PRACTICAL JOURNAL OF

Linux Programming

BTECH: Third-Year

Name of Student :
SHREYAS SONI

Branch & Section : CSE-4

Roll Number : 0827CS191224

Year : III

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

AITR, Indore,
S. No. List of Page Dat Remar
Experiments No. e ks
FILE COMMANDS 3-5
I
DIRECTORY COMMANDS 6-7
II
8
II INPUT OUT PUT REDIRECTION AND PIPE
I
9
IV GREP COMMAND
10
V CHMOD COMMAND
WILD CARDS 10
VI
11-12
VI PROCESS COMMANDS
I
SHELL SCRIPT TO PRINT SUM OF TWO NUMBERS 13
VI
II
SHELL SCRIPT TO PRINT GREATEST AMONG 13
IX
TWO NUMBERS
SHELL SCRIPT TO COPY FILE FROM SOURCE TO 13
X
DESTINATION
 EXPERIMENT 1

OBJECTIVE
To study file commands:
• Touch
• Cat
• Mv
• Rm
• Head
• Tail
• Wc
• Sort
• Cp
• Cmp
• Unique
• Nl
• Tr
• Cut
• Paste
• Unname

DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

Touch command:
Use: To create multiple blank files
Syntax: touch <filename>
Example:
touch a1 a2 a3

Cat Command:
Use: To read content of a file
Syntax: cat <filename>
Example: cat a1

Cat Command:
Use: Display the content of multiple files at once using cat command.
Syntax: cat <filename1>; cat<filename2>; cat<filename3>
Example: cat test1; cat test2; cat test3

Cat Command:
Use: This command is used to concatenate two files
Syntax: cat <filename1>, <filename2>><filename3>
Example: cat file1 file2 >file3
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Cat-n Command:
Use: To display line numbers of a file.
Syntax: cat -n<filename>
Example: cat-n test1

Cat-e Command:
Use: To read content of a file
Syntax: cat -e<filename>
Example: cat –e test1

Rm command
Use: This command is used to remove file.
Syntax: rm file_to_remove
Example: rm test1

Head command
Use: To display the file content up to specific line number from starting.
Syntax: head –number filename
Example: head -6 abc.txt

Tail command
Use: To display the content of file of last specific lines.
Syntax: tail -number filename
Example: tail -5 abc.txt

Wc command
Use: To show file content in the form of Lines, Word and Character.
Syntax: wc <filename>
Example: wc file1

Sort command
Use: This command is used to sort the content of file..
Syntax: sort <filename>
Example: sort file1

Cmp command
Use: This command is used to compare two files.
Syntax: cmp filename1 filename2
Example: cmp abc.txt xyz.txt

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Unique command
Use: This command used to print the same name only once.
Syntax: uniq filename
Example: uniq test.txt

Nl command
Use: This command is used to number the lines. It is used to print the line number of the
content.
Syntax: nl filename
Example: nl test.txt

Tr command
Use: This command is used for translating character. This command is used to replace the character with
other character..
Syntax: tr exp1 exp2 < filename
Example: tr ‘.’ ‘/’ <file1 (change 07.09.20 to 07/09/20)

Cut Command
Use: to remove sections from each line of file.
Syntax: cut -c1 -4 filename
Example:
Cut -c1-4 a1

Paste Command
Use: to joint content of two files (vertically)
Syntax: paste filename1 filename2
Example:
Paste a1 a2

Uname Command
Use: to determine the processor architecture, the system hostname and the version of kernel running on
the system.
Syntax: uname
Example:
uname

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 EXPERIMENT 2
OBJECTIVE
To study directory commands:
● Mkdir

● Rmdir

● Rm

● Mv

● Cp

● Ls

● Cd

● Pwd

● History

Mkdir command
Use: mkdir command is used to create a directory.
Syntax: mkdir directory name
Example: mkdir dir1

Rmdir command
Use: rmdir allows you to remove or delete directories but not their contents.
Syntax: rmdir [options] directories
Example: rmdir dir1

Rm command
Use: rm allows you to remove files or directories.
Syntax: rm files
Example: rm abc.txt

Mv command
Use: This command is used to move one or more files or directories from one place to another.
Syntax: mv file_to_move destination_place
Example: mv test1 html

Cp command
Use: This command is used to copy the content of one file or directory to another.
Syntax: cp file_to_copy new_file_name
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Example: cp abc.txt xyz.txt

Ls command
Use: This command is used to list the directories.
Syntax: ls
Example: ls

Cd command
Use: This command is the key command to move around your file structure.
Syntax: cd [name of directory you want to move to]
Example: cd abc

Pwd command
Use: The pwd command in Linux translates to "Print Working Directory" and is used to display the path
of the current working directory inside the terminal.
Syntax: pwd
Example: pwd

History Command
Use: to view history of all the commands previously executed
Syntax: history
Example:
history

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 EXPERIMENT 3

OBJECTIVE
To study Input Output Redirection and Pipes
• Input redirection(<)
• Output Redirection(> and >>)
• Pipe command

DESCRIPTION/PROCEDURE
As we have seen, many commands such as ls print their output on the display. By using some special
notations we can redirect the output of many commands to files, devices, and even to the input of other
commands.

Input Redirection:
Use: The ‘<’symbol is used for input redirection
Syntax: command < filename
Example: sort<test1.txt

Output Redirection:
Use: The ‘>’symbol is used for output redirection
Syntax: command > filename
Example: ls -al > test1
If we do not want a file to be overwritten but want append content to an existing file, then we can
use ‘>>’operator
Syntax: command >> filename
Example: ls >> test1

Pipe Command:
Use: The | command is called a pipe. It is used to pipe, or transfer, the standard output from the command
on its left into the standard input of the command on its right.
Syntax: command_1|command_2
Example: cat file1.txt|sort

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 EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECTIVE
To study GREP commands:
• Pattern
• -c
• word
• -i
• -n
• -v

DESCRIPTION/PROCEDURE
The grep (Globally Search For a regular expression & print) command searches a file or file
For lines that match a provided regular expression

Pattern Command
Use: To search the word in a file.
Syntax: grep pattern filename
Example:
grep hi test

-c Command
Use: to count the same string and print the number.
Syntax: grep -c ‘string’ filename
Example:
Grep -c ‘hello’ test

word Command
Use: to not print the file in which the word specified by user is not present.
Syntax: grep word filename1 filename2 filename3
Example:
grep hello test1 test2 test3

-i Command
Use: to ignore the case sensitive words & show the content.
Syntax: grep -i word filename
Example:
grep-i hello test

word Command
Use: to show the line number of file content.
Syntax: grep -n word filename
Example:
grep -n hello test

-v Command
Use: to ignore the content which users have searched.
Syntax: grep-v word filename
Example:

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grep -v hello test

10
 EXPERIMENT 5
OBJECTIVE
To study CHMOD COMMAND

DESCRIPTION/PROCEDURE

Use: CHMOD (Change mode) to change the access mode of a file.

Syntax: chmod [reference][operator][mode] file...
Example: chmod u=r assgn1_client.c

EXPERIMENT 6
OBJECTIVE
To study Wild Cards:
• Star or asterisk(*)
• Question Mark (?)
• Square brackets([])

DESCRIPTION/PROCEDURE
Wildcard characters are used to define the pattern for searching or matching text on string data
in the bash shell. Another common use of wildcard characters is to create regular expressions

Asterisk (*)
Use: Used with shell commands for searching files
Syntax: command *
Example: ls t*(command will search and print all filenames of the current directory that starts with the
character‘t’.)

Question Mark (?)

Use: Used when we want to search the exact number of characters.
Syntax: command ?
Example: ls ???t.txt (will search those files which are four characters long, the last character is ‘t’ and the
extension of the file is ‘.txt’.)

Square brackets ([])

Use: Different ranges of characters or group of characters can be used within square brackets ([]) for
searching files based on the range.
Syntax: command []
Example: ls [a-s0-9]*.* (will search any file whose name contains any character within ‘a-s’ and any digit
within ‘0-9’ and the file extension can be any character.)

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 EXPERIMENT 7

OBJECTIVE
To study Process commands:
• bg
• fg
• top
• ps
• Kill PID
• Nice
• Renice
• Df
• Free

DESCRIPTION/PROCEDURE

bg Command
Use: to place foreground jobs in background.
Syntax: bg [job_spec ...]
Example:
bg %1

fg Command
Use: bring a background process to the foreground.
Syntax: fg jobID
Example:
fg %4

top Command
Use: to show the linux processes.
Syntax: top [Options]
Example:
top -s (use to top in secure mode)

ps Command
Use: to list the currently running processes and their PIDs along with some other information depends on
different options.
Syntax: ps [Options]
Example:
ps -d (To view all the processes except session leaders)

Kill Command
Use: Kills a process
Syntax: kill
Example:
kill -l

nice Command

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Use: starts a process with a given priority
Syntax: nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]
Example:
nice -n13 pico myfile.txt

renice Command
Use: changes priority of an already running process.
Syntax: renice priority [ [-p] pid ... ] [ [-g] pgrp ... ] [ [-u] user ... ]
Example
renice +1 987 -u daemon root -p 32

df Command
Use: gives free hard disk space on your system.
Syntax: df
Example:
df

free Command
Use: gives free RAM on your system.
Syntax: free [ OPTION ]
Example:
free

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 EXPERIMENT 8
OBJECTIVE:
SHELL SCRIPT TO PRINT SUM OF TWO NUMBERS

a=10
b=20
sum=$(( $a + $b ))
echo "Sum is: $sum"
EXPERIMENT 9
OBJECTIVE:
SHELL SCRIPT TO PRINT GREATEST AMONG TWO NUMBERS

echo "Enter Num1"

read num1
echo "Enter Num2"
read num2

if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ]

then
echo $num1
else
echo $num2
EXPERIMENT 10
OBJECTIVE:
SHELL SCRIPT TO COPY FILE FROM SOURCE TO DESTINATION

srcpath=$1
dstpath=$2
if [ ! -d "$srcpath" ]; then
echo "Source path: $srcpath doesn't exist"
exit 1
fi
mkdir -p "$dstpath"
cp -r "$srcpath/*""$dstpath"

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