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Joins in SQL

The document discusses different types of joins in SQL including inner joins, left joins, right joins, full joins, self joins, and group by statements. It also covers the union operator, having clause, all operator, select into statement, single line comments, and check constraints.

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MusHu BaLti
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16 views

Joins in SQL

The document discusses different types of joins in SQL including inner joins, left joins, right joins, full joins, self joins, and group by statements. It also covers the union operator, having clause, all operator, select into statement, single line comments, and check constraints.

Uploaded by

MusHu BaLti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Joins in SQL:

Joins is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between them.

Different Types of SQL JOINs


Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:

(INNER) JOIN:
Returns records that have matching values in both tables

Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table1

INNER JOIN table2

ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN:
Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table

RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN:


Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table

FULL (OUTER) JOIN:


Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table
SQL Self Join
A self join is a regular join, but the table is joined with itself.

Self Join Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table1 T1, table1 T2

WHERE condition;
The SQL UNION Operator

The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.

UNION Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

UNION

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

GROUP BY Statement
The GROUP BY statement groups rows that have the same values into summary rows, like "find the
number of customers in each country".

The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG())
to group the result-set by one or more columns.
GROUP BY Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name

WHERE condition

GROUP BY column_name(s)

ORDER BY column_name(s);

The SQL HAVING Clause


The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword cannot be used with aggregate
functions.

HAVING Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name

WHERE condition

GROUP BY column_name(s)

HAVING condition

ORDER BY column_name(s);
The ALL operator:
returns a boolean value as a result

returns TRUE if ALL of the subquery values meet the condition

is used with SELECT, WHERE and HAVING statements

ALL Syntax with WHERE or HAVING


SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name

WHERE column_name operator ALL

(SELECT column_name

FROM table_name

WHERE condition);
The SQL SELECT INTO Statement
The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table into a new table.

SELECT INTO Syntax


Copy all columns into a new table:

SELECT *

INTO newtable [IN externaldb]

FROM oldtable

WHERE condition;
Single Line Comments
Single line comments start with --.

Any text between -- and the end of the line will be ignored (will not be executed)

--- Select all: ---

SELECT * FROM Customers;

SQL CHECK Constraint


The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column.

If you define a CHECK constraint on a column it will allow only certain values for this column.

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