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Lecture-8 Fluming & CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS

The document discusses different types of cross-drainage works for canals including aqueducts, siphon aqueducts, super passages, siphon super passages, level crossings, drainage inlets and outlets, and tail escapes. It describes the characteristics and design considerations for each type of structure.

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421 views

Lecture-8 Fluming & CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS

The document discusses different types of cross-drainage works for canals including aqueducts, siphon aqueducts, super passages, siphon super passages, level crossings, drainage inlets and outlets, and tail escapes. It describes the characteristics and design considerations for each type of structure.

Uploaded by

qasimhassaniet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE NO.

CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS
FLUMING
 A flume is a man-made channel for water, in the
form of an open declined gravity chute whose
walls are raised above the surrounding terrain,
in contrast to a trench or ditch.
 Normally a canal fall offers a good opportunity to
provide a bridge or a canal regulator. Economy
can be achieved by constricting the canal width.
CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS

 A canal comes across obstructions like rivers,


natural drains and other canals. The various
types of structures that are built to carry the
canal water across the above mentioned
obstructions or vice versa are called cross-
drainage works or conveyance structures.
Cross-drainage Works
TYPES OF CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS

 The cross-drainage work is classified as:


1. Aqueduct

2. Siphon aqueduct

3. Super passage

4. Siphon super-passage

5. Level crossing

6. Drainage inlet and outlet


TYPES OF CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS
AQUEDUCT

When the canal bed is above the maximum level of


the water surface in the natural drain, then the
canal is carried over the drain in an R.C.C flume or
RCC pipe or a steel pipe (depending on the canal
discharge) supported on piers. The flow in the
aqueduct and the drain is an open channel flow. In
the aqueduct, since the canal is flumed, a well-
designed transition at the entry and exit is
provided. The road along the channel is not
necessary, therefore it may or may not be provided.
Aqueduct
Aqueduct
AQUEDUCT

 The aqueduct is just like a bridge where a canal


is taken over the deck supported by piers instead
of a road or railway. Generally, the canal is in the
shape of a rectangular trough which is
constructed with reinforced cement concrete.
Sometimes, the trough may be of trapezoidal
section.

 An inspection road is provided along the side of


the trough.
 The bed and banks of the drainage below the
trough is protected by boulder pitching with
cement grouting.

 The section of the trough is designed according to


the full supply discharge of the canal.

 A free board of about 0.50 m should be provided.

 The height and section of piers are designed


according to the highest flood level and velocity of
flow of the drainage.
VARIOUS TYPES OF AQUEDUCTS

 Aqueducts - if the bed level of the channel is


higher than H.F.L. of the drain. Otherwise, the
structure is either siphon or culvert.

 Siphon - if there is any restriction downstream


the structure will have three slopes, therefore the
structure is a siphon.

 Culvert - if there is no restriction downstream,


the structure will have two slopes S1 and S2,
then, the structure will be a culvert.
SIPHON AQUEDUCT

 When the maximum water level is above the bed


of the canal, then the canal is carried un-flumed,
over the drain while the bed of the drain is
lowered and the drain passes underneath the
canal through R.C.C. barrels or square section or
R.C.C pipes. While the flow in the canal is open
channels flow, the flow in the drain through the
barrel.
SIPHON AQUEDUCT

 The siphon aqueduct, the bed of the drainage is


depressed below the bottom level of the canal
trough by providing sloping apron on both sides
of the crossing.

 The sloping apron may be constructed by stone


pitching or cement concrete.

 The section of the drainage below the canal


trough is constructed with cement concrete in the
form of tunnel. This tunnel acts as a siphon.
 Cut off walls are provided on both sides of the
apron to prevent scouring.

 Boulder pitching should be provided on the


upstream and downstream of the cut-off walls.

 The other components like canal trough, piers


and inspection road.
SUPER PASSAGE

 When the FSL in the canal is below the bed of the


drain, then the canal continues to flow un-flumed
and the natural drain water is carried in a R.C.C
flume over the canal. This is the opposite to an
aqueduct. However an elaborate transition in the
case of the drainage is not necessary.
SIPHON SUPER PASSAGE

This is the opposite to a siphon-aqueduct. When


the bed of the natural drain is below the FSL of the
canal, the canal water is siphoned below the bed of
the drain through R.C.C. pipes or barrels or just by
dropping the bed of the canal such that the water
levels u/s and d/s in the canal are touching the
sides of the R.C.C. flume carrying in drain water,
so that the flow in the canal is under pressure.
 In some cases two canals cross each other,
instead of a drain and a canal. In such cases the
structure is named after on of the canals and will
be called aqueduct or siphon only as the case may
be.
LEVEL CROSSING

 When the beds of the drain and the canal are


almost at the same level, then the waters of the
two are allowed to mix and the canal supplies are
regulated through a regulated through a
regulator.
DRAINAGE INLET AND OUTLET

 When the volume of natural drainage is very


small then instead of providing a structure to
carry the water across the canal, the surface
runoff due to rainfall is allowed to flow into the
canal at a suitable place. Such a situation arises
when the general direction of flow of the canal is
perpendicular to the ground slope. Thus the
surface runoff gets obstructed and should be
allowed in the canal. The arrangement is
economical since such surface runoff occurs only
a few times during the year, and the discharge is
not high.
 This is the same type of structure as an inlet
built on the opposite bank of the canal slightly
d/s of the drainage inlet. It discharges the extra
water that has entered the canal through the
inlet into an escape channel. The crest of the weir
is kept slightly above the FSL so that if an when
extra water enters the canal it automatically
spills over the weir. Energy dissipation
arrangements are provided along the bed of the
escape channel which leads the water away from
the canal. This is also called a canal escape.
 In addition to the drainage water, any extra
supplies that may come into the canal are
disposed off by the canal escape.
HOW TO SELECT TYPE OF CROSS DRAINAGE
WORKS?

 Relative bed levels

 Availability of suitable foundation

 Economical consideration

 Discharge of the drainage

 Construction problems
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

 Drainage waterway

 Canal waterway

 Head loss and bed levels at different sections

 Cross section and water level drawing

 Transitions

 Pucca floor

 Uplift pressure on the barrel floor and pucca floor


TAIL ESCAPE
 This is the last structure on a minor or
distributary, and does not come under the
definition of cross drainage works. It is situated
at the tail of the canal and maintains a necessary
water level with the help of a weir.
 If there is any rise in the surface level, water
spills over the weir and is discharged into some
nearby drain.
 The only difference between the tail escape and
drainage outlet or canal escape is that the tail
escape is built at the end of the channel across
the flow, whereas the drainage outlet or canal
escape is built in the canal bank.
TAIL ESCAPE

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