code
instructions, to be easily interpreted on any machine and to be easily translated into
native machine code on the fly.

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III. PACKAGE
A package is a grouping of related types providing access protection and name
space management. Note that types refers to classes, interfaces, enumerations, and
annotation types. Enumerations and annotation types are special kinds of classes
and interfaces, respectively, so types are often referred to in this lesson simply as
classes and interfaces. The types that are part of the Java platform are members of
various packages that bundle classes by function: fundamental classes are in
java.lang, classes for reading and writing (input and output) are in java.io, and so
on.If no package is specified, the classes in the file go into a special unnamed
package (the same unnamed package for all files). If package name is specified,
the file must be in a subdirectory called name (i.e., the directory name must match
the package name). The Java Package name consists of words separated by
periods. The first part of the name represents the organization which created the
package. The remaining words of the Java Package name reflect the contents of the
package. The Java Package name also reflects its directory structure. important
reason for using packages is that it provides programmers with greater control over
their source code. It is typical to have a few thousand source files in medium to
large scale applications, and trying to maintain them would be difficult at best, if
not impossible. However, separating these source files into packages makes it
much easier to manage the source code. What usually occurs is that related classes
are grouped into a single package, for example, all the user interface classes of an
application will be grouped into a package.

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IV. FEATURES OF PACKAGES
1. Packages are useful for the following purposes: Packages allow you to organize
your classes into smaller units(such as folders) and make it easy to locate and use
the appropriate class file.

2. It helps to avoid naming conflicts. When you are working with a number of
classes, it becomes difficult to decide on names of the classes & methods.

3. At times you would want to use the same name, which belongs to an another
class. Package, basically hides the classes and avoids conflicts in names.

4. Packages allow you to protect your classes, data and methods in a larger way
than on a class-to-class basis.

5. Package names can be used to identify your classes.

6. Reusability of code is one of the most important requirements in the software

industry.

7. Reusability saves time, effort and also ensures consistency.

8. In Java, the codes which can be reused by other programs is put into a
“Package”. 9. A Package is a collection of classes, interfaces and/or other
packages.

10. Packages are essentially a means of organizing classes together as groups.

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V. STANDARD JAVA PACKAGES

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A. JAVA.LANG PACKAGE

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B. JAVA.IO PACKAGE

The classes derived in Inputstream and Outputstream can only read from or write
to the respective files.

 We cannot use the same class for both reading and writing operations.

 An exception to this rule is the class RandomAccessFile”.  This is the class

used to handle files that allow random access and is capable of mixed reading and
writing operations on a file.

 There are two additional interface to this package :

 Data input

 Data output

 These classes are used to transfer data other than bytes or characters.

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C. JAVA.UTIL PACKAGE
 One of the most important package in this package is the class “Date”, which

can be used to represent or manipulate date and time information.

 In addition, the class also enable us to account for time zones .

 Java helps us to change the size of an array which is usually fixed, by making

use of the class “Vector”. This class also enable us to add, remove and search for
items in the array.

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D. IMPORTANT PACKAGES
 java.applet

 This package consists of classes that you need, to execute an applet in the

browser or an appletviewer.

 java.awt

 This package is useful to create GUI applications.

 java.net

 This package provides classes and interfaces for TCP/IP network programming.

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VI. CREATING A PACKAGE
Java supports a keyword called “package” for creating user-defined packages. The
package statement must be the first statement in a Java source file (except
comments and white spaces) followed by one or more classes.

import My_Package . MySub_Package . My_Class ;

Package name is “myPackage” and classes are considred as part of this package;
The code is saved in a file called “calculater.java” and located in a directory called
“myPackage”.

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VII. Advantages of Java
1.Java is easy to learn

Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore easy to write, compile, debug,
and learn than other programming languages.

2.Java is object-oriented

This allows you to create modular programs and reusable code.

3.Java is platform-independent

One of the most significant advantages of Java is its ability to move easily from
one computer system to another. The ability to run the same program on many
different systems is crucial to World Wide Web software, and Java succeeds at this
by being platform-independent at both the source and binary levels.

4.Java is distributed

Java is designed to make distributed computing easy with the networking

capability that is inherently integrated into it. Writing network programs in Java is
like sending and receiving data to and from a file.

5.Java is secure

Java considers security as part of its design. The Java language, compiler,
interpreter, and runtime environment were each developed with security in mind.

6.Java is robust

Robust means reliability. Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking for
possible errors, as Java compilers are able to detect many problems that would first
show up during execution time in other languages.

7.Java is multithreaded

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Multithreaded is the capability for a program to perform several tasks
simultaneously within a program. In Java, multithreaded programming has been
smoothly integrated into it, while in other languages, operating system-specific
procedures have to be called in order to enable multithreading.

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VIII. Disadvantages of Java
 Slow

 Environment limitations

 Applet limitations imposed due to security model

 Uncertain status of security

 Programming language limitations

 Platform limitations

 General stability concerns

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XI. Conclusions
Java offers the real possibility that most programs can be written in a type-safe
language. However, for Java to be broadly useful, it needs to have more expressive
power than it does at present. This paper addresses one of the areas where more
power is needed. It extends Java with a mechanism for parametric polymorphism,
which allows the definition and implementation of generic abstractions. The paper
gives a complete design for the extended language. The proposed extension is
small and conservative and the paper discusses the rationale for many of our
decisions. The extension does have some impact on other parts of Java, especially
Java arrays, and the Java class library. The paper also explains how to implement
the extensions. We first sketched two designs that do not change the JVM, but
sacrifice some space or time performance. Our implementation avoids these
performance problems. We had three main goals: to allow all instantiations to
share the same bytecodes (avoiding code blowup), to have good performance when
using parameterized code, and to have little impact on the performance of code
that does not use parameterization. The implementation discussed in Section 3
meets these goals. In that section, we described some small extensions to the
virtual machine specification that are needed to support parameterized
abstractions; we also described the designs of the bytecode verifier and interpreter,
and the runtime structures they rely on. Preliminary performance results from our
implementation of the extended bytecode interpreter show roughly a 2% penalty
for the presence of parameterized code, but a speedup for parameterized code of
17%, by eliminating runtime checks. We expect that some simple performance
tuning can improve these results.

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X. References
 www.google.com

 www.wikipedia.com

 www.studymafia.org

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