International Journal of

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS IN

ENGINEERING
ISSN:2147-67992147-6799 www.ijisae.org Original Research Paper

Algorithm for Digital Image Encryption Using Multiple Hill Ciphers, a

Unimodular Matrix, and a Logistic Map

Samsul Arifin1*, Axel Nicholas2, Suwarno3, Herolistra Baskoroputro4, Faisal5, Abram Setyo Prabowo6,
Muhammad Amien Ibrahim7, Anita Rahayu8

Submitted: 11/02/2023 Revised: 13/04/2023 Accepted: 06/05/2023

Abstrak: The security of digital images is becoming increasingly important due to the widespread use of image transmission through
networks. Therefore, encryption is necessary to protect the confidentiality and integrity of digital images. In this paper, a new digital
image encryption algorithm is proposed by combining multiple Hill ciphers, unimodular matrix, and logistic map. The proposed
algorithm can improve the security of the image encryption process by introducing multiple encryption layers. The unimodular matrix is
used to shuffle the image pixels and the logistic map is used to generate the encryption keys. The performance of the proposed algorithm
is evaluated by applying it to various types of digital images. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve
high-level security. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has a faster encryption time compared to other existing image encryption
algorithms. Therefore, it is a promising algorithm for digital image encryption applications that require high security and fast processing
time.

Keywords: image encryption, multiple hill ciphers, unimodular matrix, logistic map

1. Introduction encryption, which involves the use of a single key to

encrypt and decrypt messages. This key must be kept
Cryptography, a field of study and practice, is concerned
confidential to ensure that encrypted messages cannot be
with maintaining the confidentiality of messages by
recovered by unauthorized parties [2]. Alternatively,
transforming the original message into an
there is an asymmetric encryption technique that
incomprehensible form for unauthorized individuals. Its
employs two keys, namely, the public and private keys.
primary objective is to secure information transmission
The public key is used for message encryption, while the
through communication channels to prevent any
private key is used for message decryption. This
unauthorized party from understanding it. The
approach is often employed when transmitting data over
fundamental principle of cryptography involves the
the internet network [3]. Figure 1, which demonstrates
implementation of message security procedures that
the general concept of symmetric encryption, is
convert the original message into an unreadable format
presented below.
[1]. One common approach to cryptography is symmetric

1,8
Statistics Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara
University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
2,4,5
Mathematics Department, School of Computer Science, Bina
Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
6,7
Computer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina
Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
3
Primary Teacher Education Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina
Nusantara University. Jakarta. Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(6s), 311–324 | 311
 Fig 1. The concept of symmetric encryption in general [4].
Cryptography can be categorized into two types, namely safeguarding confidential information, such as personal,
classical and modern cryptography. Classical business, and military data. Without cryptography,
cryptography involves using techniques that have been unauthorized individuals or parties can easily access
used since ancient times, including Hill Cipher, Caesar such information, leading to significant losses.
Cipher, Playfair Cipher, and Vigenere Cipher. In Therefore, the use of cryptography is necessary to ensure
contrast, modern cryptography uses more complex and the security of sensitive information [5], [6]. Figure 2
challenging techniques, such as RSA, AES, and DES. below describes some of the keywords attached to the
The application of cryptography is crucial in concept of cryptography.

Fig 2. General concepts of cryptography [7]

Digital images play an important role in our daily life as need for new encryption algorithms that provide high
they are used in various fields, such as medical, military, security and efficiency for digital images. The
and communication. However, the increasing use of motivation for this research is to develop a new
digital images has also led to an increase in the need for encryption algorithm that can overcome the weaknesses
secure and efficient image encryption algorithms [8]. In of existing algorithms and provide high security for
this paper, we suggest a new picture encryption digital images [11].
algorithm based on the logistic map and the unimodular
Digital image is a representation of an image or image
n-Hill cipher. This algorithm aims to provide high
encoded in a digital format. Digital images consist of a
security and efficiency for image encryption [9]. The
collection of pixel dots that form an image or image.
security of digital images has become a major concern
Each pixel in a digital image has a numeric value that
due to the increasing use of digital images in various
represents the color and brightness at that point. There
fields. Many encryption algorithms have been proposed
are several formats commonly used to store digital
to ensure the security of digital images [10]. However,
images, including the following. JPEG (Joint
most of these algorithms have some weaknesses that
Photographic Experts Group): is the most popular format
make them vulnerable to attacks. Therefore, there is a
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(6s), 311–324 | 312
used for storing digital images because of its relatively that allows images to be stored in high quality without
small file size and good compression capabilities. This loss of quality during the compression process. This
format is suitable for images with complex content such format is usually used for high-resolution images such as
as photography. PNG (Portable Network Graphics): is a medical images or document archives. GIF (Graphics
commonly used format for images with transparent Interchange Format): is a digital image format
backgrounds or images that do not require high commonly used for animation or images that have slight
compression such as logos or icons. This format has color variations. This format uses the LZW compression
better quality than JPEG because it does not lose data technique and has better animation capabilities than
during the compression process. BMP (Bitmap): is a other formats. Each image format has its own advantages
digital image format that stores pixel information in a and disadvantages, so in choosing the right format it is
simple, uncompressed way. This format is suitable for necessary to consider the purpose of its use [1], [8].
simple images such as diagrams or vector images. TIFF Some of the logos of digital image formats are depicted
(Tagged Image File Format): is a digital image format in Figure 3 below.

Fig 3. Some digital image format logos [12]

Here are some of the benefits of digital images are as science: Digital images allow scientists and researchers
follows. Image archiving and processing: Digital images to effectively store and visualize data. Digital images are
enable digital image archiving and processing, making it also used to visualize concepts and ideas in textbooks,
easy to store and manage image data without the need for scientific papers and presentations. Entertainment:
physical media such as photographic film or paper. Digital images are used in the entertainment industry
Visual communication: Digital images are very such as film, television, animation and games. Digital
important in visual communication because they can images enable the creation of more realistic and
reinforce the message or information to be conveyed. An engaging films, animations and games. Creativity and
example is in graphic design, illustration, or presentation. art: Digital drawing enables artists and creatives to create
Identification and analysis: Digital images can be used in unique and experimental works of art. Digital images are
various fields, such as in the medical field for the also used in photography, graphic design and digital art.
identification of diseases through medical images, or in Data security and security: Digital images are used in
forensics for the analysis of digital evidence. Creativity data security and security such as image processing for
and art: Digital drawing also allows users to express face detection, fingerprint and security in voice
creativity through graphic design, digital art and digital recognition systems. Thus, digital images have a very
photography. Entertainment and social media: Digital important role in our lives and continue to evolve with
images are becoming an integral part of entertainment the advancement of technology [15], [16].
and social media such as Instagram, Facebook and
Digital image encryption is becoming increasingly
Snapchat. People can easily share their photos and
important because of the increasing amount of
videos with others through this platform [13], [14].
information sent and stored in the form of digital images,
Digital images have a very important role in various both in the form of files and transmission data sent over
fields such as art, science, technology and business. Here computer networks. Along with the growth of internet
are some things about the importance of digital images and communication technology, the security of data sent
are as follows. Visual communication: Digital images over the network is becoming increasingly important.
allow for easier and more effective visual Digital images are often used for both personal and
communication. In the business world, digital images business purposes, such as sending important documents,
can be used to create presentations, posters, brochures, medical data or financial information. Therefore, the
etc. to promote products and services. Education and security of data in the form of digital images becomes

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(6s), 311–324 | 313
increasingly crucial. Apart from that, digital images can the limitations of this research include the inability to
also be used as a form of evidence in criminal or civil evaluate the proposed algorithm under all possible
cases. In this context, it is important to ensure that digital scenarios and the inability to ensure that the proposed
images are secure and cannot be altered by unauthorized algorithm is completely secure under all circumstances
parties. By using digital image encryption, you can [22]. Digital image encryption is an important area of
ensure that the evidence cannot be changed and remains research in information security that has received
safe, so that it can be used as legal evidence. Digital significant attention in recent years due to the rapid
image encryption is also important when it comes to growth of multimedia communication technologies [23].
privacy. Many people share their personal photos The main objective of digital image encryption is to
through social networks or instant messaging transform an original image into an encrypted version
applications. In this case, it is important to ensure that that is unintelligible and protected from unauthorized
the image cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons or access. There are many encryption techniques that have
hackers. By using encryption techniques, these images been proposed in the literature, including symmetric key
can be kept confidential and can only be accessed by algorithms such as Advanced Encryption Standard
people who have access rights. In conclusion, digital (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), and Triple
image encryption is becoming more and more important DES (3DES), as well as asymmetric key algorithms such
in everyday life because a lot of important information is as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) [24].
stored in the form of digital images. This requires the use
The Unimodular n-Hill Cipher (UHC) is a symmetric
of strong encryption techniques to maintain the security
key encryption algorithm that uses matrices to encrypt
and privacy of data contained in digital images [10],
plaintext data. The UHC algorithm is based on the Hill
[17].
Cipher and has been shown to be resistant against many
The increasing use of digital images has led to a growing types of attacks, including brute-force attacks,
concern about the security of these images. Many differential attacks, and linear attacks. However, the
encryption algorithms have been proposed to ensure the original UHC algorithm has a fixed key length, which
security of digital images, but most of them have some limits its applicability in certain scenarios. To overcome
weaknesses that make them vulnerable to attacks [18], this limitation, several variants of UHC have been
[19]. Therefore, there is a need for new encryption proposed in the literature, including the Unimodular
algorithms that provide high security and efficiency for Adaptive n-Hill Cipher (UAHC), which uses an adaptive
digital images. In order to address the shortcomings of key length to improve the security of the algorithm [14].
current algorithms and provide high security for digital The Logistics Map is a non-linear mathematical model
images, we present a novel image encryption technique that exhibits chaotic behavior and has been widely used
in this paper based on the unimodular n-Hill cipher and in various fields, including physics, biology, and
logistic map [1], [14]. The main objective of this economics. In recent years, the Logistics Map has also
research is to develop a new image encryption algorithm been applied in the field of cryptography, where it is
based on the unimodular n-Hill cipher and logistic map used as a source of randomness to generate
that can provide high security and efficiency for digital cryptographic keys. The Logistics Map has several
images. To achieve this objective, we will analyze the desirable properties for encryption applications,
security and efficiency of the proposed algorithm and including unpredictability, sensitivity to initial
compare it with existing encryption algorithms. We will conditions, and ergodicity. These properties make the
also evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm Logistics Map a promising tool for developing secure
using various metrics [20]. encryption algorithms [1].
The proposed image encryption algorithm based on the 2. Methods
unimodular n-Hill cipher and logistic map is a new
Hill Cipher is a classic cryptographic method utilized to
contribution to the field of image encryption. This
encrypt and decrypt digital data and text, which involves
algorithm provides high security and efficiency for
a matrix as the key for encryption and decryption. Hill
digital images and overcomes the weaknesses of existing
Cipher is an effective method to safeguard information
algorithms. The proposed algorithm can be used in
as it produces large and complex keys, making it difficult
various fields, such as medical, military, and
for unauthorized parties to break into. However, Hill
communication, where the security of digital images is a
Cipher, like other classical cryptographic methods, has
major concern [21]. The scope of this research is limited
some limitations that require attention. One of Hill
to the development of a new image encryption algorithm
Cipher's advantages is that it can encrypt and decrypt not
based on the unimodular n-Hill cipher and logistic map.
only text but also digital data such as audio and video
The proposed algorithm will be evaluated using various
files, which is very beneficial for securing digital data.
metrics to analyze its security and efficiency. However,
Conversely, Hill Cipher's most significant disadvantage
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is its sensitivity to key errors. If a value in the key matrix algorithm using Python, its advantages and
is incorrect, the encryption and decryption process will disadvantages should be considered to ensure that the
fail, and incorrect output will be generated. Hill Cipher is audio data is well protected and not easily accessed by
also vulnerable to frequency attacks as it uses a pattern unauthorized or authorized parties [25], [26]. The
that repeats itself in the encrypted message. Therefore, detailed illustration of the research method in this article
while implementing Hill Cipher on the audio encryption is available in Figure 4.

Fig. 4. Illustration of research method

The proposed algorithm uses a combination of Python is a widely used programming language that is
Unimodular n-Hill Cipher and Logistic Map to encrypt popular in various industries such as web application
digital images. The Unimodular n-Hill Cipher is used to development, data science, and artificial intelligence.
scramble the pixel values of the image, while the This is because Python has several advantages, such as
Logistic Map is used to generate the encryption key. The its easy-to-learn syntax and the availability of free online
use of a chaotic map like the Logistic Map enhances the resources and documentation, making it beginner-
security of the algorithm [27]. The encryption process friendly. Python is also flexible and can be used for a
involves four main steps. First, the input image is wide range of tasks, from web development to data
partitioned into blocks of equal size. Next, the pixel processing and analysis. Additionally, Python supports
values of each block are reshaped into a one-dimensional object-oriented programming and has many libraries and
array. The reshaped array is then encrypted using the frameworks for faster application development. Python
Unimodular n-Hill Cipher. Finally, the encrypted array is also open-source, meaning that users can download
with the encryption key generated using the Logistic and use it for free [31]. However, Python also has some
Map [28]. The decryption process is the reverse of the disadvantages that need to be considered. One of them is
encryption process. The encrypted array with the its slow performance compared to other programming
encryption key generated using the Logistic Map. The languages like C++ or Java, which can affect program
resulting array is then decrypted using the inverse execution time. Python's automatic memory management
Unimodular n-Hill Cipher. The decrypted array is can also affect performance, especially when the
reshaped into a two-dimensional array and the image is program uses a lot of memory. Moreover, Python's
reconstructed from the decrypted blocks [29]. The support for multithreading is limited due to the Global
Logistic Map is a chaotic map that exhibits sensitive Interpreter Lock (GIL), which makes only one thread
dependence on initial conditions. The map is defined by execute code at a time. Python is also less popular in
the iterative equation x_n+1 = r * x_n * (1 - x_n), where mobile application development and has constraints in
r is the growth rate parameter and x_0 is the initial value. developing desktop applications, requiring external
The logistic map is used to generate the encryption key references for GUI development. Despite these
by iterating the logistic map equation for a fixed number disadvantages, Python remains popular due to its
of iterations and discarding the initial values to obtain a advantages outweighing the drawbacks. Its flexibility
sequence of pseudorandom numbers [30]. and strong data processing and analysis capabilities
make it a popular choice in data science and machine

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learning. Additionally, its open-source nature and Logos from the python language used in this study is
availability of online resources make it affordable and shown in the following Figure 5.
accessible to developers of all skill levels [18], [32].

Fig 5. Python logos [33]

The proposed algorithm was implemented using Python showed that the proposed algorithm provides a high level
programming language and the NumPy and Pillow of security and a good balance between security and
libraries for image processing. The algorithm was tested speed [33]. The following is an example of the
on a set of standard test images and the performance was implementation of the program for n = 2, which means
evaluated in terms of encryption speed, decryption that we will carry out the encryption process using the
speed, and encryption quality. The experimental results unimodular hill cipher method twice.
============================================================================
Digital Image Encryption Algorithm Trough Unimodular Matrix and Logistic Map
============================================================================
Please select, you want to encrypt (e) or decrypt (d) a digital image:e
-----------------------------------------------
You will encrypt an image
-----------------------------------------------
Add your image now and its extension. (example: image.png):G1.jpeg
The original matrix form of a digital image is

[[ 57 16 55 ... 247 247 247]

[ 84 16 13 ... 247 247 247]
[ 64 53 45 ... 247 247 247]
...
[143 110 128 ... 40 47 52]
[114 116 121 ... 40 44 42]
[129 128 136 ... 40 42 37]]

The matrix size of the digital image is 287520

The factor of your digital image file size 287520 is:
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 24, 30, 32, 40, 48, 60, 80, 96, 120, 160, 240, 480, 599]
-----------------------------------------------
Please select a number from the aforementioned list as your Password 1:8.
Your first password is: 8
Enter Password 2 as a number with a maximum of 14 digits (for instance, 22021985):88888
Your second password is 88888.

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-----------------------------------------------
Starts the encryption process.
-----------------------------------------------
Based on password1, here is a triangular matrix with size 8 x 8 which will be the key matrix:

[[1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.]]

Your key matrix (unimodular matrix) based on password1, password2, and the logistic function with size 8 x 8 is:

[[ 1. 125. 151. 31. 30. 115. 143. 59.]

[197. 50. 124. 227. 227. 227. 108. 226.]
[198. 174. 203. 115. 200. 29. 203. 232.]
[125. 9. 187. 36. 90. 228. 42. 119.]
[172. 252. 116. 212. 41. 43. 201. 225.]
[187. 79. 77. 165. 234. 2. 157. 221.]
[167. 139. 129. 57. 146. 5. 74. 3.]
[ 31. 35. 73. 193. 162. 237. 81. 38.]]

The key creation time is 0.27848052978515625 seconds.

Matrix form of digital image after reshape with size 8 x 35940.0 :

[[ 57 16 55 ... 7 8 8]
[ 8 7 7 ... 100 83 85]
[ 33 7 11 ... 56 51 52]
...
[192 123 46 ... 5 5 5]
[ 4 4 4 ... 32 17 51]
[ 63 18 23 ... 40 42 37]]

The time required to multiply a matrix is 0.05399584770202637 seconds.

The key matrix will be multiplied by your picture matrix to start the encryption process.

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The matrix of ciphertext before reshaping is as follows:

[[176. 10. 204. ... 65. 85. 24.]

[176. 122. 210. ... 249. 198. 52.]
[ 37. 156. 0. ... 161. 189. 207.]
...
[160. 119. 211. ... 28. 140. 80.]
[192. 68. 163. ... 75. 12. 76.]
[151. 102. 84. ... 35. 229. 88.]]

The following is ciphertext matrix after reshape:

[[176 10 204 ... 42 30 241]

[230 245 27 ... 245 231 239]
[115 99 4 ... 57 152 150]
...
[ 82 65 36 ... 127 148 30]
[ 44 205 243 ... 98 135 76]
[ 98 62 9 ... 35 229 88]]

-----------------------------------------------
Your encrypted image is located in the same folder and is named "enkripsi.png."
It took 0.9235615730285645 seconds to encrypt the data.
Remember your two-layer password, please:
1st password: 8
Second password: 88888
-----------------------------------------------
Furthermore, the decryption process for the encrypted Note that what guarantees that encrypted digital image
digital image file above is more or less the same as the files can be restored to their original state is that the key
above process, but slightly different in the multiplication matrix is a unimodular matrix which has the property of
process, namely multiplying the inverse of the key always having an inverse so that it is always possible to
matrix by the matrix of the encrypted digital image file. do the decryption process [34].
3. Result and Discussions namely monochrome and color images. For monochrome
images, one monochrome image with a size of 97 kB has
We describe the experimental findings from the use of
been selected. This image is obtained from wikimedia
the suggested Digital Image Encryption Algorithm using
with the name “500px_photo_ (68947463).jpeg”. For
Unimodular n-Hill Cipher and Logistic Map in this part.
color images, one color image of 3.1 MB has been
These tests are meant to measure the effectiveness and
selected. This image is obtained from wikimedia with the
safety of the suggested algorithm. We conduct
name "A view of a sunrise from a countryside in Jhang,
experiments on a dataset of grayscale and color images.
Punjab, Pakistan.jpg". For more details, see Figure 6
In this study, two digital image samples were used,
below.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(6s), 311–324 | 318
 (b) color images
(a) monochrome image

(d) encrypted color image

(c) encrypted monochrome image
Fig 6. Digital images before and after the encryption process [35], [36]
The next stage is to do a time analysis. The table below result of running the code on a monochrome image (97
is the result of running the program code. Here's the kB size), which can be seen in more detail in Table 1.

Table 1. Analysis of encryption processing time for monochrome images

Password 1 Password 2 Iteration (n times) Encryption time Decryption time

20 202020 1 0.06593036651611328 0.06632614135742188

20 202020 2 0.09350323677062988 0.0905153751373291

20 202020 4 0.14142107963562012 0.13236331939697266

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 20 202020 10 0.2897672653198242 0.2727062702178955

20 202020 100 2.6670520305633545 2.5666162967681885

Here's the result of running the code on a color image (size 3.1 MB), which can be seen in more detail in Table 2.

Table 2. Analysis of encryption processing time for color images

Password 1 Password 2 Iteration (n times) Encryption time Decryption time

21 202020 1 7.301570177078247 10.265645503997803

21 202020 2 10.49009656906128 14.451354503631592

21 202020 4 18.890410900115967 20.20511555671692

21 202020 10 40.346736669540405 42.13258242607117

21 202020 100 369.0018119812012 343.8924198150635

Note that based on Tables 1 and 2, it can be concluded histogram analysis. Here is a histogram for a
that the larger the iterations performed (n>1), the greater monochrome image before and after the encryption
the time required for the encryption process. Next is the process which can be seen in more detail in Figure 7.

Fig 7. histogram for a monochrome image before encryption and after encryption for n = 10

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(6s), 311–324 | 320
Next up is the histogram for color images. The following carried out, which can be seen in more detail in Figure 8.
is how it looks before and after the encryption process is

Fig 8. histogram for a color image before encryption and after encryption for n = 10
This means that the histogram of an image does not that need to be addressed in future research. One of the
change much with respect to n, the number of times a limitations is the computational complexity of the
given image A is multiplied by a matrix key K. This is algorithm, which can be improved by optimizing the key
because each item at some position i,j in the matrix has a generation process and reducing the number of iterations
limited result set that it can result in. Overall, the in the encryption and decryption processes. Another
experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and limitation is the requirement of a large amount of
security of the proposed Digital Image Encryption memory to store the encryption and decryption keys,
Algorithm using Unimodular n-Hill Cipher and Logistic which can be addressed by developing a more efficient
Map. The proposed algorithm can be used for secure key storage method. The following Table 3 which
communication of digital images in various applications, contains a comparison of standard Hill ciphers and
such as military, healthcare, and e-commerce. However, proposed algorithms will close this session.
there are still some limitations of the proposed algorithm

Tabel 3. Comparison of the suggested method and the traditional Hill cipher
Properties Standar Hill Cipher Proposed algorithm
Key matrix size Kn Usually small n, n <= 4 All n > 0
Key matrix storage Kn One whole matrix of Kn 2 parameters only
The number of matrix multiplication Only one All n > 0

4. Conclusions Map to existing techniques, the experimental results

demonstrated that it had a good level of security and
Comparing the suggested Digital Image Encryption
performance. The encryption process resulted in a
Algorithm Using Unimodular n-Hill Cipher and Logistic
scrambled image that was resistant to various attacks

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(6s), 311–324 | 321
such as statistical attacks, differential attacks, and brute- 3-030-33846-6_40.
force attacks. The decryption process successfully
[4] S. Ventures, “APA ITU ENKRIPSI
retrieved the original image without any distortion or
ASIMETRIS & SIMETRIS?”
loss of quality. However, there are still some limitations
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to this proposed algorithm. One limitation is that the
what-is-asymmetric-symmetric-encryption/
encryption process is computationally intensive and may
(accessed Feb. 25, 2023).
require more processing power for larger images.
Another limitation is that the key generation process [5] M. Fadlan, Haryansyah, and Rosmini, “Three
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