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RES QB Unit-II

The document discusses solar energy, including measuring solar radiation, types of solar collectors, converting solar energy to heat and electricity, and applications of solar photovoltaic systems. Key topics covered include flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, photovoltaic cells, grid-connected and off-grid PV systems, factors influencing solar power extraction, and environmental impacts of solar power generation.

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Surya Venkat
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178 views

RES QB Unit-II

The document discusses solar energy, including measuring solar radiation, types of solar collectors, converting solar energy to heat and electricity, and applications of solar photovoltaic systems. Key topics covered include flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, photovoltaic cells, grid-connected and off-grid PV systems, factors influencing solar power extraction, and environmental impacts of solar power generation.

Uploaded by

Surya Venkat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OEE351 –RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

UNIT-II (SOLAR ENERGY)


Solar Radiation and its measurements, Solar Thermal Energy Conversion from plate Solar
Collectors, Concentrating Collectors and its Types, Efficiency and performance of collectors,.
Direct Solar Electricity Conversion from Photovoltaic, types of solar cells and its application of
battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
Recent Advances in PV Applications: Building Integrated PV, Grid Connected PV Systems.

PARTA
1. List the applications of solar energy.

1. Passive heating applications.


2. Solar thermal energy applications of medium temperature and high temperature.
3. Solar to electrical energy direct conversion by photo- voltaic cells (PV-cells or solar
cells) for low and medium power ratings.
4. Large solar central receiver thermal power plants in MW range.

2. Define: Beam radiation and diffuse radiation.

Beam radiation:
Solar radiation that has not been absorbed or scattered and reaches the ground directly from
the sum is called "direct radiation" (or) Beam radiation.
Diffuse radiation:
It is that solar radiation received from the sun after its direction has been changed by
reflection and scattering by the atmosphere.
3.
What are the factors considered in collecting solar radiation data?
i) Solar power calculations with reference to the movement of the sun, latitude of the
location etc.
ii) Hourly measurements of solar radiation at the locations and calculation of daily
average global radiation for the month, monthly average global radiation for the
year and yearly average global radiation for few years.
4. State the various characteristic features of a solar collect system
1. Type of solar collector: Whether Focusing or non-focusing.
2. The temperature of working fluid such as low temperature, medium temperature and
high temperature
3. Whether tracking system is used or not. If used, what type of tracking system used i.e.
Tracking type or non-tracking type, and tracking in one plane or two planes.
4. Cost of the solar collector system such as low cost or high cost.
5. Mention the problems in solar thermal central receiver systems
 A heliostat reflector assembly for a solar central receiver system is one of the most
pressing problems.
 Orientation of receiver according to the energy density of sunrays will be difficult.
6. Express the advantage of solar concentrators.
* Reduces water consumption compared to current Rankine process
* Makes smaller, more dispatchable power plants cost viable
* Reduces capital costs by increasing the efficiency of converting sunlight into energy
7. Summarize the factor influencing solar power extraction.
* Geographic location: Every location experiences a different quantity of sunshine each
year
* Time of day and season
* Weather conditions
* Shading
* Type and quality of solar panels
* Maintenance and cleaning
8. Classify the application of solar PV System.
There are three main types of solar PV systems: **grid-tied, hybrid and off-grid**. Each
type of solar panel system has their advantages and disadvantages and it really comes down
to what the customer wants to gain from their solar panel installation.
9. What are the important aspects of solar collector system?
1. Concentration ratio (CR)
2. Temperature range
3. Absorption/Reflection ratio (α/ε)
4. Collector efficiency.

10. What are the main types of concentrating collectors?


1. Parabolic through collector
2. Mirror strip reflector
3. Fresnel lens collector
4. Flat plate collector with adjustable mirrors.
11. Examine the environmental impact of solar power generation?
The emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air
pollution**. Burning fossil fuels is also the main contributor to the emission of green house
gases. Diverse water pollution problems are associated with energy usage. One problem is
oil spills.
12. State the advantages of concentrating collectors over flat- plate type collectors.
1. The reflecting surface of the concentrating collector requires less material and
structurally simpler than flat- plate collectors.
2. The absorber area of a concentrator system is smaller than a flat-plate system.
3. The area from which the heat is lost to surroundings is less than flat-plate collectors.
4. It can be used for electric power generation.
13. Define tip speed ratio (TSR).
The Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an extremely important factor in wind turbine design. TSR
refers to **the ratio between the wind speed and the speed of the tips of the wind turbine
blades**. The further away from the center, the faster the blades spin.
14. Define Pitch angle
Pitch angle (engineering), **the angle between a bevel gears' element of a pitch cone and
its axis**. Pitch angle (particle motion), the angle between a charged particle's velocity
vector and the local magnetic field. Pitch angle (kinematics), the rotation about the
transverse axis of a stiff body.
15. What is solar cell?
i. A solar cell is a device which directly converts the energy of light into electrical
energy through the process of photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and
chemical phenomenon.
ii. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical
characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to
light. Solar cells are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise
known as solar panels.
16. Express the mechanism of Yaw control?
The yaw mechanism is ****activated by the electronic controller which several times per
second checks the position of the wind vane on the turbine, whenever the turbine is
running****. Cables carry the current from the wind turbine generator down through the
tower.
17. What is the efficiency of a solar cell?

Efficiency of a solar cell = Electrical power output / Power intercepted

18. What are the applications of solar photovoltaic system?


1. Water pumping sets for micro irrigation and drinking water supply.
2. Weather monitoring.
3. Railway signaling equipment.

19. State the advantages of photovoltaic solar energy conversion

1. It does not need moving parts.


2. It is highly reliable.
3. It is a long effective life.
4. It does not create pollution.
20. Mention the problems in solar thermal central receiver systems
i. A heliostat reflector assembly for a solar central receiver system is one of the most
pressing problems.
ii. Orientation of receiver according to the energy density of sunrays will be difficult.
PART B

1. Discuss in detail about the principle of Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) conversion. 13
2. Explain in detail about the various MPPT controllers in the PV System. 13
3. Tabulate the different types of solar energy measuring instruments. 13

4. Briefly discuss any three applications of solar PV systems. 13

5. What is solar insolation? List down various parameter affecting solar insolation. 7
What are solar collectors? How the solar collectors classified? 6
PART–C

1. Summarize in detail about the construction and working principle of Solar 15


Thermal Power Plant.
2. Evaluate the series and parallel connection of Solar Photovoltaic system with 15
neat sketch.
3. Discuss about the working operation of Photovoltaic (PV) system in series and 15
parallel connections.
4. Summarize the maximum power point tracking in the Solar Photo voltaic 15
system and discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
5. Formulate the application of photovoltaic system in various field. 15

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