A Project on

Green Chemistry: Paving the Path to

Sustainable Development
Exploring Eco-Friendly Practices in Chemistry for a
Sustainable Future.

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
CHEMISTRY
UNDER THE SUPERVISION. SUBMITTED By
Dr. Ranjit kumar. Sachin Payasi
(Assistant professor). M.Sc. CHEMISTRY
IVth SEM)
Department of Chemistry. Enrollment no. M1810334
C.M.P. Degree college, University
of Allahabad Prayagraj UP
.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
C.M.P. DEGREE COLLEGE, PRAYAGRAJ-211002 SESSION/YEAR- 2023-24
 Certificate
This is to certify that Sachin Payasi of
M.Sc. Final Year has successfully completed
the project work on Green chemistry :
Paving path to sustainable development
under the guidance of Dr. Ranjit kumar for
M.Sc. Chemistry Final Year of C. M. P.
Degree College (University of Allahabad) in
the year 2023-24 It is further certified that
this project is the individual work of the
candidate.

Dr Santosh Srivastava Dr Ranjit kumar

HOD of chemistry. Project
supervisor

Department of Chemistry C.M.P. Degree College (University

of Allahabad) Prayagraj
 Acknowledgement
I would take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and
gratitude to Dr. Ranjit kumar ; Assistant professor, Department
of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad.
For his vital support and guidance.
I extend my sincere gratitude and cordial thanks to Prof Ajay
Kumar khare Principal (CMP Degree College), Dr. Santosh
Kumar Srivastava, ( Convener of chemistry department), Dr.
Babita Agarawal Ma’am, Dr.Archana Pandey Ma’am, Dr.
Sunanda Das Ma’am, Dr. Akram Ali sir, Dr. Arti Ma'am, Dr.
Mridula Tripathi Ma'am, Dr. Deepa Shrivastava Ma'am, Dr.
Praveen Tripathi Sir, Dr. Praveen Singh Sir, DR. Vishal Sir, Dr.
Monika Ma'am, Dr. Deepanjali Ma'am, Dr. D K Sahu Sir, Dr.
Ashok Ranjan Sir, Dr. Pramod Sir, Dr. Himani Ma'am, Pankaj
sir, and all other respected teachers. And also thanks to all
friends and non teaching staffs. At last but not least many people
helped me to complete this herculean task, but I don't list them
all, it is not for lack of gratitude but for lack of space. I owe my
heartiest thanks to them. Thanking each and every person
soliciting their good wishes to my future.

Date. Sachin
Payasi
21 March, 2023. M.sc chemistry 4th
sem

Introduction to Green
Chemistry:

 Green chemistry, also known as

sustainable chemistry, focuses on
designing chemical products and
processes that minimize the use and
generation of hazardous substances.

 Its purpose lies in promoting the

development of cleaner, safer, and
more sustainable chemical products
and processes, thereby reducing the
environmental and health impacts
 associated with conventional
chemistry.

 In today’s environmental context,

green chemistry holds immense
significance. With increasing
concerns about pollution, resource
depletion, and climate change, the
adoption of green chemistry
principles becomes imperative.

 By prioritizing the use of renewable

resources, minimizing waste
generation, and designing energy-
efficient processes, green chemistry
offers a pathway towards a more
sustainable future.
 Green chemistry serves as a crucial
bridge between scientific innovation
and sustainable development.
Through the design of safer
chemicals, reduced energy
consumption, and the
implementation of greener
manufacturing processes, green
chemistry contributes to the
transition towards a circular
economy and promotes the
conservation of resources for future
generations.
 Historical Background:
Origins: The concept of green chemistry
emerged as a response to the “Pollution
Prevention Act of 1990” in the United States,
which declared that national policy should
focus on eliminating pollution through
improved design, rather than treatment and
disposal.
The “EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics” launched a research grant program in
1991 to encourage the redesign of chemical
products and processes to be less harmful to
human health and the environment.
Publication of the 12 Principles: In 1998, Paul
Anastas and John Warner published the “12
Principles of Green Chemistry”, providing
guidelines for the development of the field

Key figures such as Paul Anastas and John

Warner laid the foundation for green chemistry
principles, advocating for the integration of
environmental considerations into chemical
design and manufacturing.

Principles of Green Chemistry:

 The 12 Principles of Green
Chemistry, formulated by Anastas and
Warner, provide a framework for
designing sustainable chemical
processes.

 These principles include waste

prevention, atom economy, safer
solvents and auxiliaries, and
renewable feedstocks, among others.
1.Prevention: It’s better to prevent
waste than to treat or clean up waste
after it has been created.
2.Atom Economy: Synthetic methods
should be designed to maximize the
incorporation of all materials used in
the process into the final product.
3.Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses:
Design synthetic methods that are less
hazardous to human health and the
environment.
4.Designing Safer Chemicals:
Chemical products should be designed
to be effective yet have minimal
toxicity.
5.Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries: Use
of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents,
separation agents) should be made
unnecessary wherever possible and
innocuous when used.
6.Design for Energy Efficiency:
Energy requirements of processes
should be recognized for their
environmental impacts and should be
minimized.
7.Use of Renewable Feedstocks: Raw
materials should be renewable rather
than depleting whenever technically
and economically practicable.
8.Reduce Derivatives: Unnecessary
derivatization (use of blocking groups,
protection/deprotection, temporary
modification of physical/chemical
processes) should be minimized or
avoided if possible, because such steps
require additional reagents and can
generate waste.
9.Catalysis: Catalytic reagents (as
selective as possible) are superior to
stoichiometric reagents.
10.Design for Degradation: Chemical
products should be designed so that
they break down into innocuous
products that do not persist in the
environment.
11.Real-time Analysis for Pollution
Prevention: Analytical methodologies
need to be further developed to allow
for real-time, in-process monitoring
and control prior to the formation of
hazardous substances.
12.Inherently Safer Chemistry for
Accident Prevention: Substances used
in a chemical process should be chosen
to minimize the potential for chemical
accidents, including releases,
explosions, and fires.

Applications of Green Chemistry:

 Green chemistry principles are
applied across various industries,
including pharmaceuticals,
 agriculture, energy, and materials
science.
 Examples include the
development of biodegradable
plastics, eco-friendly solvents, and
renewable energy technologies.
 These applications demonstrate
the potential of green chemistry to
drive innovation and address
pressing environmental challenges

1. Biodegradable Plastics

Overview: Development of plastics

that can decompose naturally,
reducing environmental pollution.
Principles: Use of Renewable
Feedstocks, Design for Degradation.
Mechanism: Polylactic acid (PLA)
is created from the fermentation of
plant-based resources like corn
starch, which is then polymerized.

Chemical Reactions:
 Fermentation: ( Glucose to lactic
acid) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ →
2 Lactic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

 N C3H6O3 → [-C3H4O2-]n + n
H2O (The polymerization of lactic
acid to form polylactic acid)
 Examples: Compostable
packaging, disposable cutlery, and
agricultural films
2. Green Solvents
Overview: Replacement of toxic
solvents with safer, more
sustainable alternatives.
Principles: Safer Solvents and
Auxiliaries.
Mechanism: Supercritical CO2 is
used as a solvent due to its low
toxicity and ability to dissolve
various substances.
Chemical Reactions: No specific
reactions, but the process involves
the physical dissolution of
substances in supercritical CO2.
Examples: Extraction of essential
oils, decaffeination of coffee and
tea.

3.Atom-Efficient Synthesis
Overview: Designing chemical
reactions to maximize the
incorporation of all reactants into
the final product.
Principles: Atom Economy.
Mechanism: The Diels-Alder
reaction is a prime example, where
dienes and dienophiles react to
form a cyclohexene ring without by-
products.

Chemical Reactions:
Examples could be diels alder
reaction .

4.Energy-Efficient
Processes
Overview: Reducing the energy
demand of chemical processes.
Principles: Design for Energy
Efficiency.
Mechanism: Microwave-assisted
synthesis uses microwave radiation
to heat specific molecules in the
reaction, speeding up the process.
Chemical Reactions: Various,
depending on the specific synthesis
being performed.
Examples: Rapid synthesis of
complex organic compounds,
peptide coupling reactions.

5.Pharmaceutical
Applications
Overview: Streamlining drug
production to reduce waste and
environmental impact.
Principles: Prevention, Less
Hazardous Chemical Syntheses.
Mechanism: Use of biocatalysts for
the synthesis of drugs, which allows
for cleaner reactions and fewer by-
products.
Chemical Reactions:
Enzymatic Synthesis: Specific
reactions vary, but generally
involve enzymes catalyzing the
formation of drug molecules from
simpler precursors.
Examples: Production of
cholesterol-lowering drugs like
Simvastatin using enzymatic
method

6.Renewable Feedstocks
Overview: Using renewable
resources to create chemicals and
materials.
Chemical Reaction: Production of
bioethanol from plant biomass.
Mechanism: Fermentation of
sugars derived from biomass to
ethanol.
Green Chemistry Principle: Use of
Renewable Feedstocks.
Example: Bioethanol as a
renewable fuel source.
Green Chemistry in Industry:

 Many companies have embraced green

chemistry practices to reduce their
environmental footprint and enhance
sustainability.
 Case studies highlight successful
implementations, such as the use of
 catalytic processes to minimize waste
and energy consumption in chemical
manufacturing.
 While challenges remain, such as cost
considerations and scalability,
industry leaders recognize the long-
term benefits of investing in green
chemistry

Green Chemistry and Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs):

Green chemistry aligns with the United

Nations Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) by addressing multiple
environmental and social challenges.
It contributes to goals such as clean water
and sanitation, responsible consumption
and production, and climate action.
By promoting innovation and
sustainability, green chemistry plays a
pivotal role in achieving a more equitable
and resilient future
Policy and Regulations:
 Governments and regulatory bodies
worldwide are increasingly
recognizing the importance of green
chemistry in addressing environmental
and public health concerns.
 Policies and regulations incentivize the
adoption of sustainable practices and
encourage investments in green
technology.
 Examples include the European
Union’s REACH regulation and the
United States Environmental
Protection Agency’s Safer Choice
program.