A MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

DETAILED STUDY OF GAS TURBINE & ITS MAINTAINANCE

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of diploma in
Engineering

SUBMITED BY,

Prajwal Anil Mhatre (2111450118)

Kshitij Datta Bhoi(2111450124)
Shubham Digambar Patil(2211450221)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Amol Gavit

SUBMITED TO
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
&
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BHARTIYA EDUCATION/SOCIAL CHARITABLE TRUSTS SHETH SHREE OTARMAL
SHESHMAL PARMAR COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA ENGINEERING
AT/POST: - NAGOTAHNE (VELSHET)-402106, TAL:-ROHA, DIST:-RAIGAD
ACDMEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project on DETALIED STUDY OF GAS

TURBINES & MENTANCE submitted by Prajwal Mhatre, Kshitij Bhoi,
Shubham Patil to the S.S.O.S.P.College of Diploma Engineering, Nagothane,
(Third year department of mechanical engineering for the year(2023-24) in
partial fulfillment for the Diploma in Engineering, is his own work carried
out under my guidance and is worthy of examination.

I further certify that this work has not been submitted to any other college for
the purpose of diploma.

Date:

Place: NAGOTHANE

Mr. Amol Gavit Prof. Vishal Patil Prof. …………….

(Project Guide) (H.O.D) (Principal)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express my deepest and most sincere gratitude to my Guide Mr.

Amol Gavit for his exemplary guidance, encouragement and support
throughout the study. The confidence reposed by he has helped me to
develop positive orientation towards project. It has been the most
rewarding experience to undertake this project under his.

We further wish to express my sincere thanks to all faculty members,

support staff of S.S.O.S.P College of Diploma Engineering. Velshet,
Nagothane –Roha and all my colleagues for providing moral support
throughout the project work.

We would like to express thanks to concerned authority of central library

of the college for providing us with the various literature materials required
for our project work.

Finally, before ending, we would like to express our true gratitude to all
those involved directly or indirectly in our project.

Your’s Sincerely,

PRAJWAL ANIL MHATRE

KSHITIJ DATTA BHOI

SHUBHAM DIGAMBAR PATIL

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 PREFACE

We the student of Third Year Mechanical Engg. (S.S.O.S.P. COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA

ENGG.) have a great pleasure in presenting our report on our project on DETAILED STUDY
OF GAS TURBINE & ITS MAINTAINANCE
Consistent with the level of presentation every effort has been made to ensure that the
material included in the report is state of art and in the current expectation of the direct of
future development.
This report has covered as much as it could and especially all the important points
about our project .The Information in this report is accurate and great care has been
taken about the face and figures mentioned in this report.
All the information that could be brought before you has been provided in this report.
The synopsis has been a joint effort of all members of our group and I am thank full to
them for their co-operation.

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 Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: ………………………………………. Enrollment

No.……………………
Name of Programme…………………………………. Semester:
…………………… Course Title
……………………………………………… Code:…………………….

Title of the Micro-Project:

…………………………………………………………………………………
………………….

Course Outcomes Achieved

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………… ………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………… …………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
………………………………………….

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 Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent

No assessed ( Marks ( Marks ( Marks ( Marks
. 1-3) 4-5) 6-8) 9- 10 )

1 Relevance to the
course

2 Literature Survey /
Information
Collection

3 Project Proposal

4 Completion of the
Target as per
project proposal

5 Analysis of Data
and
representation

6 Quality of
Prototype/Model

7 Report Preparation

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 8 Presentation

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Marks
Part A - Project Part B - Project individual
Project Methodology Report/Working Presentation/Viva
Proposal (2 marks) Model (4 marks) 10
(2 (2 marks)
marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution
in first 3 columns & individual evaluation in 4 TH columns for each
group of students as per rubrics.
Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal
communication (if any)

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………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Any Other Comment:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Name and designation of the Faculty

Member………………………………………………….
Signature…………………………………………………………………………………………...
PART A
PROPOSAL OF MICROPROJECT
DETAILED STUDY OF GAS TURBINE & ITS MAINTAINANCE

1.0 Introduction :
A gas turbine engine is a device that is designed to convert the thermal energy of a fuel
into some form of useful power, such as mechanical (or shaft) power or a highspeed
thrust of a jet.
The engine consists, basically, of a gas generator and a power-conversion section.

2.0 Aim of the project :-

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 ● To study gas turbine and it’s maintenance.

3.0 Course Outcome :-

1. Gain the knowledge about Gas Turbine.

2. Learn the maintenance of Gas Turbine.

4.0 Learning outcome:-

• Describe the Gas Turbine.

• Explain constant pressure open cycle gas turbine. • Explain constant
pressure close cycle gas turbine
• To study the main components of gas turbine.
• To understand the maintenance of Gas Turbine.

PART B
Micro Project Report
DETAILED STUDY OF GAS TURBINE & ITS MAINTAINANCE

1. Brief Introduction :-
A gas turbine engine is a device that is designed to convert the
thermal energy of a fuel into some form of useful power, such as mechanical (or
shaft) power or a highspeed thrust of a jet. The engine consists, basically, of a gas
generator and a power-conversion section.

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 2. Aim of the micro project :-
• To study Gas Turbine.
• To study constant pressure open cycle.
• To study constant pressure close cycle .
• To study maintenence of Gas Turbine.

3. Course Outcome :-

1.Gain the knowledge about Gas Turbine.

2.Learn the Maintenance of Gas Turbine.

4. Actual Procedure Followed :-

1. Our group selected the project topic.

2. We started searching the information of our project.
3. We searched information about Gas Turbine.
4. We took help of the Sites: www.wikipedia.com.
5. Theory :-

DETAILED STUDY OF GAS TURBINE & ITS MAINTAINANCE

1. Gas Turbine :-
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous
flow internal combustion engine. The main parts common to all gas
turbine engines form the power-producing part (known as the gas
generator or core) and are, in the direction of flow.
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 (1) Compressor.
(2) Combustion Chamber.
(3) Turbine.

Additional components have to be added to the gas generator to suit its

application. Common to all is an air inlet but with different configurations to suit
the requirements of marine use, land use or flight at speeds varying from
stationary to supersonic. A propelling nozzle is added to produce thrust for
flight. An extra turbine is added to drive a propeller (turboprop) or ducted fan
(turbofan) to reduce fuel consumption (by increasing propulsive efficiency) at
subsonic flight speeds. An extra turbine is also required to drive a helicopter
rotor or land-vehicle transmission (turboshaft), marine propeller or electrical
generator (power turbine). Greater thrust-to-weight ratio for flight is achieved
with the addition of an afterburner.
The basic operation of the gas turbine is a Brayton cycle with air as the working
fluid: atmospheric air flows through the compressor that brings it to higher
pressure; energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so that
the combustion generates a high-temperature flow; this high-temperature
pressurized gas enters a turbine, producing a shaft work output in the process,
used to drive the compressor; the unused energy comes out in the exhaust
gases that can be repurposed for external work, such as directly producing
thrust in a turbojet engine, or rotating a second, independent turbine (known as
a power turbine) that can be connected to a fan, propeller, or electrical
generator.
The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable
split of energy between the thrust and the shaft work is achieved. The fourth

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step of the Brayton cycle (cooling of the working fluid) is omitted, as gas
turbines are open systems that do not reuse the same air. Applications:-

• Gas turbines are used to power aircraft,

• trains, ships.
• electrical generators.
• Pumps.
• gas compressors.

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 Gas Turbine Diagram

 Schematic diagram of Gas Turbine

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Constant pressure open Cycle Gas :-

The open cycle gas turbine operates on the principle of drawing the fresh
atmospheric air at ambient conditions into the compressor where the air is
compressed by a centrifugal or an axial flow compressor . The compressor will
raise the temperature and pressure of the atmospheric air to the levels specified
by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).
The compressed air at the higher pressure is fed into a combustion chamber,
where the fuel will be burned at an essentially constant pressure . The
highpressure hot gases drive the turbine and developed power owing to the
rotation of the turbine shaft can be used for a number of applications such as
power generation and prime movers for industrial devices . The exhaust gases
that leave the turbine are released into the atmosphere. The cycle is classified
as an open cycle system since the exhaust gases are not recirculated but
released into the atmosphere.

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Construction Main components of open cycle gas turbine power
plant are :-
(1) Compressor (2) Combustion chamber
(3) Turbine.

Working:-
• The working of open cycle gas turbine follows constant pressure process.
• A starting motor is required to run the compressor initially.
• Atmospheric air is compressed in the compressor.
• This compressed air is supplied to the combustion chamber. Fuel supplied
in the combustion chamber is ignited with the help of oxygen present in
the compressed air to produce hot gases.
• Increased internal energy of hot gases during combustion is converted into
kinetic energy with the help of nozzles. These high velocity jets of hot gases
are made to strike over the blades of turbine rotor, thus making the rotor
to rotate.
• Thus, kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy or work, which is
now made available at turbine’s output shaft.

• As soon as the turbine starts to produce the mechanical work, the starting
motor is made shut-off. Major portion of this mechanical work made
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 available at turbine shaft is supplied to run the compressor. Remaining
quantity of power (i.e. mechanical work) produced by turbine is used to
generate electric power.
• For this purpose, a generator is coupled to turbine, which converts
mechanical energy (work) into useful electrical energy.

• Constant Pressure Open Gas Turbine.

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• Schematic diagram of Constant Pressure Open Gas Turbine.

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 • Representation On PV TS Diagram

Constant Pressure close Cycle Gas Turbine.

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A closed-cycle gas turbine is a turbine that uses a gas (e.g. air, nitrogen, helium,
argon,etc.) for the working fluid as part of a closed thermodynamic system.
Heat is supplied from an external source. Such recirculating turbines follow the
Brayton cycle.
In a closed cycle gas turbine, the temperature and pressure of the air entering
the compressor are increased. High-pressure and high-temperature compressed
air is entered into the heat exchanger, in which an external source heats the air.
High temperature and high-pressure air are fed into the turbine to cause
expansion.
Due to the high-pressure working fluid that flows over the turbine, closed cycle
gas turbines produce power. The exhaust working fluid is not released into the
atmosphere but instead cooled by the cooling chamber and recirculated to
maintain the system’s continuous operation. As the working fluid is returned to
the compressor before the cycle is completed, it is referred to as a closed gas
turbine engine.
In order to resolve the disadvantages associated with an open-cycle gas turbine
process, a closed cycle gas turbine method is developed. The main drawback of
open-cycle turbines is corrosion and erosion of turbine blades. A solution to this
problem is to use a superior working medium (air, helium, argon, hydrogen, or
neon) that does not mix with the fuel inside the combustion chamber.

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Construction:- The various components of gas turbine power plant
are:-

(1) Compressor.
(2) Combustion chamber .
(3) Intercoolers and Heat exchangers.
(4) Regenretors
(5) Fuel injection system etc.

Working Of Constant Pressure Open Cycle Gas Turbine.

The closed-cycle gas turbine working principle is based on the Brayton cycle or
Joule’s cycle.
In this type of gas turbine, the compressor is used to compress the gas
isotopically and the resultant compressed gas flows into the heating chamber.
The rotor type compressor is preferred in this Turbine.
An external source is utilized to heat the compressed air and then passed over
the turbine blades.
When the gas is flowing over the turbine blades, it gets expanded and it is
allowed to pass into the cooling chamber and gets cooled down. The gas gets
cooled by using the circulation of water at constant pressure to its initial
temperature.

▪ Again the gas is passed into the compressor and the process is repeated.
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▪ In this turbine, the same gas is circulated repeatedly.
▪ The complexity of the system and the cost would increase if the working
fluid/medium used in the turbine is other than air. This may lead to
problems and it is difficult to resolve.

Constant Pressure Close Cycle Gas Turbine

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Schematic Diagram Of Constant Pressure Close Cycle Gas Turbine

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• Representation On PV TS Diagram

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE OF GAS TURBINE

• Maintenance of major components of gas turbine is necessary to minimise

downtime and increase availability.

• Maintenance and inspection are beneficial in reduced forced outages (i.e.

periods, when electricity is not available due to forced shutdown of power
plant) and increased starting reliability, reducing unscheduled repairs and
downtime.

• Components associated with the combustion process and the components,

which are exposed to high temperatures need careful attention. These
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 components include combustion liners, end caps, fueI nozzle assemblies,
crossfire tubes, transition pieces, turbine nozzles, turbine stationary
shrouds, turbine buckets etc.
• Design of casings, shells and frames ensures that, upper halves can be
lifted individually for access to internal parts. With the upper-half of the
turbine shell lifted, each half of the first stage nozzle assembly can be
removed for inspection, repair or replacement without rotor removal.

• All bearing housings and liners are split on the horizontal center line, so
that, they may be inspected and replaced. All seals and shaft packings
being separate from the main bearing housings and casing structures can
be readily removed and replaced. Fuel nozzles, combustion liners and flow
sleeves can be removed for inspection, maintenance or replacement
without lifting any casings.

• Inspection aid provisions are made to enable visual inspection and

clearance measurement of some of the critical internal turbine gas-path
components without removal of the gas turbine outer casings and shells..

• An effective inspection program is carried out annually with the help of

optical borescope. This optical borescope is an instrument used to inspect
the inside of gas turbine through a small hole. This inspection program
results in removing casings and shells from a turbine unit, only when it is
necessary to repair or replace parts. The application of a monitoring
program utilizing and borescope allows scheduling outages and pre
planning of parts requirements, resulting in lower maintenance costs and
higher availability and reliability of the gas turbine.

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 Major Factors Influencing Maintenance and Equipment Life:-

• There are many factors like starting cycle, firing temperature, power
setting, fuel and level of steam or water injection, which directly influence
the life of critical gas turbine parts.
• Thus, these factors play important role in determining the maintenance
interval requirements

 Starts and Hours Criteria:-

• Gas turbines wear in different ways for different service-duties, such as,
peaking machines and continous duty machines.
• Thermal mechanical fatigue is the dominant limiter of life for peaking
machines, while creep, oxidation and corrosion are the dominant limiters
of life for continuous duty machines.
• High cycle fatigue, rubs/wear and damage due to foreign objects are
common for both types of duties.

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 • The recommendations of manufacture based on numbers of starts and
hours of operations must be followed.

8. Conclusion :-
The determination of the Stress Concentration Factor is really important
when designing. Using adequately this factor can be crucial to determine the
service life of an element and the security of the operator. The problem of using
Kt is that it is specific for one arrangement and shape; because of this it is
difficult to know the value of all of them. If the value of Kt is known, it can give
the designer a good idea of how the stress distributions are going to be, and
that way any necessary changes to de design can be made. If the value is not
known, the easiest way to find it is by the Finite Element Method. Analyses will
have to be developed for its specific arrangement, and then the behavior of it
will be known. An advantage of this method is that the stress distribution can be
seen, and this allows identifying the weak points of the design.

9. Skill Development :-
We came to this responsibilities is as follows :-

• Leadership.

• To collect information.

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• Communication.

• Group discussion.

• To get knowledge.

• To fastly any work in time.

• To learn time management.

10. Reference:- ●
www.wikipedia.com

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