Which instruction is BETTER?

Instruction A:
A bag of gold is located outside the classroom. To find it, displace
yourself 20 meters.

VECTORS
Instruction B:
A bag of gold is located outside the classroom. To find it, displace
yourself from the center of the classroom door 20 meters in a direction
30 degrees to the west of north.

ANSWER:
Instruction A: There is not enough information included in the statement
to find the bag of gold.
Instruction B: This statement now provides a complete description of
the displacement vector

VECTOR VS SCALAR Vector quantity is a quantity that is fully described by both

Scalar quantity is a quantity that is fully described magnitude and direction.
by its magnitude.

length temperature time acceleration displacement Force

EXAMPLE.
1. A runner completes one lap of a round athletic track (400m).
a. What distance has he/she run? 400m

b. What is his/her final displacement? 0m

2.
 REPRESENTING VECTORS
Vector diagrams depict a vector by
use of an arrow drawn to scale in a
specific direction.

Characteristics
1. A scale is clearly listed.
2. A vector arrow is drawn in a specified
direction. The vector arrow has a head
and a tail.
3. The magnitude and direction of the
vector is clearly labeled.

EXAMPLE Instruction: Identify the following direction of the given vector diagrams.

1. 30° S of E
60° SE
120 °

2. 15° N of E
75° NE
75°

ADDITION OF VECTORS
ADDITION OF VECTORS (GRAPHICALLY)
(GRAPHICALLY)
1. Parallelogram Method 2. Tip-to-Tail Method
• Arrange the vectors tail to tail in the correct • Arrange the scaled vectors from the tip of one
direction and draw to scale.
to the tail of the next.
• Draw two identical vectors as the originals to
form a parallelogram. • Draw the resultant from the tail of the first
• Draw in the diagonal of the parallelogram. vector to the tip of the last vector.
This is your answer called a resultant.
• Determine the magnitude of the resultant, and
• Measure the resultant and find the angle.
find the angle from the base of the resultant.
Use a ruler and protractor.
Resultant vector is the sum of two or more
vectors.
 Tip-to-Tail Method ADDITION OF VECTORS (ANALYTICALLY)
3. Mathematical method
Step 1 – Draw a start point
• Determining an answer using trigonometry. The vectors need to
Step 2 – Decide on a scale
be at right angles to one another.
Step 3 – Draw Vector A
• Sketch a diagram of the vectors.
Step 4 – Vector B’s tail begin at
• Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude of the
Vector A’s head.
resultant.
Step 5 – Draw a line connecting the
• Use the sine, cosine, or tangent function to determine the angle
initial start point to the head of B.
from the base of the resultant.
This is the resultant.

TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW
VECTOR COMPONENTS
SOHCAHTOA • Every vector has 2 components.
R = A2 + B 2 cos  =
adj • One component is horizontal or x-
Pythagorean hyp direction.
Theorem
• One component is vertical or y-
opp
sin  = direction.

hyp hyp • The 2 components are always ⊥ to each

opp  opp other.
 tan  = • Use trigonometry functions to find them.
adj
adj


ADDITION OF VECTORS (ANALYTICALLY) ADDING VECTORS

CASE 1: SAME Direction (simply add them together) CASE 2: OPPOSITE Direction (simply subtract them together)
Example: A man walks 46.5 m east, then another 20 m east. Calculate his Example: A man walks 46.5 m east, then another 20 m west.
displacement relative to where he started. Calculate his displacement relative to where he started.
46.5 m, E

46.5 m, E + 20 m, E
20 m, W

66.5 m, E
26.5 m, E
 Solution:
ADDING VECTORS 𝑅2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚)
𝑅= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
CASE 3: PERPENDICULAR FINISH
the hypotenuse is
𝑅= (120)2 +(160)2 200 km
called the RESULTANT
Direction (apply Pythagorean theorem) 160 km, N
𝑅= 40,000
 N of E
160 km, N 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 km
Example 1: A man travels 120 km east
V ERTICAL 120 km, E
then 160 km north. Calculate his COMPONENT
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
resultant displacement. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
160 Answer: 200km, 53.13 ° N of E
S tan 𝜃 = = 1.33 …
T 120 km, E 120
A 𝜃 = tan −1 1.33
R
T 𝜽 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT

Example 2: A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 Solution:
meters north. Frustrated, he wanders another 12 meters west then 6 meters 𝑅2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚)
south. Calculate the bear's displacement.
𝑅= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
12m, W 12m, W
𝑅= (23)2 +(14)2 R
6m, S = 23m, E 14m, N
𝑅 = 725
20m, N 35m, E N of E
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟗𝟑 m 
6m, S 23m, E

35m, E 20m, N = 14m, N 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
14
R tan 𝜃 = = 0.61 Answer: 26.93m, 31.33 ° N of E
14m, N 23
−1
𝜃 𝜃 = tan 0.61
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
23m, E

Example 3: A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at 32 degrees South Example 4: A storm system moves 5000 km due east, then shifts course
of East. Calculate the plane's horizontal and vertical velocity at 40 degrees North of East for 1500 km. Calculate the storm's
components. resultant displacement.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 1500 km
sin 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 sin 𝜃 =
V.C.
𝑉𝐶 40 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
sin 32° = 𝑉𝐶
63.5 5000 km, E H.C.
sin 40° =
𝑉𝐶 = 63.5 sin 32° = 63.5(0.53) 1500
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 , 𝐒 𝑉𝐶 = 1500 sin 40° = 1500(0.64)
Horizontal Component
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟗𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒎 , 𝑵
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 5000 km + 1149.07 km = 6149.07 km
32˚ cos 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 cos 𝜃 =
Vertical ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Component cos 32° = 𝐻𝐶
63.5 R
𝐻𝐶
63.5 m/s cos 40° =
𝐻𝐶 = 63.5 cos 32° = 63.5(0.85) 964.18 km 1500
𝑯𝑪 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 , 𝑬  𝐻𝐶 = 1500 cos 40° = 1500(0.77)
6149.07 km 𝑯𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝒎 , 𝑬
Example 4: A storm system moves 5000 km due east, then shifts course
at 40 degrees North of East for 1500 km. Calculate the storm's
resultant displacement. 𝑅2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
R 𝑅= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
964.18 km
 𝑅= (6149.07)2+(964.18)2

6149.07 km 𝑅= 37,811,061.86 + 929,643.07

𝑅= 38,740,704.94
𝑹 = 𝟔, 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 km

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
Answer: 6,224.20 km, 8.91° N of E 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
964.18
tan 𝜃 = = 0.16
6149.07
𝜃 = tan−1 0.16
𝜽 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟏 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔