Physics Investigatory Project
Reflection Of Light
Std:- 12-Science
Name:- Aadarsh Sethy
Academic Year:- 2023-24
School:- Podar International School,Rajkot
Acknowledgement
I Aadarsh Sethy of standard 12, am glad to present my Physics
investigation project on topic '. Reflection Of Light '.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Physics teacher Gopal Jesani guidance support in the completing
this project.
I will also like to extend my gratitude to our Principal ,Mrs
Monica Choudhary for providing me with all the required
facilities.
And a word of thanks to my classmate for there suggestion.
Index
INTRODUCTION TO REFLECTION.
LAWS OF REFLECTION.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN REFLECTION OF LIGHT.
TYPES OF MIRRORS.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN SPHERICAL MIRRORS.
CONCAVE MIRROR:
o IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR.
CONVEX MIRROR:
o IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR.
Bibliography
Introduction
What is Light?
LIGHT IS A TYPE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THAT
ALLOWS THE HUMAN EYE TO SEE OR MAKES OBJECTS VISIBLE. IT IS
ALSO DEFINED AS VISIBLE RADIATION TO THE HUMAN EYE.
PHOTONS, WHICH ARE TINY PACKETS OF ENERGY, ARE FOUND IN
LIGHT.
What is Reflection?
When a light ray encounters a boundary between two different media and
bounces back to enter the same medium, this phenomenon is referred to as the
reflection of light.
Laws Of Reflection.
There are two laws that govern the reflection of light (reflected from any
surface). These Laws are referred to as laws of reflection. When light
from any object reflects from polished surfaces, the reflection is called
regular reflection. Regular reflection produces an image. We obtain two
different types of images: real and virtual, depending on the mirror
(reflecting surface) and object position.
distance from a plane mirror will be equal to the object distance from the mirror.
The light ray is reflected by a planar surface and is subject to the following two
laws of reflection.At home, we create our virtual image using plane mirrors. The
image
1. The angle of incidence and reflection is the same.
i.e. (i = r).
2. At the point of incidence, the normal to the reflecting surface, the incident
ray, and the reflected ray all are coplanar.
Terminologies used In reflection of Light
1.Incident ray :
A light beam that strikes the mirror after emerging from an object or the source.
2. Reflected rays :
The light beam that bounces back after striking a reflective surface.
3.Point of incident :
It is the location where the incident ray makes contact with the surface.
4. Normal :
It is the line which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of
incident.
5. Angle of incidence :
Angle of incidence is the angle formed at the point of incidence between the
incident ray and the normal to the surface.
It is represented by i.
6. Angle of reflection :
Angle of reflection is defined as the angle formed by the reflected ray and the
normal to the surface at the point of incidence.
It is represented by r.
7. Angle of deviation :
Angle of deviation is the angle formed by the directions of the incident and
reflected rays.
Angle of deviation is given by δ=π-(i+r)=π-2i
Types of mirrors
Following are the types of mirrors that are most widely used:
1.Plane mirror:
The images formed from a plane mirror are the reflected images in their normal
proportions but reversed from left to right. These are the most widely used mirrors.
2.Convex mirror:
These are the spherical mirrors that are curved outward and the image
obtained is virtual, diminished and erect for a real object.
3.Concave mirrors:
These are the spherical mirrors that are curved inward and the image obtained
from these mirrors depends on the placement of the object.
Terminologies used for Spherecal Mirror
There are a few basic terminologies that one needs to know while studying spherical
mirrors, and they are:
Center of Curvature
The point in the centre of the mirror passes through the curve of the mirror and
has the same tangent and curvature at that point.
Radius of Curvature
It’s the linear distance between the pole and the centre of curvature.
Principal Axis
The imaginary line passes through the optical centre and the centre of curvature
of any lens or a spherical mirror.
Pole
The midpoint of the spherical mirror.
Aperture
An aperture of a mirror or lens is a point from which the reflection of
light actually happens. It also gives the size of the mirror.
Principal Focus
Principal Focus can also be called Focal Point. It’s on the axis of a
mirror or lens wherein rays of light parallel to the axis converge or appear to
converg after reflection or refraction.
Focus:
It’s any given point, where light rays parallel to the principal axis, will converge
after reflection
Concave Mirror
If a hollow sphere is cut into parts and the outer surface of the cut part is painted,
then it becomes a mirror with its inner surface as the reflecting surface. This type of
mirror is known as a concave mirror.
Characteristics of Concave mirror
Light converges at a point when it strikes and reflects back from the reflecting
surface of the concave mirror. Hence, it is also known as a converging mirror.
When the concave mirror is placed very close to the object, a magnified, erect and
virtual image is obtained.
However, if we increase the distance between the object and the mirror then the size
of the image reduces and a real and inverted image is formed. The image formed by
the concave mirror can be small or large and can be real or virtual.
Image Formation by Concave mirror.
CONCAVE MIRROR RAY DIAGRAM:
A) A RAY PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS, AFTER REFLECTION,
WILL PASS THROUGH THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF A CONCAVE MIRROR.
B) A RAY WHICH IS PASSING THROUGH THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF A
CONCAVE MIRROR, AFTER REFLECTION, WILL EMERGE PARALLEL TO
THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.
C) A RAY PASSING THROUGH THE CENTRE OF CURVATURE OF A
CONCAVE MIRROR, AFTER REFLECTION, IS REFLECTED ALONG THE
SAME PATH. THE LIGHT RAYS COME BACK ALONG THE SAME PATH
BECAUSE THE INCIDENT RAYS FALL ON THE MIRROR ALONG THE
NORMAL TO THE REFLECTING SURFACE.
D) A RAY INCIDENT OBLIQUELY TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS, TOWARDS
THE POINT P (POLE OF THE MIRROR), ON THE CONCAVE MIRROR, IS
REFLECTED OBLIQUELY. THE
INCIDENT AND REFLECTED RAYS FOLLOW THE LAWS OF REFLECTION
AT POINT P, MAKING EQUAL ANGLES WITH THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.
Concave Mirror Image Formation
Position of Position Of Size Of Image Nature Of
Object Image Image
At Infinity At F Highly Diminished Inverted And Real
And Point Size
Beyond C Btw C&F Diminished Inverted And Real
At C At C Same Size Inverted And Real
Btw C&F Beyond C Enlarged Inverted And Real
At F At Infinity Highly Enlarged Inverted And Real
Btw F&P Behind Mirror Enlarged Erect And Virtual
C:- Center Of Curvature.
F :- Focus.
P:- Pole.
CONVEX MIRROR:
IF THE CUT PART OF THE HOLLOW SPHERE IS PAINTED FROM THE
INSIDE, THEN ITS OUTER SURFACE BECOMES THE REFLECTING
SURFACE. THIS KIND OF MIRROR IS KNOWN AS A CONVEX MIRROR.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVEX MIRRORS:
A CONVEX MIRROR IS ALSO KNOWN AS A DIVERGING MIRROR
AS THIS MIRROR DIVERGES LIGHT RAYS WHEN THEY STRIKE ITS
REFLECTING SURFACE.VIRTUAL, ERECT, AND DIMINISHED IMAGES
ARE ALWAYS FORMED WITH CONVEX MIRRORS,IRRESPECTIVE OF
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND THE MIRROR.
Image Formation by Convex.
Position of Position of Size Nature
Object Image
Btw Infinity &P Btw P&F Diminished Virtual and Erect
At Infinity At F Highly Diminished Virtual and Erect
and Point Size
Bibliography
S.L Arora
NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK
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