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An energy consumption minimization approach in wireless sensor networks

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DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v22i3.pp1485-1494

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Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 22, No. 3, June 2021, pp. 1485∼1494
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v22i3.pp1485-1494 r 1485

An energy consumption minimization approach in wireless

sensor networks
Muhsin J. Al-Amery, Mohammed H. Ghadban
Department of Electronics Techniques, Southern Technical University, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: There is no doubt that the most challenging aspect in the wireless sensor networks
(WSN) is the lifetime, due to limitations in their energy. WSN depends on a specific
Received Oct 20, 2020
group of sensor nodes to gather the data from other nodes and forward it to the base
Revised Mar 11, 2021 station (BS). These nodes are called cluster heads. Having reliable cluster head’s (CH)
Accepted Mar 22, 2021 means longer life to the network. In this paper, a versatile calculation has been ac-
quainted and analyzed for selecting the CH that maintains the least vitality utilization
Keywords: in the network with appropriate life time during every correspondence round. The
altered methodology depends on the improved calendar of the time division multi-
Cluster head ple access (TDMA) plans. This methodology is created to decide the next CH based
Energy consumption on lifetime, expended vitality, number of CH’s, and the frequent contact to the BS.
LEACH A comparative analysis is introduced, the proposed algorithm assistant cluster heads
TDMA (ACHS) shows energizing outcomes in vitality utilization in WSNs just as expanding
WSN the general system dependability with reasonable viability and productivity in terms
of lifetime. The ACHS strategy shows a decrease in the WSN vitality utilization up to
about 25% and shows an expansion in the system life time by 30% than the upgraded
timetable of time TDMA plan approach.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Muhsin J. Al-Amery
Department of Electronics Techniques
Southern Technical University, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Remote sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of sensor gadgets that have the capacity
of communicating with power sparing confinements. These remote sensors are executed in a functional world
application to detect different natural and physical impacts. The gathered information from specific conditions
is sent legitimately to the base station (BS), because of the constraint in sensor hubs, such a system needs to
undertake accepting information from a specific arrangement of sensor hubs. These sensors (usually referred
to as nodes) distributed in wide area space with at least one BS, in a wireless sensor network (WSN). However,
it suffers from comprehensive constraints such as limited memory, low computational ability, not rechargeable
battery, bad security and global addressing for all sensor nodes. The energy efficiency of the network is a
critical problem of sensor nodes that have been programmed to run effectively for a long period of time. In
addition, the energy consumption must be found depending on the application requirements [1].
Each sensor consists of four main parts (transmission, processing, sensing and energy or power) and
controls physical area with specific range, gather the information and then send it to the BS. Power is a sig-
nificant part that affects the lifetime of the network. Such a sensitive condition needs to design a procedure or

Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com

1486 r ISSN: 2502-4752

protocol that preserves energy and prolongs the life of the node and therefore the network.
In WSN, the procedures of gathering information from all sensors and guiding them to BS are known
as information mix or information total [2]. This procedure is improved to be utilized in a great deal of useful
applications. These applications may incorporate military applications, endurance observing, traffic control,
smart structures and other remote applications [3–6]. Figure 1 shows an outline of the WSNs.

Figure 1. WSNs block diagram illustrations

Wireless sensor networks have been used as an alternate approach in fields of liveliness, such a strat-
egy and digital cautious processing would lead to a low cost system. These sensors are concerned networks,
e.g. MAC protocols may amass the deed ligament of other components. EDA get ahead is used to anatomize
WSNs following on conduct and scan their components. In this paper an intelligent application, antenna nodes
beyond this state can be considered as storage gift, processing aptitude, and announcement of bandwidth. Con-
ducting and suggestion nodes are in any case sparkling in a competitive or abstract atmosphere, it is exhausting
to breathe new life into their batteries [7]. Separate applications of WSNs may have such soldierly performance
in healthcare, review, objective cover hiding and environmental management. Reducing the performance con-
sumptions has turned an ensign limit command in variant WSNs applications [8]. The sensor node is evermore
operating in pairs of match up states. Past research downtrodden turn combat draining of WSN sensors bed ba-
sically be gained by scheduling the events of nodes in pompous masses WSNs [9]. A predisposed to direction
hasten is by the world the sensor nodes go to rest and wakeup style alone straightaway it is resolved [10]. In
whistles to energy conservation, the sensing participates, routing protocols and the assignment techniques were
further presented as notable consequential issues for the WSNs [11–14].
The significant job in deciding the system lifetime is what is classified as ”steering” which is consid-
ered as a critical and cost strategic WSNs [15]. [16] discussed numerous kinds of geographies, systems, and
conventions with their commitment on the vitality cost. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)
[17] is a grouped directing calculation, where the bunch heads (CH) are in charge of sending and handing-off
information just as controlling the bunches. In spite of the fact that LEACH strategy is a viable convention for
accomplishing the lifetime, versatility, and data security of the drawn out system, LEACH isn’t a reasonable
convention for ideal directing. Another procedure is the directed diffusion strategy (DDT) which represents
an information driven, restricted fix, multipath sources conveyance, inquiries and sinks [18]. Moreover, this
strategy has the capacity of accomplishing the ideal directing. As a matter of fact, a few advances are accessible
for vitality extraction from the genuine condition, for example, sunlight based, warm, dynamic, and vibration
vitality. [19] clarified the advantages of the vitality sparing frameworks as the capacity for exhaustion reviving,
just as vitality utilization checking, which might be important to arrange the board calculations. Here are some
numerous significant angles despite everything revealed:
- No broad methodology is accessible for deciding and upgrading the vitality devouring of WSNs.
- Current strategies have concentrated on one perspective, while causing high vitality utilization on the
other hand.
- The notable existing methodologies have missed the quantitative proportions of the vitality utilization
for the whole system.
- Most of the current methodologies are constrained and appropriate just for explicit sensor systems with
indicated properties
The contribution of this paper is developing an approach, namely ACHS, that expands the network

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lifetime by 30% in terms of stability, energy consumption and distance. The proposed system has the capacity
of coinciding the received information and increasing transmitted information likenesses, which is a significant
sign in general dynamic form. Furthermore, the capacity of BS dealing with this information locally fits for
transmitting this information to different systems which are situated in a distant remote area.

2. RESEARCH METHOD
In remote sensor systems (WSNs), hub assignment can be considered as a basic issue which influences
the system tasks, for example, steering, security, and vitality. The deciding of the lifetime of the WSN relies
upon the hub assignment technique. Quicker vitality devouring will come with sensor hubs that are situated
close to the sink (one jump away from BS) than different hubs. This is because of the retransmitting accepting
procedure of the information bundles from and to different hubs. This vitality issue will influence the entire
system activity. Consequently, to evade this issue, 2D Elliptical Gaussian dispersion work has been utilized to
characterize the area of sensor hubs and the base station. Gaussian dissemination is giving a system lifetime
vitality adjusting and upgrading because of the highlighted impact of the standard deviation factor on both
vitality and system lifetime. Consequently, considering a WSN with N sensor hubs and one base station are
haphazardly conveyed in M ∗ M m2 zone. The Gaussian circulation is given by [20]:

1 (a − a0 )2 (b − b0 )2
f (a, b) = exp − ( + ) (1)
2πσa σb 2σa2 2σb2

Where, (a0 , b0 ): Denotes the position location of each node. a and b, are the standard deviations for
locations a and b dimensions, respectively. The sensor nodes are designated to place on their positions. Each
sensor node is defined with an ID and can determine its location and its required energy. Each sensor node has
continuously senses the located area. It can directly communicate to the BS when the signal is strong enough
to cover the distance between them. All sensor nodes have the same amount of initial energy. The node will be
retired when the energy of its battery is consumed, since the node batteries are not rechargeable.
2.1. Cluster heads number
By considering a WSN with N sensor nodes collected and grouped in clusters inside the network,
there will be N/C average numbers of nodes per cluster. The energy consumption of the cluster head node in a
single frame is given in (2):
KEelec N N
ECH = + KEDA + Kεm d4toBS (2)
C C
where, Eelec : is the electronic energy required for filtering, digital coding modulation, and for signal spreading.
EDA : is the assembling energy consumed. dtoBS : is the base station to the cluster head nodes average distance.
In order to transmitting the data packet to the cluster head, the energy consumption in the non-cluster head
nodes is given in (3):
Enon−CH = KEelec + Kf d2toCH (3)
where:
Ecluster = ECH + EnonC HN C (4)
2
M
d2toCH = (5)
2πC
dtoCH is the average distance between the non-cluster head nodes and the cluster head nodes. Then, the network
M2 M
radius is R and the area of each cluster can be calculated by: and is the clusters radius.
C C − 0.5
Now, the total dissipated energy by a cluster in a single frame is given by:

Etotal = CEcluster (6)

also, the optimum number of cluster heads can be resulted by mathematically differentiating Etotal with respect
to C and equating to zero:

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p
N ∗ εf 1 M
koptimal = (7)
2π εm d2toBS

where ..εf is the constant of the free space model and εm is the constant of the multipath fading model.
2.2. LEACH approach practical limitations
The LEACH convention disadvantages and constraints can be summed up into three fundamental
issues. The main issue worries with the off base choice of the bunch head [21, 22]. The subsequent issue
manages the arbitrary dispersion of sensor hubs inside each group. So that, the vitality utilization of the sensor
hubs in littler groups is more than those of a bigger bunch. This is because of the way that hubs in littler
bunches send the greater part of the information stream than others [23]. The third issue has emerged inside
the consistent state mode, where all sensor hubs inside each bunch are constantly imparting signs. Sending
has been performed and proceeded regardless of whether there is refreshing of the detected information. These
three issues are liable for the wasteful dropping of the vitality utilization. This dropping is the explanation of
the decrease of the system lifetime.
2.3. Adjustment of cluster head determination
The bunch heads are gatherings of the sensor hubs that have been chosen among all sensor hubs in
WSN. In this way, the proposed ACHS calculation covers significant components that are dismissed by the
other LEACH conventions [24, 25]. These components think about the leftover vitality of every sensor hub,
the quantity of sensor hub chosen as a CH, the separation between CH hubs with the base station, the quantity
of neighbor hubs, and the normal vitality of sensor hubs in the current round. Sensor hubs are considered as
neighbors of a sensor hub if these hubs are in the range of an area of that hub. Sensor hub with a greater number
of neighbors than different has a higher opportunity to be chosen as a CH hub [26]. The sweep of the area is
given in (8): r
M2
Rneighborhood = (8)
π∗C
the average distance between sensor nodes and their elected cluster heads is calculated in (8). The average
distance between cluster head nodes and the sink base station is calculated in (9):
dtoBS = 0.755 ∗ M 2 (9)
the remaining energy level in each sensor node is another factor that can increase the network lifetime. This
factor is considered as the current energy level of a sensor node and will be calculated by dividing Ere /Ein .
Where: Ere : is the current round residual sensor node energy. Ein : is the energy of the initial sensor node.
The proposed algorithm shows that this cluster head selection modification will enhance the lifetime of
the WSN. This alteration of CH hub determination can be progressively improved by considering a factor called
Eavg , which characterized as the current round normal vitality of all sensor hubs. By presenting this factor,
the bunch head edge will be expanded for any hub so as to guarantee that information will be transmitted to
the BS all through sensor hubs activity. In this manner, by choosing a sensor hub to be a bunch head it will
be cost ineffectual if it’s situated far away from the base station. The separation factor is achieved by isolating
dtoBS is the distance between sensor nodes to the network base station. These confederations in the new
ACHS calculation ensures that sensor hubs with higher vitality esteems will have progressively opportunity to
be chosen as a bunch head in the current round. Additionally, it guarantees that the information is sent to the
base station as long as sensor hubs are alive.
2.4. ACHS schedules illustration
The proposed methodology acquaints two procedures to address the previously mentioned issues of
the LEACH convention. The new proposed strategies mean to diminish the measure of the force devoured
in the spread sensor hubs. The determination technique for the group heads has improved relying upon the
edge Tt h picking methodology to choose the best possible CH hubs. Every sensor hub will send its refreshed
detected information to its sending space as it were. Moreover, the adjusted new calendar has improved the
transmission geography by taking care of the issue of managing the irregular circulation of sensor hubs which
cause the unbalancing in the vitality culmination among bunches. Figure 2 illustrates the ACHS diagram. The
calculation is outlined in the proposed new methodology with four stages:

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- Stage 1. Each group head processes the quantity of sensor hubs identified with its bunch dependent on
the quantity of accepting solicitations.
- Stage 2. Each group head will communicate something specific incorporating the quantity of its own
hubs involved by the whole bunch heads in the WSN. At this end, each group head characterizes the
limit of the biggest bunch.
- Stage 3. The limit of the biggest bunch will be picked to be the actualized span of the division multiple
access (TDMA) plan for all groups during consistent state mode.
- Stage 4. In consistent state mode every sensor hub inside each bunch gets an opportunity to transmit
information depending on ACHS. So that all hubs will send a similar measure of information to their
bunch heads. In this way, all hubs will expend a similar measure of vitality. Groups that contain a less
number of hubs in the wake of sending their information during the current consistent state mode, will
be changed into the rest state for the rest of the hour of consistent state mode. Hubs go into an inactive
listening mode and will be maintained a strategic distance from since they influence the hub’s vitality
esteem. The ACHS model appeared in Figure 2 for the consistent state mode.

Figure 2. Block diagram of the flow of the proposed ACHS algorithm

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Various bunch heads are so far influencing the WSNs vitality productivity. By expanding the quantity
of group heads, the energies of these bunch head hubs are intensely devoured because of the huge quantities of
the amassing forms happening in the WSN. Then again, as the quantity of group head hubs are decreased, the
energies are likewise intensely devoured because of the huge measure of information collected by each bunch
head hub and the more extended time span. Since each bunch head needs to speak with BS so as to send the
mass collected information, and in this manner, these CHs will be defused before. Thus, in dissenter adjusts,
the solidness of the CH numbers is important to get corralled vitality utilization.
The distinction between the new proposed approach and LEACH convention can be clarified in the
accompanying model, The results obtained using Matlab 2017b simulation. Considering 20 hubs which are
shaping 4 bunches for one round. Every hub has a solitary one of a kind ID numbered from 1 to 20. Expecting
every sensor hub takes (xms) timeframe to send the necessary detected information to the chosen group head.
In Table 1, for group (A), every hub beginning from hub 2 up to hub 18 will take (xms) so as to
send its predetermined detected information. This implies every sensor hub will send information just 1 time
during consistent state mode to its CH for this round. On the other hand, group (D) will contain just two sensor
hubs. These hubs are determined and meant as hub 13 and hub 15. Every one of these hubs will have a time
of 4-times to send the detected information during the consistent state method of current round. This implies,
every sensor hub gets an opportunity to send information to their CH multiple times during the consistent state
mode for this round. Along these lines, the vitality utilization of sensor hubs 13 and 15 is more than hubs in

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the group (A). In any case, contingent upon the new proposed approach, each bunch head sends the changed
TDMA timetables to their hubs. Henceforth, every sensor hub realizes its predetermined schedule opening to
send information to its CH. Also, every sensor hub indicates its turning off radio sign and will go to the rest
mode.

Table 1. TDMA in LEACH for steady state mode

# clusters Number of Nodes Positions Notes
A 2 14 12 4 10 7 16 9 2 Biggest Cluster (9) nodes
B 3 11 8 6 3 11 8 6 3 2nd Cluster (4) nodes & repeated
C 19 5 10 19 5 10 19 5 10 3rd Cluster (3) nodes & repeated
D 13 15 13 15 13 15 13 15 13 Smallest Cluster (2) nodes & repeated

The new adjusted timetable is shown as appeared in Table 2. During the consistent state mode, and
for group (A), hub 1 sends information one time just as the case in bunch (D) where hub 15 likewise sends
information one time. No sensor hub will send a larger number of information than different hubs in the entire
system. This improvement will guarantee the necessary system balance that will beat the arbitrariness of sensor
hubs in the group. Besides, it will spare vitality of every sensor hub from awful utilization.

Table 2. Modified enhanced TDMA in LEACH for steady state mode

# clusters Number of Nodes Positions Notes
A 2 14 12 4 10 7 16 9 2 Biggest Cluster (9) nodes
B 3 11 8 6 sleeping time 2nd Cluster (4) nodes only
C 19 5 10 sleeping time 3rd Cluster (3) nodes only
D 13 15 13 15 sleeping time Smallest Cluster

The activity of the new ACHS calculation is likewise shown in Table 3. In this new methodology we
can see that the latter groups will replace the bigger bunches in the transmission round of information parcels.
The ACHS calculation will work on finding the best access way accessible for the information sending by
embedding the time required for the latter groups inside that of the biggest one of every strategy that keeps
up less vitality utilization with all the more improving in arrange life time. Clearly group (C) and (D) are not
utilized in the new ACHS calculation and their hubs transmitting messages during the scope of bunches (An)
and (B). That is, hubs 19, 5, and 10 from bunch (C) will transmit inside group (B) and take the spots of the
resting schedule openings. Additionally, hubs 13, and 15 from group (D) will likewise transmit inside bunch
(B) and take the spots of the staying dozing time allotments of the group. Vitality utilization will appear about
25% vitality sparing and 30% life than the time altered upgraded TDMA plan.

Table 3. ACHS algorithm for steady state mode

# clusters Number of Nodes Positions Notes
A 2 14 12 4 10 7 16 9 2 Biggest Cluster (9) nodes
B 3 11 8 6 19 5 10 13 15 2nd Cluster (4) nodes, (3) nodes from 3rd Cluster
& (2) nodes from 4th Cluster
C Off time Cluster (C) cancelled
D Off time Cluster (D) cancelled

The new proposed approach is reenacted and tried utilizing MatLab17b Simulation Program. The
WSN is reenacted and structured by 100 sensor hubs which are assigned in (200∗200m2 ) square region. These
sensors just as the base station area are executed utilizing arbitrarily conveyed utilizing 2D Elliptical Gaussian
dispersion work. The underlying vitality of every sensor hub has been chosen to be 2J. The reproduction
of the new proposed approach has been tried at a normal of 30 round occasions. The correlation among the
proposed reenactment and the deliberate outcomes has been cultivated and recorded for different conventions
dependent on the four execution guidelines which including, group heads number, arrange lifetime, bundles
got number, and complete vitality dissemination. The reproduction boundaries of the new proposed convention
are appeared in Table 4.
Figure 3 shows the quantity of the bunch heads in each round as contrasted and the LEACH, LEACH-
MAC, enhanced modified LEACH, and the new ACHS conventions. The recreation tests show that the ideal

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number of group heads is around 5 which is found to finish the best outcomes than different numbers. Accord-
ingly, the improvement accomplished with the Modified group head determination calculation will expand the
quantity of the system adjustments. Table 5 shows a correlation between different conventions for three rounds.

Table 4. Cluster head counts in three round times

Protocol Types Protocols Rounds
R5 R15 R25
ALEACH 4 4 7
LEACH-MAC 3 4 6
Modified LEACH 3 5 5
New ACHS 2 3 4

Figure 3. CHs number of versus number of WSN rounds

The lifetime of a remote system is known as the most extreme measure of time span between the first
node death (FND) and the last node death (LND). The timeframe steadiness of the system is a basic factor
all together not to lose the bundle information for a solitary sensor node. Figure 4 shows the lifetime chart
for LEACH, LEACH-MAC, improved LEACH and the proposed new ACHS approaches. It is seen that in
proposed ACHS, the FND improvement to be in cycle 16 when contrasted with LEACH in cycle 5 against
others in cycle 11, while in LEACH and LEACH-MAC the two methodologies are in cycle 14. In cycle 16,
LEACH lost 13 sensor hubs contrasted and LEACH 3 hubs. Hence, there is an astounding improvement in the
time span dependability, which is essential for specific applications. This is a customary outcome because of
change in group head limit and vitality adjusting among sensor hubs in consistent state mode. Table 5 outlines
the examination between all conventions in various rounds 15, 25 and 30.

Figure 4. Network dead nodes based on number of rounds

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Table 5. CHs counts in three WSN rounds

Protocol Types Protocols Rounds
R15 R25 R30
ALEACH 12 34 60
LEACH-MAC 2 15 50
Modified LEACH 1 15 45
New ACHS 0 13 43

In the new proposed approach, the quantity of information parcels at the base station is considerably
more than the quantity of bundles by every one of the other notable methodologies. The quantity of information
parcels is speculated and roughly evaluated by the measure of vitality utilization, by different words, the vitality
utilization security is legitimately relative to the quantity of information bundles at the base station. This
improvement is come about in light of the CH choice strategy, which ensures the bunch heads age balance
among all groups. This parity is fundamental for strength in CH choice which results in moderate vitality
dissemination. Another reason for this improvement is utilizing the changed TDMA approach. The consistency
of vitality utilization is straightforwardly relative with the quantity of parcels got at the BS.
The examinations performed among the different methodologies relied upon the vitality utilization
in both bunch head sensor hubs and group part sensor hubs. For them two, the recreation is running on the
quantity of hubs equivalent 100, 200 and 300. As appeared in Figure 5, the new ACHS approach accomplishes
the base vitality utilization contrasted and all other known methodologies. Furthermore, the upgrades of vitality
utilization are worthy for both group head sensors and bunch individuals sensors. This upgrade is gotten
because of the switch off and rest mode assignment to every sensor hub after transmission just as to appropriate
CH choice and speculation of the information from less hubs groups inside the greater bunch arrangement.
Table 6, exhibits the vitality utilization with the alive hub number for both Enhanced LEACH and the new
ACHS conventions for variable sensor hub numbers.

Figure 5. Energy consumption versus number of nodes

Table 6. CHs counts in three WSN rounds

Node numbers Algorithm type Average Energy Consumption (J) in both CHs and Non-C Alive node numbers
Enhanced LEACH 0.0011 15
-2*N = 100 New ACHS 0.0008 12
Enhanced LEACH 0.0012 30
-2*N = 200 New ACHS 0.001 25
Enhanced LEACH 0.0015 50
-2*N = 300 New ACHS 0.0012 45

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the directing methodology in the LEACH convention for WSN has been introduced. The
new proposed approach works contingent upon three procedures. The first means to choose the reasonable and

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legitimate group head hub for each bunch at each round. The subsequent way has acquainted with forestall and
maintains a strategic distance from the procedure of some sensor hubs, which send a larger number of infor-
mation parcels than different hubs in the whole system. This issue has been understood by rescheduling the
TDMA convention for every sensor hub with its group head to adjust all hubs so as to send a similar measure
of information around. The third procedure is to contribute the dynamic by hailing the information of the less
hubs bunch with the time succession of the greater group in the equivalent round time. By following these
systems of the three proposed techniques, the vitality utilization of the remote sensor hubs will improve. Along
these lines, the lifetime of the remote system has broadened, contrasted and the upgraded LEACH convention.
The execution aftereffects of the proposed approach have affirmed and confirmed utilizing MATLAB 2017b
recreation program. Through the usage, the new proposed approach has been contrasted and LEACH and dif-
ferent conventions as far as system lifetime, group heads, vitality utilization and number of bundles information
moved to BS which produce better outcomes than others. As a future work, we will attempt to look at the new
proposed way to deal with the heterogeneous systems. This exploration plans to diminish the system’s vitality
utilization. The information protection and security of the WSN have not been talked about here, however this
examination can be improved to consider the security issues. As a recommendation for the future work, a point
by point exploration can be applied with this new way to deal with being actualized in reality.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Muhsin Al-Amery is the head of Electrical and Computer department at the Amara Technical In-
stitute. He obtained his PhD from South Bank University, UK 2005. His researches are in fields of
electronics, wireless sensors, IoT, telecommunication and wireless applications.

Mohammed Ghadban Mohammed Ghadban is a graduate research assistant at electronics and

telecommunication engineering department with BSc Eng. Degree from university of Basrah (1995).
He obtained a deploma degree in electronics from Amara Institute of Technology (1988). His re-
search are in field of electronics and computer science .

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 22, No. 3, June 2021 : 1485 – 1494

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