Exam 5,6,7 [66 marks]

1. Which equation represents lattice enthalpy? [1 mark]

A. NaCl (g) → Na+ (g) + Cl− (g)
B. NaCl (s) → Na+ (g) + Cl− (g)
C. NaCl (s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
D. NaCl (s) → Na+ (s) + Cl− (s)

Markscheme
B

2. What is the correct order for increasing lattice enthalpy? [1 mark]

A. MgO < MgCl2 < NaCl < CsCl
B. CsCl < NaCl < MgCl2 < MgO
C. NaCl < CsCl < MgO < MgCl2
D. NaCl < CsCl < MgCl2 < MgO

Markscheme
B

3. Which equation represents enthalpy of hydration? [1 mark]

A. Na(g) → Na+(aq) + e−
B. Na+(g) → Na+(aq)
C. NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl−(g)
D. NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

Markscheme
B
4. Which combination of ΔH and ΔS values corresponds to a non- [1 mark]
spontaneous reaction at all temperatures?

Markscheme
B

5. What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol–1, of IF (g)? [1 mark]

IF7 (g) + I2 (s) → IF5 (g) + 2IF (g) ΔHθ = –89 kJ
ΔHθf (IF7) = –941 kJ mol–1

ΔHθf (IF5) = –840 kJ mol–1

A. –190
B. –95
C. +6
D. +95

Markscheme
B

6. Which is correct for the reaction H2O (g) → H2O (l) ? [1 mark]

A. Enthalpy increases and entropy increases.

B. Enthalpy decreases and entropy increases.
C. Enthalpy increases and entropy decreases.
D. Enthalpy decreases and entropy decreases.
 Markscheme
D

7. When 25.0cm3 0.100moldm−3 NaOH(aq) is mixed with 25.0cm3 [1 mark]

0.100moldm−3 HCl(aq) at the same temperature, a temperature rise, ∆T,
is recorded. What is the expression, in kJ mol−1, for the enthalpy of neutralisation?
(Assume the density of the mixture = 1.00 g cm−3 and its specific heat
capacity=4.18kJkg−1K−1 =4.18Jg−1K−1)
A. − 25.0×4.18×Δ
50.0×0.100
T

B. − 25.0×4.18×Δ
25.0×0.100
T

C. − 50.0×4.18×Δ
50.0×0.100
T

D. − 50.0×4.18×Δ
25.0×0.100
T

Markscheme
D

8. Which expression gives the mass, in g, of ethanol required to produce [1 mark]

683.5 kJ of heat upon complete combustion?
(Mr for ethanol = 46.0, ΔH cθ = −1367 kJ mol−1 )
683.5
A. 1367×46.0
1367
B. 683.5×46.0
683.5×46.0
C. 1367
1367×46.0
D.
683.5

Markscheme
C
9. Which is correct when Ba(OH)2 reacts with NH4Cl? [1 mark]
Ba(OH)2 (s) + 2NH4Cl (s) → BaCl2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔHΘ = +164 kJ
mol−1

Markscheme
C

10. What are the units of the rate constant for a zero-order reaction? [1 mark]
A. s
B. s−1
C. mol−1 dm3 s−1
D. mol dm−3 s−1

Markscheme
D
11. The data shows the effect of changing reactant concentrations on the [1 mark]
rate of the following reaction at 25°C.
F2 (g) + 2ClO2 (g) → 2FClO2 (g)

Which is correct for the order of reaction with respect to the fluorine concentration
and the overall order of reaction?

Markscheme
D
12. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution proceeds as [1 mark]
follows.
2H2O 2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
The rate expression for the reaction was found to be: rate = k [H2O 2].
Which graph is consistent with the given rate expression?

Markscheme
D

13. Which graph represents the relationship between the rate constant, k, [1 mark]
and temperature, T , in kelvin?
 Markscheme
C

14. The rate expression for the reaction is: rate = k [NO]2[O2]. [1 mark]
2NO (g) + O 2 (g) → 2NO2 (g)
Which mechanism is not consistent with this rate expression?

Markscheme
C

15. What is the intercept on the y-axis when a graph of lnk is plotted against [1 mark]
1
on the x-axis?
T

ln k = − RETa + ln A
A. lnA

B. − ERa
C. − ERa
D. Ea

Markscheme
A

1
16. Which is true of an Arrhenius plot of ln k (y-axis) against 1 ? [1 mark]
T
A. The graph goes through the origin.
B. The activation energy can be determined from the gradient.
C. The intercept on the x-axis is the activation energy.
D. The intercept on the y-axis is the frequency factor, A.

Markscheme
B

17. Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas according to the following [1 mark]
equation.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) ΔH = −92 kJ

Why is the rate of reaction slow at room temperature?
A. The activation energy of the forward reaction is high.
B. The activation energy of the forward reaction is low.
C. The equilibrium constant is very small.
D. The rate of the reverse reaction is greater than the rate of the forward
reaction.

Markscheme
A

3 −3
18. 100 cm3 of a 1.00 mol dm−3 solution of hydrochloric acid is added to 2.00[1 mark]
g of small pieces of calcium carbonate at 20 °C. The volume of carbon dioxide
produced against time is plotted to give curve P.

Which change will produce curve Q, given that calcium carbonate is always the
limiting reagent?
A. Increasing the volume of the hydrochloric acid to 200 cm3
B. Increasing the mass of calcium carbonate to 4.00 g
C. Increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid to 2.00 mol dm−3
D. Replacing the 2.00 g of small pieces of calcium carbonate with 2.00 g of
larger pieces of calcium carbonate

Markscheme
C

19. Which experimental methods could be used to observe the progress of [1 mark]
the following reaction?
Cr2O 72-(aq) + 6I-(aq) + 14H+(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3I2(aq) + 7H2O(l)
I. Change in colour
II. Change in mass
III. Change in electrical conductivity
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
B
20. Which change does not increase the rate of this reaction? [1 mark]
CuCO3 (s) + H2 SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2 O (l) + CO2 (g)
A. Increasing the particle size of the CuCO 3
B. Increasing the temperature
C. Increasing the concentration of H2 SO4 (aq)
D. Stirring the reaction mixture

Markscheme
A

21. Samples of sodium carbonate powder were reacted with separate [1 mark]
samples of excess hydrochloric acid.
Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CO2 (g) + 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Reaction I: 1.0 g Na2CO3 (s) added to 0.50 mol dm −3 HCl (aq)
Reaction II: 1.0 g Na2CO3 (s) added to 2.0 mol dm−3 HCl (aq)
What is the same for reactions I and II?
A. Initial rate of reaction
B. Total mass of CO2 produced
C. Total reaction time
D. Average rate of production of CO2

Markscheme
B
22. A mixture of 0.40 mol of CO (g) and 0.40 mol of H2 (g) was placed in a [1 mark]
1.00 dm3 vessel. The following equilibrium was established.
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (g)
At equilibrium, the mixture contained 0.25 mol of CO (g). How many moles of
H2 (g) and CH3OH (g) were present at equilibrium?

Markscheme
D

23. At 700 ºC, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction is 1.075 × 108. [1 mark]
2H2 (g) + S2 (g) ⇌ 2H2S (g)
Which relationship is always correct for the equilibrium at this temperature?
A. [H2S]2 < [H2]2 [S2]
B. [S2] = 2[H2S]
C. [H2S] < [S2]
D. [H2S]2 > [H2]2[S2]

Markscheme
D
24. The equation for the reaction between two gases, A and B, is: [1 mark]

2A(g) + 3B(g) ⇌ C(g) + 3D(g)

When the reaction is at equilibrium at 600 K the concentrations of A, B, C and D
are 2, 1, 3 and 2 mol dm−3 respectively. What is the value of the equilibrium
constant at 600 K?
1
A. 6
9
B. 7
C. 3
D. 6

Markscheme
D

25. Carbon monoxide and water react together in the industrial production of [1 mark]
hydrogen gas.

CO(g) + H2 O(g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

What is the impact of decreasing the volume of the equilibrium mixture at a
constant temperature?
A. The amount of H2 (g) remains the same but its concentration decreases.
B. The forward reaction is favoured.
C. The reverse reaction is favoured.
D. The value of Kc remains unchanged.

Markscheme
D
26. Which combination of temperature and pressure will give the greatest [1 mark]
yield of sulfur trioxide?
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH = −196 kJ

Markscheme
B

27. What happens when the temperature of the following equilibrium system [1 mark]
is increased?
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔHθ = -91kJ

Markscheme
A

28. What is the effect of increasing the temperature in this reaction? [1 mark]
CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H+(aq) + HCO3−(aq) ΔH < 0
A. The pH will decrease.
B. The pH will increase.
C. CO2 pressure will decrease.
D. The equilibrium position will shift to the right.
 Markscheme
B

29. The equilibrium constant for N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) is K. [1 mark]

What is the equilibrium constant for this equation?
2N2(g) + 6H2(g) ⇌ 4NH3(g)
A. K
B. 2K
C. K2
D. 2K2

Markscheme
C

30. Consider the reaction: [1 mark]

2N2O (g) ⇌ 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)
The values of Kc at different temperatures are:

Which statement is correct at higher temperature?

A. The forward reaction is favoured.
B. The reverse reaction is favoured.
C. The rate of the reverse reaction is greater than the rate of the forward
reaction.
D. The concentration of both reactants and products increase.
Markscheme
A
 Phosgene, COCl2, is usually produced by the reaction between carbon monoxide
and chlorine according to the equation:

31. (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. [8 marks]
(ii) At exactly 600°C the value of the equilibrium constant is 0.200. Calculate the
standard Gibbs free energy change, , for the reaction, in kJ, using sections
1 and 2 of the data booklet. State your answer to three significant figures.
(iii) The standard enthalpy change of formation of phosgene, ΔH fΘ , is
−220.1kJmol−1. Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔH Θ , for the forward
reaction of the equilibrium, in kJ, using section 12 of the data booklet.
(iv) Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS Θ , in JK−1, for the forward reaction
at 25°C, using your answers to (a) (ii) and (a) (iii). (If you did not obtain an answer
to (a) (ii) and/or (a) (iii) use values of +20.0 kJ and −120.0 kJ respectively,
although these are not the correct answers.)
Markscheme
(i)
[COCl2]
≪ KC =≫ [CO][Cl2]
(ii)
T«= 600 + 273» = 873K
ΔGΘ = −8.31 × 873 × ln (0.200)
OR
ΔGΘ = « + » 11676 «J»
ΔGΘ = « + » 11.7 «kJ»
Accept 11.5 to 12.0.
Award final mark only if correct sig fig.
Award [3] for correct final answer.
(iii)
ΔHΘ = −220.1 − (−110.5)
ΔHΘ = −109.6 «kJ»
Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [1] for −330.6, or +109.6 «kJ».
(iv)
ΔGΘ= −109.6 − (298 × ΔSΘ) = +11.7 «kJ»
(11.7+109.6)×103
ΔSΘ« 298
»= −407 «JK−1»

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [2] for −470 «JK−1» (result from given values).
Do not penalize wrong value for T if already done in (a)(ii).
Award [1 max] for −0.407 «kJ K−1».
Award [1 max] for −138.9 «J K−1».
 This question is about sodium and its compounds.

The Born-Haber cycle for sodium oxide is shown (not to scale).

32a. Calculate values for the following changes using section 8 of the data [2 marks]
booklet.

ΔHatomisation (Na) = 107 kJ mol−1

ΔHatomisation (O) = 249 kJ mol−1
1 2-
2 O 2 (g) → O (g):
Na (s) → Na+ (g):
 Markscheme
1 2-
2 O 2 (g) → O (g)
«ΔHatomisation (O) + 1st EA + 2nd EA = 249 k Jmol−1 − 141 kJmol−1 + 753
kJmol−1 =» «+»861 «kJmol−1» [✔]

Na (s) → Na+ (g)

«ΔHatomisation (Na) + 1st IE = 107 kJmol−1 + 496 kJmol−1 =» «+»603
«kJmol−1» [✔]

32b. The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium oxide is −414 kJ mol−1. [2 marks]
Determine the lattice enthalpy of sodium oxide, in kJ mol−1, using
section 8 of the data booklet and your answers to (d)(i).

(If you did not get answers to (d)(i), use +850 kJ mol−1 and +600 kJ mol−1
respectively, but these are not the correct answers.)

Markscheme
lattice enthalpy = 861 «kJ mol−1» + 2 × 603 «kJ mol −1» −(−414 «kJ mol −1»)
[✔]
«= +» 2481 «kJ mol−1» [✔]

Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.

If given values are used:

M1: lattice enthalpy = 850 «kJ mol−1» +
2 × 600 «kJ mol−1» −(−414 «kJ mol−1»)
M2: «= +» 2464 «kJ mol−1»
32c. Justify why K2O has a lower lattice enthalpy (absolute value) than Na2O. [1 mark]

Markscheme
K+ ion is larger than Na+
OR
smaller attractive force because of greater distance between ion «centres»
[✔]

32d. Sodium peroxide, Na2O 2, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide [2 marks]
with oxygen.
2Na2O (s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O 2 (s)
Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00g of sodium oxide
produces 5.50g of sodium peroxide.
 Markscheme
5.00g
n(Na2O 2) theoretical yield «= » = 0.0807/8.07 × 10−2 «mol»
61.98g mol−1
OR
5.00g
mass of Na2O 2 theoretical yield «= 61.98g mol−1
× 77.98 gmol−1» = 6.291 «g»
[✔]
5.50g
% yield «= 6.291g × 100» OR « 0.0705
0.0807
× 100» = 87.4 «%» [✔]

Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.

Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon

dioxide.
2Na2O 2 (s) + 2CO2 (g) → 2Na2CO3 (s) + O2 (g)

32e. Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ, for this reaction using data [3 marks]
from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.
 Markscheme
∑ΔHf products = 2 × (−1130.7) / −2261.4 «kJ» [✔]
∑ΔHf reactants = 2 × (−510.9) + 2 × (−393.5) / −1808.8 «kJ» [✔]

ΔH = «∑ΔHf products − ∑ΔHf reactants = −2261.4 −(−1808.8) =» −452.6 «kJ»

[✔]

Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.

Award [2 max] for “+ 452.6 «kJ»”.

Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation:
NO 2(g) + CO(g) ⇌ NO(g) + CO2(g) ΔH = –226 kJ
Experimental data shows the reaction is second order with respect to NO 2 and
zero order with respect to CO.

33a. State the rate expression for the reaction. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«rate =» k [NO2]2

Accept rate = k [NO2]2[CO]0.

[1 mark]
33b. The following mechanism is proposed for the reaction. [1 mark]

Step I NO2 (g) + NO2 (g) → NO(g) + NO3 (g)

Step II NO3 (g) + CO(g) → NO2 (g) + CO2 (g)
Identify the rate determining step giving your reason.

Markscheme
«step» I AND CO does not appear in the rate law expression
OR
«step» I AND only «2 molecules of» NO2 appears in rate expression

Do not allow ECF from (i).

[1 mark]

33c. State one method that can be used to measure the rate for this reaction. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«IR or UV-vis» spectroscopy
OR
colorimetry
OR
colour change «over time»

Accept GC/gas chromatography.

[1 mark]
33d. Sketch the relationship between the rate of reaction and the [1 mark]
concentration of NO2.

Markscheme

Curve must go through origin.

[1 mark]
33e. The Arrhenius equation, k = Ae− REaT , gives the relationship between the [1 mark]
rate constant and temperature.
State how temperature affects activation energy.

Markscheme
activation energy is independent of temperature

Accept “no relationship”.

[1 mark]

The rate of reaction is an important factor in industrial processes such as the

Contact process to make sulfur trioxide, SO 3 (g) .

34a. Define the term rate of reaction. [1 mark]

Markscheme
change in concentration of reactant/product with time / rate of change of
concentration;
Accept “increase” instead of “change” for product and “decrease” instead
of “change” for reactant.
Accept “mass/amount/volume” instead of “concentration”.
Do not accept substance.
34b. Describe the collision theory. [3 marks]

Markscheme
collision frequency;
two particles must collide;
particles must have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy/
E ⩾ Ea ;
Concept of activation energy must be mentioned.
appropriate collision geometry/orientation;

34c. The Contact process involves this homogeneous equilibrium: [2 marks]

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH = −198 kJ

State and explain how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture affects the
yield of SO 3 .
 Markscheme
increases yield;
(equilibrium shifts to the right/products as) more gaseous moles in
reactants/on left / fewer gaseous moles in products/on right;

34d. The Contact process involves this homogeneous equilibrium: [4 marks]

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH = −198 kJ

2.00 mol of SO 2 (g) are mixed with 3.00 mol of O 2 (g) in a 1.00 dm 3 container
until equilibrium is reached. At equilibrium there are 0.80 mol of SO 3 (g) .
Determine the equilibrium constant (Kc ) assuming all gases are at the same
temperature and pressure.
 Markscheme
Eqm[O2 ] = 2.6 (mol dm−3 );
Eqm[SO2 ] = 1.2 (mol dm−3 );
[SO3]2
Kc = ;
[SO2]2[O2]
Kc = 0.17;
Award [4] for correct final answer.
Ignore units.

34e. The Contact process involves this homogeneous equilibrium: [1 mark]

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH = −198 kJ

State the effect of increasing temperature on the value of Kc for this reaction.

Markscheme
(Kc ) decreases;

34f. Outline the economic importance of using a catalyst in the Contact [2 marks]
process.
 Markscheme
catalyst increases rate of reaction / equilibrium reached faster / increases yield
of product per unit time;
reduces costs / reduces energy needed;
Do not accept just “increases the yield”.

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