11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER I – WEEK 4 (LAS)

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1
 PRE-ASSESSMENT
Before you start studying this module, take this simple test first to find out
how much you already know about the topics in this module.

Directions: Read and analyze the statement below. Write the letter and its
corresponding answer on your paper.

1. It is a symmetric distribution where most of the observations cluster around

the central peak and the probabilities for values further away from the mean
taper off equally in both directions.
A. Normal Distribution C. Standard Normal Distribution
B. Probability Distribution D. None of the Above
2. The curve of a probability distribution is formed by___________.
A. ball-shaped C. stone-shaped
B. bell-shaped D. wall-shaped
3. What is the area under a normal curve?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
4. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the normal curve?
A. it is bell-shaped
B. a symmetrical graph
C. the area of the normal curve is 0.5
D. mean, mode, and median coincide at the center
5. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the corresponding area under the normal curve?
A. 0.0800 C. 0.1628
B. 0.0279 D. 0.6628
6. Which of the following is the corresponding area for 𝑧 = −0.13?
A. 0.0248 C. 0.1398
B. 0.0517 D. 0.
7. What is the area between 𝑧 = −1 and 𝑧 = 3?
A. 0.8300 C. 0.8400
B. 0.8350 D. 0.8450
8. If the area is 0.8351, what is the value of z?
A. 𝑧 = 0.24 C. 𝑧 = 1.5
B. 𝑧 = 0.5 D. 𝑧 = 2.5
9. What is the area of proportion in the probability notation P(z>1)?
A. 𝑧 = 0.1585 C. 𝑧 = 0.1587
B. 𝑧 = 0.1586 D. 𝑧 = 0.1588
10. What is the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5)?
A. 0.9937 C. 0.9936
B. 0.9934 D. 0.9938

2
 LESSON 1
THE NORMAL CURVE DISTRIBUTION

DISCUSSION

The normal distribution is the most important continuous probability

distribution in statistics. It is a continuous probability distribution for a random
variable, x. Its graph is called normal curve.

Now, to understand the nature of normal distribution, let us learn more

about the properties of a normal probability distribution. There are seven
properties, and these are the following:

1. The mean, median and mode are equal.

2. The normal curve is bell-shaped and is symmetric

about the mean.

3. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1.

4. Between 𝜇 − 𝜎 and 𝜇 + 𝜎 (in the center of the

curve), the graph curves downward. The graph
curves upward to the left of 𝜇 − 𝜎 and to the right of
𝜇 + 𝜎. The points at which the curve changes from
curving upward to curving downward are called the
inflection points.
5. The mean gives the location of the line of
symmetry.

6. The standard deviation describes the spread of the

data.
7. The normal curve approaches, but never touches,
the x-axis as it extends farther and farther away from
the mean.

Example 1:

3
 Example 2: Which normal curve has the greater mean?

Solution:
Curve A has the greater mean. (The line of symmetry of curve A occurs at
𝑥 = 15. In curve B, 𝑥 = 12.)

Example 3: Which curve has the greater standard deviation?

Solution:
Curve B has the greater standard deviation. (Curve B is more spread out than
curve A.)

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Look at the graph and answer the following:

1. Give the following:

1.1 mean ______
1.2 median _____
1.3 modal______

2. What is the standard

deviation? __________

4
 LESSON 2
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

REVIEW
In this part, you will be reviewing the concept of the normal distribution
and its properties. The activity below will determine your understanding about what
you had learned about the properties of normal distribution.

Questions:
1. What is the mean, median and mode of
the distribution?
2. What is the standard deviation?
3. What is the total area under the normal
curve?
4. What is the line of symmetry?

ACTIVITY 2

Directions: Find the are of the shaded region of the figures below. Show your
solution.

Guide Questions:
1. How do you solve for the area of the shaded region in the figure A?

2. How do you solve for the area of the shaded region in figure B?

3. Is method finding the shaded region in figure A and B the same? Why?

5
 DISCUSSION

In Activity 2, the method in finding the area of the two figures differ. For
polygons, we use formulas and calculations to find the shaded region. While in
the normal distribution, we use table to locate the z-value or to know the
corresponding area under the normal curve.

The Standard Normal Distribution

A standard normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation
of 1. If each data value of a normally distributed random variable 𝑥 is
transformed into a z-score, the result will be the standard normal distribution.

In finding the cumulative area under a standard normal curve, use the
Standard Normal Table.

Properties of the Standard Normal Distribution

1. The cumulative area is close to 0 for z-scores close to 𝑧 = −3.49.
2. The cumulative area increases as the z-score increase.
3. The cumulative area for 𝑧 = 0 is 0.5000.
4. The cumulative area is close to 1 for z-scores close to z=3.49.

Steps in finding cumulative area under the normal curve given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit number.
2. Using the z-Table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3. Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4. Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2 digit
number) and column (third digit number). The value observed at the
intersection indicates the area of the given z-value.

Steps in finding areas under the normal curve (to the left or to the right of
z or between two z-values)
1. Sketch the standard normal curve and shade the appropriate area under
the curve.
2. To find the area to the 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧, find the area that corresponds to 𝑧 in the
Standard Normal Table.
3. To find the area to the 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧, use the Standard Normal Table to find
the area that corresponds to 𝑧. then subtract the area from 1.

6
 4. To find the area 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠, find the area corresponding to
each 𝑧-score in the Standard Normal Table. Then subtract the smaller
area from the larger area.

Illustration

1. Find the cumulative area that corresponds to a z-score of 1.15.

Solution:
Find 1.1 in the left hand column. Move across the row to the column
under 0.05. The area to the left of 𝑧 = 1.15 is 0.8749.

2. Find the cumulative area that corresponds to a z-score of −0.24.

Solution:
Find −0.2 in the left hand column. Move across the row to the column
under 0.04. The area to the left of 𝑧 = −0.24 is 0.4052.

7
 3. Find the area to the left of 𝑧 = 1.23.

Solution:

4. Find the area to the right of 𝑧 = 1.23.

Solution:

5. Find the area between two z-scores, 𝑧 = −0.75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.23.

Solution:

8
 6. Find the area under the standard normal curve between 𝑧 = −1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑧 = 1.25.

From the standard normal table, the area is equal to 0.8276.

ACTIVITY 3
Find the area of the region under the standard normal curve that
corresponds the given z-values. Then for each item below, SKETCH the
standard normal curve and SHADE in the area you are being asked to find.
1. z = 0.63
2. z = 1.32
3. z = 2.08
4. z = 1.70
5. to the left of 𝑧 = −0.99
6. to the right of 𝑧 = 1.06
7. between 𝑧 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1

LESSON 3
SOLVING Z-SCORES

DISCUSSION

The concepts of normal distribution are usually seen in any aspects, in all
disciplines. In order, to use the concepts of normal distributiin, each of the
values of a given data are assumed to be transformed to standard scores. The
key procedure in finding area under the normal curve is to convert the normal
curve of any given score into standardized normal curve by using the formula of
z-scores. Most of the normal random variables that exist in real life are not
really standard. However, you can always convert a general normal distribution
into its equivalent standard normal distribution form, allowing you to still use the
z-table of standard normal probabilities.

9
 Z-scores from Any Normal Variable

Given a normal variable X with mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎, any

𝑥- value can be transformed into a z-score by using these formulas
𝒙−𝝁
𝒛= (𝒛 − 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂)
𝝈
𝒙−𝒙̅
𝒛= (𝒛 − 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂)
𝒔

where: z = standard score

x= raw score
µ= population mean
̅ =sample mean
𝒙
σ = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation

Z-score or Standard score tells how many standard deviations a

value is, away from the mean. A negative z-score tells that the value is
below the mean, while a positive z-score tells that the value is above the
mean. A z-score is unitless, thus, even values of different units could be
compared relative to their groups.

The area of the region under the normal curve represents the probability
or percentage or proportion of a given measurement value. It is computed by
subtracting the measurement X to the sample Ẍ or population mean, then
dividing the result by the standard deviation. The resulting value gives the z-
score. The z-score indicates the distance between a given measurement X and
the mean expressed in standard deviations. It locates either within a sample or
within a population. But for now, a readily available z-Table is made to obtain
the corresponding area given a z-score.
Note that the z-table gives a value of z up to two decimal places, thus, it
is preferred to round z-scores/standard scores to two decimal places.

Example 1: The scores of students in the midyear examination for Mathematics

has a mean (𝜇) of 32 and a standard deviation (𝜎) of 5. Find the z-scores
corresponding to each of the following:
a. 37
b. 22
c. 33
d. 28
Solution:
𝑥−𝜇 37−32 5
a. 𝑧 = = =5=𝟏
𝜎 5
𝑥−𝜇 22−32 −10
b. 𝑧 = = = = −𝟐
𝜎 5 5
𝑥−𝜇 33−32 1
c. 𝑧 = = = 5 = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝜎 5
𝑥−𝜇 28−32 −4
d. 𝑧 = = = = −𝟎. 𝟖
𝜎 5 5

10
Example 2: The scores of a group of students in a standardized test are
normally distributed with a mean of 60 and standard deviation of 8. Answer
the following:
a. How many percent of the students got below 72?
b. What part of the group scored between 58 and 76?
c. If there were 250 students who took the test, about how many students
scored higher than 64?
Solution:
𝑥−𝜇 72−60 12
a. 𝑧 = = = = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝜎 8 8
Referring to the z-table, the area below 𝑧 = 1.5 is 0.9332. Therefore,
about 93.32% of the group got below 72.
𝑥−𝜇 58−60 −2
b. 𝑧 = = = = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝜎 8 8

𝑥 − 𝜇 76 − 60 16
𝑧= = = =𝟐
𝜎 8 8
Using the z-table, the area below 𝑧 = −0.25 is 0.4013, while below
𝑧 = 2, the area is 0.9772. Therefore, the area between 𝑧 = −0.25 and
𝑧 = 2 is 0.9772 − 0.4013 = 0.5759. Thus, about 57.59% of the group
got a score between 58 and 76.
𝑥−𝜇 58−60 −2
c. 𝑧 = = = = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝜎 8 8

The area below 𝑧 = 0.5 is 0.6915, so the area above this is 1 −

0.6915 = 0.3085. Since there were 250 students who took the test, about
(200) (0.3085) = 61.7 or 62 students ot a score higher than 64.

Example 3:
A highly selective university only admits the top 5% of the toal
examinees in their entrace exam. The results of this year’s entrace exam
follow a normal distribution with a mean of 285 and a standard deviation of 12.
What is the least score of an examinee who can be admitted to the university?
Solution:
Look at the body of the z-table to find a value 0.95, this meants that
0.05 or 5% are above this. From the table, the value 0.9505 corresponds to
1.65 (intersection of 1.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.05). The score 1.65 above (since z is +) is:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
𝑥−285
1.65 = 12
(1.65)(12) = 𝑥 – 285
𝑥 = 304.8 𝑜𝑟 305

11
 ACTIVITY 4

1. You are applying for a job that requires a score on either a P Test or an A
Test. The company needs only one test result. You have acquired scores on
both tests. You’ve scored 98 on the P Test and 112 on the A Test. Which test
results will you most likely to submit? Is the information enough for you to
convince yourself on submitting your chosen test result? Explain why.

2. Given 𝜇 = 110 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 10 in a college entrance examination, find the

corresponding z-value of the scores gained by the following students. Show
all your solutions and sketch its graph.
1. 𝑋 = 98
2. 𝑋 = 65
3. 𝑋 = 120

LESSON 4
PERCENTILES UNDER NORMAL CURVE

DISCUSSION

A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which

a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall. It is a
measure of relative standing as it measures the relationship of a measurement
with respect to the rest of the data.

For instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics grade for
the quarter is 92 and your grade is at the 88th percentile. This means 88% of
your classmates scored lower than 92 and 21% scored more than 92 in the
subject. This explains that 88th percentile is located at a point such that 88% of
the total population lies below that point and 12% lies above.

At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of the
region under the normal curve. We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of
the given area. With this, we need the z-Table to find the z-value required
corresponding to the given area and if not found, we take the nearest value.
The number that corresponds to the first column and first row of the intersection
attained from the locating the given area is the required z-value.

Example 1
1. Find the 86th percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P86 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.

12
13
Example 2
2. Find the 32nd percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P32 means locating an area before or below the

point. We want to know what the z-value is at this point.

14
 APPLICATION
Instructions: Answer the following:
I. Sketch a normal curve for each distribution. Label the x-axis at one, two,
and three standard deviations from the mean.
1. mean = 30; standard deviation = 5
2. mean = 95; standard deviation = 12

II. Find the area of the region under the standard normal curve that
corresponds the given z-values. Then for each item below, SKETCH the
standard normal curve and SHADE in the area you are being asked to
find.
1. z=0.04
2. z=1.06
3. to the left of z=1.5
4. to the right of z=2.3
5. between z=1.2 and z=2.3

III. Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations.
Then, sketch the normal curve shading the required region of each given
notation.
1. P(-2 < z <1)
2. P(z > 3)
3. P(z < -2)

IV. Solve for the percentile of the following numbers. Then sketch its graph.
1. 30th
2. 52nd
3. 15th
4. 88th

POST - ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a distribution of a continuous random variable whose graph is a bell-

shaped curve.
A. Normal Distribution C. Standard Normal Distribution
B. Probability Distribution D. None of the Above
2. Which of the following gives the location of the line of symmetry?
A. Mean C. Variance
B. Standard deviation D. None of the Above

15
3. What describes the spread of the data in a normal distribution?
A. Mean C. Variance
B. Standard Deviation D. None of the Above
4. In a standard normal distribution, what is the mean of the normal curve?
A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3
5. In a standard normal distribution, what is the standard deviation of the
normal curve?
A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3
6. If the z-value is 0.53, what is the corresponding area under the normal
curve?
A. 0.7019 C. 0.1628
B. 0.0279 D. 0.0129
7. Which of the following is the corresponding area for 𝑧 = −1.23?
A. 0.0248 C. 0.1093
B. 0.0517 D. 0.2467
8. What is the area between z=-1 and z=1?
A. 0.6826 C. 0.8400
B. 0.7258 D. 0.8450
9. If the area is 0.9963, what is the value of z?
A. z= 2.68 C. z=3.2
B. z= 3.15 D. z=3.3
10. What is the area of proportion in the probability notation P(z>2)?
A. z=0.0228 C. z=0.1587
B. z=0.1562 D. z=0.9772
11. What is the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>1.5)?
A. 0.0228 C. 0.9332
B. 0.0668 D. 0.9938
12. What is the area of the standard normal curve to the left of z=1?
A. 0.1587 C.0. 5000
B. 0.2632 D. 0.8413
13. What is the area under the standard normal curve to the right of z=1.43?
A. 0.0764 C. 0.7764
B. 0.5013 D. 0.9236
nd
14. What is the 32 percentile of the normal curve?
A. 0.13 C. 0.52
B. 0.23 D. 0.92
th
15. What is the 95 percentile of the normal curve?
A. 0.92 C. 1.96
B. 1.645 D. 2.52

16
17
18