Transformer

Md. Sakib Hasan Khan

Transformer
What is Electrical Transformer?
• A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means
of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric
power of the same frequency in another circuit.
• It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding
decrease or increase in current
• The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two
circuits linked by a common magnetic flux
• In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which are
electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low
reluctance. The two coils possess high mutual inductance.
Symbols of Transformer
Working Principle of Transformer
Working Principle of Transformer.
If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux
is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in
which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction 𝒆 = −𝑵𝒅Φ/𝒅𝒕). If the second coil circuit is
closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely
magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil. The first coil, in which
electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is called primary winding
and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding.
In brief, a transformer is a device that :
1. transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. it does so without a change of frequency
3. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and where the two
electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
Construction
➢Consists of two coils having mutual inductance and a laminated
steel core. The two coils are insulated from each other and the steel
core.
Other necessary parts are :
➢some suitable container for assembled core and windings (Tank)
➢a suitable medium for insulating the core and its windings from its
container
➢suitable bushings (either of porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor-type) for
insulating and bringing out the terminals of windings from the tank.
Construction
Core:
In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of transformer
sheet steel laminations assembled. The steel used is of high silicon
content, sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability and a
low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy
current loss is minimised by laminating the core, the laminations being
insulated from each other by a light coat of core-plate varnish or by an
oxide layer on the surface.
Function: to provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of
air-gap included
Types depending on Core
➢Constructionally, the transformers are of two
general types, distinguished from each other
merely by the manner in which the primary and
secondary coils are placed around the laminated
core
The two types are known as
➢(i) core-type and (ii) shell type. Another recent
Core Type development is spiral-core or wound-core type, the
trade name being spiracore transformer.
➢(i) core-type: the windings surround a
considerable part of the core
➢(ii) shell type: the core surrounds a considerable
portion of the windings

Shell Type
Construction
Coil/ Winding: In the simplified diagram for the core type transformers.
the primary and secondary winding are shown located on the opposite
legs (or limbs) of the core, but in actual construction, these are always
interleaved to reduce leakage flux. half the primary and half the
secondary winding have been placed side by side or concentrically on
each limb, not primary on one limb (or leg) and the secondary on the
other.
Coil
For Core-type Transformers:
❑form-wound and are of the cylindrical type.
❑circular or oval or rectangular.
❑In small size core-type transformers, a simple rectangular core is used with
cylindrical coils which are either circular or rectangular in form. But for
large-size core-type transformers, round or circular cylindrical coils are
used which are so wound as to fit over a cruciform core section.
✓The circular cylindrical coils are used in most of the core-type transformers
because of their mechanical strength.
❑Such cylindrical coils are wound in helical layers with the different layers
insulated from each other by paper, cloth, micarta board or cooling ducts
Coil
For shell type:
❖form-wound but are multi-layer disc type usually wound in the form
of pancakes.
❖The different layers of such multi-layer discs are insulated from each
other by paper.
❖The complete winding consists of stacked discs with insulation space
between the coils–the spaces forming horizontal cooling and
insulating ducts.
Construction
Tanks: Transformers are generally housed in tightly-fitted sheet-metal ;
tanks filled with special insulating oil*. This oil has been highly developed
and its function is two-fold. By circulation, it not only keeps the coils
reasonably cool, but also provides the transformer with additional insulation
not obtainable when the transformer is left in the air
Bushing: All the transformer leads are brought out of their cases through
suitable bushings. There are many designs of these, their size and
construction depending on the voltage of the leads. For moderate voltages,
porcelain bushings are used to insulate the leads as they come out through
the tank. In general, they look almost like the insulators used on the
transmission lines. In high voltage installations, oil-filled or capacitor type
bushings are employed.
Type of cooling employed
(a) oil-filled self-cooled (b) oil-filled water-cooled (c) air-blast type
(a) oil-filled self-cooled:
➢Small and medium size distribution transformers–so called because of their use on
distribution .
➢windings and cores of such transformers are mounted in a welded, oil-tight steel tank
provided with steel cover.
➢After putting the core at its proper place, the tank is filled with purified, high quality
insulating oil.
➢ The oil serves to convey the heat from the core and the windings to the case from where
it is radiated out to the surroundings.
➢ For small size, the tanks are usually smooth-surfaced, but for larger sizes, the cases are
frequently corrugated or fluted to get greater heat radiation area without increasing the
cubical capacity of the tank. Still larger sizes are provided with radiators or pipes.
Type of cooling employed
(b) oil-filled water-cooled:
➢Construction of very large self-cooled transformers is expensive, a more
economical form of construction for such large transformers is provided in
the oil-immersed, water-cooled type.
➢As before, the windings and the core are immersed in the oil, but there is
mounted near the surface of oil, a cooling coil through which cold water is
kept circulating.
➢The heat is carried away by this water.
➢The largest transformers such as those used with high-voltage transmission
lines, are constructed in this manner.
➢ Oil-filled transformers are built for outdoor duty and as these require no
housing other than their own, a great saving is thereby effected. These
transformers require only periodic inspection.
Type of cooling employed
(c) air-blast type:
➢For voltages below 25,000 V, transformers can be built for cooling by
means of an air-blast.
➢The transformer is not immersed in oil, but is housed in a thin sheet-
metal box open at both ends through which air is blown from the
bottom to the top by means of a fan or blower.
E.M.F equation of a Transformer
Cont…
Assignment: 32.1 to 32.8
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer:
Resistance
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer: Reactance