Programming

Translator
(Compiler /Interpreter)

Machine Code
What is Python?
Python is simple & easy
Free & Open Source

High Level Language

Developed by Guido van Rossum

Portable
Our First Program

print("Hello World")
Python Character Set
Letters – A to Z, a to z
Digits – 0 to 9

Special Symbols - + - * /etc.

Whitespaces – Blank Space, tab, carriage return, newline, formfeed
Other characters – Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as part of data or literals
Variables
A variable is a name given to a memory location in a program.

name = "Shradha"
age = 23

price = 25.99
Memory

name = "Shradha"
age = 23

price = 25.99
Rules for Identifiers
Data Types
Integers
String

Float

Boolean

None
Data Types
Keywords
Keywords are reserved words in python.

*False should be uppercase

Print Sum
Comments in Python

# Single Line Comment

"""
Multi Line
Comment
"""
Types of Operators
An operator is a symbol that performs a certain operation between operands.

Arithmetic Operators ( +, - , * , / , % , * * )

Relational / Comparison Operators ( ==, != , > , < , >=, <=)

Assignment Operators ( =, +=, -=, *= , /= , %= , **= )

Logical Operators ( not , and , or )

Type Conversion

a, b = 1, 2.0
sum = a + b

#error
a, b = 1, "2"
sum = a + b
Type Casting

a, b = 1, "2"
c = int(b)
sum = a + c
Type Casting
Input in Python
input( ) statement is used to accept values (using keyboard) from user

input( ) #result for input( ) is always a str

int ( input( ) ) #int

float ( input( ) ) #float

give code eg of all 3

Let‘s Practice
Write a Program to input 2 numbers & print their sum.
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input side of a square & print its area.
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input 2 floating point numbers & print their average.
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input 2 int numbers, a and b.
Print True if a is greater than or equal to b. If not print False.
Strings
String is data type that stores a sequence of characters.

Basic Operations

concatenation

“hello” + “world” “helloworld”

length of str

len(str)
Indexing

A p n a _Co l l e g e
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

str = “Apna_College”

str[0] is ‘A’, str[1] is ‘p’ ...

str[0] = ‘B’ #not allowed

Slicing
Accessing parts of a string

str[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included

str = “ApnaCollege”

str[ 1 : 4 ] is “pna”

str[ : 4 ] is same as str[ 0 : 4]

str[ 1 : ] is same as str[ 1 : len(str) ]

Slicing
Negative Index

Appl e
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

str = “Apple”

str[ -3 : -1 ] is “pl”
String Functions
str = “I am a coder.”

str.endsWith(“er.“) #returns true if string ends with substr

str.capitalize( ) #capitalizes 1st char

str.replace( old, new ) #replaces all occurrences of old with new

str.find( word ) #returns 1st index of 1st occurrence

str.count(“am“) #counts the occurrence of substr in string

Let‘s Practice
WAP to input user’s first name & print its length.

WAP to find the occurrence of ‘3’ in a String.

Conditional Statements
if-elif-else (SYNTAX)

if(condition) :
Statement1
elif(condition):
Statement2
else:
StatementN
Conditional Statements
Grade students based on marks

marks >= 90, grade = “A”

90 > marks >= 80, grade = “B”

80 > marks >= 70, grade = “C”

70 > marks, grade = “D”

Let‘s Practice
WAP to check if a number entered by the user is odd or even.

WAP to find the greatest of 3 numbers entered by the user.

WAP to check if a number is a multiple of 7 or not.

Lists in Python
A built-in data type that stores set of values

It can store elements of different types (integer, float, string, etc.)

marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76] #marks[0], marks[1]..

student = [”Karan”, 85, “Delhi”] #student[0], student[1]..

student[0] = “Arjun” #allowed in python

len(student) #returns length

List Slicing
Similar to String Slicing

list_name[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included

marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76]

marks[ 1 : 4 ] is [64, 33, 95]

marks[ : 4 ] is same as marks[ 0 : 4]

marks[ 1 : ] is same as marks[ 1 : len(marks) ]

marks[ -3 : -1 ] is [33, 95]

List Methods
list = [2, 1, 3]

list.append(4) #adds one element at the end [2, 1, 3, 4]

list.sort( ) #sorts in ascending order [1, 2, 3]

list.sort( reverse=True ) #sorts in descending order [3, 2, 1]

list.reverse( ) #reverses list [3, 1, 2]

list.insert( idx, el ) #insert element at index

List Methods
list = [2, 1, 3, 1]

list.remove(1) #removes first occurrence of element [2, 3, 1]

list.pop( idx ) #removes element at idx

Tuples in Python
A built-in data type that lets us create immutable sequences of values.

tup = (87, 64, 33, 95, 76) #tup[0], tup[1]..

tup[0] = 43 #NOT allowed in python

tup1 = ( )

tup2 = ( 1, )

tup3 = ( 1, 2, 3 )
Tuple Methods
tup = (2, 1, 3, 1)

tup.index( el ) #returns index of first occurrence tup.index(1) is 1

tup.count( el ) #counts total occurrences tup.count(1) is 2

Let‘s Practice
WAP to ask the user to enter names of their 3 favorite movies & store them in a list.

WAP to check if a list contains a palindrome of elements. (Hint: use copy( ) method)

[1, 2, 3, 2, 1] [1, “abc”, “abc”, 1]

Let‘s Practice
WAP to count the number of students with the “A” grade in the following tuple.
[”C”, “D”, “A”, “A”, “B”, “B”, “A”]

Store the above values in a list & sort them from “A” to “D”.
Dictionary in Python
Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs

They are unordered, mutable(changeable) & don’t allow duplicate keys

“key” : value

dict[”name”], dict[”cgpa”], dict[”marks”]

dict[”key”] = “value” #to assign or add new

Dictionary in Python
Nested Dictionaries

student[”score”][”math”]
Dictionary Methods
myDict.keys( ) #returns all keys

myDict.values( ) #returns all values

myDict.items( ) #returns all (key, val) pairs as tuples

myDict.get( “key““ ) #returns the key according to value

myDict.update( newDict ) #inserts the specified items to the dictionary

Set in Python
Set is the collection of the unordered items.
Each element in the set must be unique & immutable.

nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

set2 = { 1, 2, 2, 2 }
#repeated elements stored only once, so it resolved to {1, 2}

null_set = set( ) #empty set syntax

Set Methods
set.add( el ) #adds an element

set.remove( el ) #removes the elem an

set.clear( ) #empties the set

set.pop( ) #removes a random value

Set Methods
set.union( set2 ) #combines both set values & returns new

set.intersection( set2 ) #combines common values & returns new

Let‘s Practice
Store following word meanings in a python dictionary :
table : “a piece of furniture”, “list of facts & figures”
cat : “a small animal”

You are given a list of subjects for students. Assume one classroom is required for 1
subject. How many classrooms are needed by all students.

”python”, “java”, “C++”, “python”, “javascript”,

“java”, “python”, “java”, “C++”, “C”
Let‘s Practice
WAP to enter marks of 3 subjects from the user and store them in a dictionary. Start with
an empty dictionary & add one by one. Use subject name as key & marks as value.

Figure out a way to store 9 & 9.0 as separate values in the set.
(You can take help of built-in data types)
Loops in Python
Loops are used to repeat instructions.

while Loops

while condition :
#some work

print hello 5 times

print numbers from 1 to 5

show infinite, iterator

Let‘s Practice
Print numbers from 1 to 100.

Print numbers from 100 to 1.

Print the multiplication table of a number n.

Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Break & Continue
Break : used to terminate the loop when encountered.

Continue : terminates execution in the current iteration & continues execution of the loop
with the next iteration.

take search example

& stop the search when found

print all numbers but not multiple of 3

Loops in Python
Loops are used used for sequential traversal. For traversing list, string, tuples etc.

for Loops

for el in list:
#some work

for Loop with else

for el in list:
#some work

else:
else used as it doesn’t execute
#work when loop ends when break is used
Let‘s Practice
using for
Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

range( )
Range functions returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by
1(by default), and stops before a specified number.

range( start?, stop, step?)

Let‘s Practice
using for & range( )
Print numbers from 1to 100.

Print numbers from 100 to 1.

Print the multiplication table of a number n.

pass Statement
pass is a null statement that does nothing. It is used as a placeholder for future code.

for el in range(10):
pass

generally used in execption handling

Let‘s Practice
WAP to find the sum of first n numbers. (using while)

WAP to find the factorial of first n numbers. (using for)

Functions in Python
Block of statements that perform a specific task.

def func_name( param1, param2..) : Function Definition

#some work
return val

func_name( arg1, arg2 ..) #function call

Functions in Python

Built-in Functions User defined Functions

print( )

len( )

type( )

range( )
Default Parameters
Assigning a default value to parameter, which is used when no argument is passed.
Let‘s Practice
WAF to print the length of a list. ( list is the parameter)

WAF to print the elements of a list in a single line. ( list is the parameter)

WAF to find the factorial of n. (n is the parameter)

WAF to convert USD to INR.

Recursion
When a function calls itself repeatedly.

#prints n to 1 backwards

Base case
Recursion
#returns n!
Let‘s Practice
Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers.

Write a recursive function to print all elements in a list.

Hint :use list & index as parameters.
File I/Oin Python
Python can be used to perform operations on a file. (read & write data)

Types of all files

1. Text Files : .txt, .docx, .log etc.

2. Binary Files : .mp4, .mov, .png, .jpeg etc.

Open, read & close File
We have to open a file before reading or writing.

f = open( “file_name”, “mode”)

sample.txt r : read mode

demo.docx w : write mode

data = f.read( )

f.close( )
Reading a file

data = f.read( ) #reads entire file

data = f.readline( ) #reads one line at a time

Writing to a file
f = open( “demo.txt”, “w”)

f.write( “this is a new line“ ) #overwrites the entire file

f = open( “demo.txt”, “a”)

f.write( “this is a new line“ ) #adds to the file

with Syntax
with open( “demo.txt”, “a”) as f:
data = f.read( )
Deleting a File
using the os module
Module (like a code library) is a file written by another programmer that generally has
a functions we can use.

import os
os.remove( filename )
Let‘s Practice
Create a new file “practice.txt” using python. Add the following data in it:

Hi everyone
we are learning File I/O
using Java.
I like programming in Java.

WAF that replace all occurrences of “java” with “python” in above file.

Search if the word “learning” exists in the file or not.

Let‘s Practice
WAF to find in which line of the file does the word “learning”occur first.
Print -1 if word not found.

From a file containing numbers separated by comma, print the count of even numbers.
OOPin Python
To map with real world scenarios, we started using objects in code.

This is called object oriented programming.

Class & Object in Python
Class is a blueprint for creating objects.

#creating class
class Student:
name = “karan kumar”

#creating object (instance)

s1 = Student( )
print( s1.name )
Class & Instance Attributes

Class.attr
obj.attr
__init_ _Function
Constructor
All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the object is being
initiated.

#creating class #creating object

class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )

def init ( self, fullname ): print( s1.name )
self.name = fullname

*The self parameter is a reference to the current

instance of the class, and is used to access variables
that belongs to the class.
Methods
Methods are functions that belong to objects.

#creating class #creating object

class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )

def init ( self, fullname ): s1.hello( )
self.name = fullname

def hello( self ):

print( “hello”, self.name)
Let‘s Practice
Create student class that takes name & marks of 3 subjects as arguments in constructor.
Then create a method to print the average.
Static Methods
Methods that don’t use the self parameter (work at class level)

class Student:
@staticmethod #decorator
def college( ):
print( “ABC College” )

*Decorators allow us to wrap another function in order to

extend the behaviour of the wrapped function, without
permanently modifying it
Important
Abstraction
Hiding the implementation details of a class and only showing the essential features to the user.

Encapsulation
Wrapping data and functions into a single unit (object).
Let‘s Practice
Create Account class with 2 attributes -balance & account no.
Create methods for debit, credit & printing the balance.