‫ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺯﻳﻮﺵ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳋﲑ‬:‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬

.‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‬،‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬

‫ ﻟﻮﻧﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬-2‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺪﺓ‬

:‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﳌﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬،‫ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‬...‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬
،‫ﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬‫ ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‬،‫ﻓﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳉﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﰲ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻭﲡﺬﺏ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬،‫ ﻫﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬،‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‬

.‫ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

Abstract:
The small and medium enterprises are distinguished by their rapidity in engaging in
different economic branches and for providing vacant posts in addition to uplifting investment
rates. Consequently these enterprises became an effective tool for: developing and expanding
national economy, as well as, offering flexibility in handling both internal and external
corporations’ variables. Due to these crucial roles, such enterprises require more attention to
guarantee their continuity and survival against competition. Despite their creation’s facility,
these enterprises encounter fierce competitiveness in different sectors. In a gesture to support
and assist both small and medium enterprises, the Algerian government extends help, embodied
mainly in governmental structures that encourage and attract small investors to set up such kind
of projects. The study’s objective was to identify both the role and the mechanisms of the
governmental agencies in aiding small and medium corporations, to analyze some of the
problems that face investors, and how governmental structures help overcoming challenges
towards the advancement of their projects, which are considered the resources to rising with
national economy.

Key words:Small and medium enterprises, investment, government agencies, support and
accompaniment.

- 174 - ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘــﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺠﺰﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻀﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺠﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﳉﺬﺏ ﻭﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺐ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻼ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻭﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻳﻨﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ؟‬

‫ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﰲ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﲤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﰒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺮﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬

‫‪- 175 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﺘﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﻄﻨﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻛﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻌﺖ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻠﻤﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (1‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ(‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 2010‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 607297‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪560‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 1596308‬ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪%7,11‬‬
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‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.2009‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ :(1‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ 11/82‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ‪.1982/02/21‬‬ ‫‪1982‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ )‪.(OSCIP‬‬ ‫‪1983‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1987‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ‪(1990-04-14)10/90‬‬ ‫‪1988‬‬
‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ‪(1991-02-19) 37/91‬‬ ‫‪1991‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪(1993 -10-05)12/93 :‬‬ ‫‪1993‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﺑﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫‪1994‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺻﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1995‬‬
‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ 18/2001‬ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪2001‬‬
‫ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪2002‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 373/2002‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ ،2002-11-11‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2002‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2003-02-27‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،2003‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﲡﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ ‪ 400‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2004‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 20‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ‪2004/01/15-14‬‬ ‫‪2004‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪2009‬‬

‫‪- 176 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -2005‬ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳒﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ 2009‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﲎ ﻣﺴﻐﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻼ ﻋﻦ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻠﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ 18-17‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،2006‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.997‬‬
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‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺁﻻﺕ ‪...‬ﺇﱁ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﻫﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﺯﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،...‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 28‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳜﻠﻖ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﻗﺮﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪ " :‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ –ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ -‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ‪100‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ 250‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ 250‬ﺃﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺇﱃ ‪ 300‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 50‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬
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‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ‪ 350‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 50‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪".‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﲤﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ‪ 2001‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 01 -18‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 27‬ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ‪ 1422‬ﻫــــ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ 12‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2001‬ﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫‪- 177 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 250‬ﺷﺨﺺ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ؛‬
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‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﻮﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 50‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 250‬ﻋﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 200‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 100‬ﻭ‪ 500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 10‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 49‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﺎﺋﱵ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺩﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺳﲑﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﳛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﳍﻢ ﺃﺟﻮﺭﺍ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ " ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ %98‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ %95‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
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‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪".‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻉ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻟﻠﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﺘﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﲑ‬

‫‪- 178 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺭﲰﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰲ‬
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‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻓﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﴰﻠﺖ ‪ 50‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 26‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2003‬ﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ %63,57‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ )ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ( ﻭﻇﻔﻮﺍ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ %1,58‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ‪ %0,62‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻲ )ﲤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﲤﻮﻳﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳕﻰ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﳏﻠﻲ ﻭﻃﲏ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﳕﻮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﲢﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 1‬ﻭ‪ 9‬ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %94‬ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﳕﻮ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﳕﻮﺍ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺨﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻔﻲ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ‬

‫‪- 179 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﳌﺪﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﳍﺬﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﲣﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻴﺴﺮ ﳍﺎ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﲢﻘﻖ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻳﻄﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳐﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ ﳛﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﳕﻮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
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‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻂﺀ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﳒﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ "ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺹ ﻭ‬
‫ﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﲑﺓ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻭﻣﺮﺅﻭﺳﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺪﻩ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﳉﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻒ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻋﻄﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺿﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
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‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ‪".‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﳌﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﲟﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﱯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫‪- 180 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﱪﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﰲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﱪﻡ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻷﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪9‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﰲ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺗﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﲟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،ANDI‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ‪ ،ANSEJ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،CNAC‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ‪ ،ANGEM‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆ‪.‬ﺹ‪.‬ﻡ ‪ ،FGAR‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻔﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ APSI‬ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﰒ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﳏﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ANDI‬ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 8‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 12-93‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ 1993‬ﰎ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺜﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﲔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺈﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪- 181 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻼ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻩ ‪ 60‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 03-01‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺕ ‪ 2001‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺒﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ‪ ANDI‬ﺗﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻐﻬﻢ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ ‪ 30‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲟﻨﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﰐ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺄ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺗﻪ ‪ ANDI‬ﳝﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ‪« Agence National de Soutien a l'Emploi ANSEJ‬‬
‫» ‪des Jeunes‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 143-09‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 22‬ﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ،1990‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻨﺤﻬﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺑﻨﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 296-96‬ﻣﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 24‬ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1417‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟـ‪ 8‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1996‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‪.10‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﲑ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﲣﺼﻴﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺠﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ‬

‫‪- 182 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻀﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪« Caisse nationale d’assurance chômage » :CNAC‬‬

‫ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 09-94‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ‪15‬ﺫﻱ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1414‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ 26‬ﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1994‬ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻭ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 188-84‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 26‬ﳏﺮﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1415‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1994‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﻭﺻﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.12‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 514-03‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 6‬ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1424‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪30‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ 2003‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 35‬ﻭ‪ 50‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﳝﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻗﺮﺽ ﺑﻨﻜﻲ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ‪« Agence National de Gestion du Micro ANGEM‬‬

‫‪- 183 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫» ‪Crédit‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 14-04‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 22‬ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ ‪،2004‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،13‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﳍﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻠﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺢ ﳍﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺠﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ‪ 22‬ﻓﻴﻔﺮﻱ ‪ 2011‬ﺍﲣﺬ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺘﺜﻤﲔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﲣﺺ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 30.000‬ﺩﺝ ﺇﱃ ‪ 100.000‬ﺩﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ‪ 06‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫‪ 2011‬ﰎ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑـ‪ ،% 10‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﺑـ ‪%100‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ‪ 400.000‬ﺩﺝ ﺇﱃ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺝ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ % 5‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،% 1‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﺑـ‪ % 70‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ % 25‬ﺇﱃ ‪ %29‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳍﻀﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ %90‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪.%95‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 24‬ﺷﻬﺮ‬

‫‪- 184 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﱃ ‪ 36‬ﺷﻬﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺢ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻩ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪:FGAR‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻭﺻﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫‪ ،373/02‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﲟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺖ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻗ ﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 185 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﳊﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ‪15.‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﳏﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﳏﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻺﳚﺎﺭ‬
‫ﳌﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﺮﻃﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪...‬‬
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‫‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 78-03‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 25‬ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2003‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻭﺻﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﻀﻨﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﲝﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﺭﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﲝﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﲝﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻤﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧـــﺎﺗــــﻤــــــﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﺼﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺬﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻐﲑﺍ‬
‫ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺜﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪،‬‬

‫‪- 186 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﱯ‪...‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺄﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺽ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻣﻴﺰﺗﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ %20‬ﻭ ‪،%25‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﺮﺽ ﺑﻨﻜﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%70‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﲡﺬﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻮﻓﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳛﺒﺬ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺭﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻆ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪‬ﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺄﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑـﺎﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﻗﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻔـﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴـﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔـﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺃﻱ "ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻳﺒﺎﻉ " ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ " ﻧﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ,‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺒﻴﻌﻪ؟ "‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،.....‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻭﳐﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪-‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﰒ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 187 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

 ‫‪‬ﻣﺠﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﲎ ﻣﺴﻐﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،2012 ،10‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.126-125‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﲣﺼﺺ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2012 ،3‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.4-3‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﻗﺮﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،2011 ،09‬ﺹ‪.172‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻨﲔ ﻭﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺑﻮﻗﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﺎﺳﱯ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻭ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،2013 ،‬ﺹ‪.3‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.3‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺑﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.29-28‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺑﻦ ﻧﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪-‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،2012 ،3‬ﺹ ‪.53‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺯﻭﻳﺘﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﲣﺼﺺ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2007 ،‬ﺹ ‪.17‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2013 ،2‬ﺹ ‪.253‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪،52‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 296-96‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ‪ 8‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ 1996‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟــ ‪ 24‬ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫‪ 1417‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.4،3،1‬‬

‫‪ -11‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.13 ،12‬‬

‫‪ -12‬ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،44‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،188-84‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 26‬ﳏﺮﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1415‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 1994‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،2 ،1‬ﺹ ‪.6‬‬
‫‪ -13‬ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،06‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،14-04‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 25‬ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ ‪ ،2004‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.8‬‬

‫‪ -14‬ﺷﻌﻴﺐ ﺁﺗﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻓﺮﻉ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.82-81‬‬

‫‪ -15‬ﺩﺑﺎﺡ ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﺁﻓﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2012 ،3‬ﺹ ‪.64‬‬

‫‪ -16‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.64‬‬

‫‪ -17‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.67‬‬

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