Pu 2 Yr Maths
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APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1) Find the rate of change of the area of a circle w.r.t to its radius ‘r’
when r = 4 cm?
Ans: Area of circle A = r2, dA/dr = ? when r = 4 cm
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘r’
dA/dr = (2r)
= (2)(4)
= 8 sq. cms
Therefore area of the circle is increasing at the rate of 8 sq. cms.
2) An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3cm/s. How fast is
the volume of the cube increasing when the edge is 10cm long?
Ans: Volume of a cube V = x3., Given: dx/dt = 3cm/s. dV/dt = ?
when x = 10cm
Didifferentiate w.r.t ‘t’
dV/dt = 3x2(dx/dt)
= 3(10)2 . (3)
= 900 c.c/s
Therefore volume of the cube increasing at the rate of 900 c.c/s.
3) Show that the function f(x) = x3 -3x2 + 4x, xR is strictly increasing on R.
Ans: f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x
Differentiate w.r. t x
f(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 4
= 3(x2 -2x+1) + 1
= 3(x-1) 2 + 1 0, xR
Therefore f is strictly increasing on R.
4) Show that the function f(x) = e2x is strictly increasing on R.
Ans: f(x) = e2x,
Differentiate w.r.t x
f(x) = 2. e2x
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clearly f(x) 0 xR (since exponential function is always
positive)
Therefore f is strictly increasing on R.
5) Find the intervals in which f(x) = x2 + 2x – 5 is strictly increasing or
decreasing.
Ans: f(x) = x2 + 2x – 5
Differentiate w.r.t x
f(x) = 2x + 2
= 2(x+1)
Now f(x) = 0, 2(x+1) = 0
x = -1.
Now x = -1 divides the real line into 2 disjoint intervals namely
(-, -1) and (-1, ).
In (-, -1), f(x) 0
In (-1,), f(x) > 0.
f is strictly decreasing in (-, -1) and f is strictly increasing in (-1,).
6) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = (x-1)/(x-2), x≠2 at x = 10.
Ans: y =
Differentiate w.r.t x
dy/dx = (x-1) [(-1)/(x-2)2] + [1/(x-2)](1)
slope of tangent = dy/dx x = 10
= (10-1)[(-1)/(10-2)2] + [1/(10-2)](1)
= -9/64 + 1/8 = -1/64
7) Find the points at which the tangent to the curve y = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 7
is parallel to x axis.
Ans: y = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 7.
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy/dx = 3x2 – 6x -9 = slope of the tangent.
Given tangent is parallel to x axis.
Slope of the tangent = slope of x axis.
3x2 – 6x – 9 = 0
X2 -2x -3 = 0
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(x-3)(x+1) = 0
x = 3, x = -1
When x = 3, y = (3)3 – 3(3)2 – 9(3) + 7 = -20
When x = -1, y = (-1)3 -3(-1)2 -9(-1) + 7 = 12
Therefore the points are (3,-20) , ( -1,12) .
8) Using differentials, find approximate value of 25.3 up to 3 decimal
places.
Ans: y = x, Let x = 25 and x = 0.3
Then y = x + x - x
= 25.3 -25
25.3 = y + 5
Now dy = (dy/dx) x = (1/2x) (0.3)
= (1/225) (0.3) = 0.3/10 = 0.03.
Therefore approximate value of 25.3 is 5 + 0.03 = 5.03
9) If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02m,
then find the approximate error in calculating its volume.
Ans: Given radius of the sphere r = 7m and r = 0.02 m.
Volume of sphere V = (4/3) r3.
Differentiate w.r.t ‘r’
dV/dr = (4/3) (3r2)
Therefore dV = (dV/dr) r
= (4r2)(r)
= (4) (49) (0.02) = 3.92 m3.
Therefore the approximate error in calculating the volume is 3.92 m3.
10) If the radius of sphere is measured as 9m with an error of 0.03m,
then find the approximate error in calculating its surface area.
Ans: Radius of the sphere r = 9m, r = 0.03m.
Surface area of sphere S = 4r2.
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘r’
dS/dr = 4(2r)
Now dS = (dS/dr) (r)
= (4)(2)(r)r
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=(8) (9) (0.03)
=2.16m3
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
1) Find the local maxima and local minima if any, of the function f(x) = x2
and also find the local maximum and local minimum values.
Ans: f(x) = x2
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f’(x) = 2x
f (x) = 0 2x = 0 x=0
f(x) =2x
f(x) = 2 > 0
By second derivative test x= 0 is a point of local minima .
local minimum m value = f(0) = 02 = 0
2) Find the local maxima and local minima if any, of the function
f(x) =x3 – 6x2 + 9x + 15 and also find the local maximum and local
minimum values.
Ans: f(x) = x3- 6x2+9x+15
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = 3x2-12x+9
f(x) = 6x-12
Now f(x) = 0 3x2-12x+9=0
X2-4x+3=0
(x-3)(x-1) = 0
x=3, x=1
Now f(3) = 6(3)- 12 = 6>0
f(1) = 6(1) – 12 = -6<0
By second derivative test, x= 3 is a point of local minima and
x = 1 is a point of local maxima
local maximum value = f(1) = (1)3-6(1)2+9(1)+15 =19
Local minimum value = f(3) = (3)3-6(3)2+9(3)+15=15.
3) Prove that the function f(x) = logx do not have maxima or minima.
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Ans: f(x) = logx
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = 1/x
f(x) = -1/x2
Now f(x) = 0 1/x = 0
x=
The function do not have maxima or minima.
4) Prove that the function f(x) = x3 + x2 + x+ 1 do not have maxima or
minima.
Ans: f(x) = x3+x2+x+1
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(X) = 3X2+2X+1
f(x) = 6x+2
Now f(x) = 0 3x2+2x+1=0
X = [-2±4-4(3)(1)]/2(3)
X = [-2 ± -8] /6 which is imaginary
The given function do not have maxima or minima for all reals.
5) Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of
the function f(x) = sinx + cosx, x[0,].
Ans: f(x) = sinx+cosx,
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = cosx - sinx
Now f (x) = 0
Cosx - sinx =0
sinx = cosx tanx = 1
x = /4 and 5/4
Now the value of the function f(x) at x= /4, 5/4 and end points
of intervals that is 0 and is
f(0) = sin0+cos0 = 0+1 = 1
f(/4) = sin(/4) +cos (/4) = 1/2 + 1/2 =2/2 = 2
f(5/4) = sin(5/4) +cos (5/4) =(-1/2)+( - 1/2) =-2/2 = -2
f() = sin + cos = 0+(-1) = -1
Absolute maximum value of f on [ 0,] is 2 occurring at x=/4.
Absolute minimum value of f on [ 0,] is -2 occurring at
x=5/4.
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6) Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as
possible.
Ans: Let the numbers be ‘x’ & ‘y’
Given S = x+y = 24
y = 24-x
Product of numbers, P= x y is large
P = x(24-x) = 24x-x2
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dP/dx = 24-2x
Differentiate w.r.t. x
d2P/dx2 = -2<0 Product is maximum
For the product to be maximum dP/dx = 0
24-2x = 0 x = 12
The numbers are x & 24-x,
12 & 24-12
12 & 12
The numbers are 12 & 12
7) Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes
is minimum.
Ans: Let numbers be x and y
Sum = x+y = 16 y = 16 –x
Given S = x3 +y3 is minimum
= x3 + (16-x)3
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dS/dx = 3x2 + 3(16-x)2(-1)
d2S/dx2 = 6x - 3(2) (16-x) (-1)
=6x+6(16-x)
For S to be minimum dS/dx = 0
3x2-3(16-x)2 = 0
x2-(16-x)2 = 0
32x – 256 = 0
x = 8 y = 16-x = 16-8 = 8
Hence the numbers are 8 and 8.
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8) Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the squares
has the maximum area.
Ans : Let ‘r’ be the radius of circle ABCD is a rectangle.
OA = r , OE = x , AE = y ,In le OAE , B
A
2 2 2
OA = OE + AE
r2 = x2 +y2 O E
y = r –x y = r - x
2 2 2 2 2
C D
Area of rectangle A = x. y
= xr2-x2
Squaring both sides A2 = x2(r2 –x2)
Let A2 = B B = x2(r2 –x2)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dB/dx = x2(-2x)+(r2-x2)(2x)
= 2x(r2 – 2x2)
d2B/dx2 = 2x(-4x) + (r2-2x2)(2)
= 2r2 -12x2
For the area to be maximum dB/dx = 0
2x(r2-2x2) = 0 x = 0 & x2 = r2/2 x = r/2
d2B/dx2x=r/2 = 2r2 – 12(r2/2) = -4r2< 0
Area is maximum
Y2 = r2 - x2 = r2- r2/2 = r2/2
Since x= y = r/2 , ABCD is a square.
9) Find the equation of the normal at the a point (am2, am3) for the curve
ay2 = x3.
Ans: ay2 = x3
Y2 = x3/a
Differentiate w.r.t. x
2y dy/dx = [1/a] 3x2
dy/dx = 3x2/2ay
Slope of tangent = dy/dx(am2,am3) = 3(am2)2/ 2a(am3)
= 3a2m4/2a2m3 = 3m/2
slope of normal = -2/3m
Equation of normal at (am2, am3) having slope -2/3m is
Y - am3 = (-2/3m) (x - am2).
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10) Find the equation of the normals to the curve y = x3 + 2x + 6 which are
parallel to the line x + 14y + 4 = 0.
Ans: y = x3+2x+6
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy/dx = 3x2+2 = slope of tangent
slope of normal = -1/(3x2+2)
Normal is parallel to x +14y+4 = 0
Slope of normal = slope of x + 14y +4 = 0
-1/(3x2+2) = -1/14
3x2+2 = 14
3x2 = 12 x = ± 2
When x =2, y = (2)3 + 2(2) + 6 = 18, (2,18)
When x = -2, y =(-2)3 +2(-2)+6 = -6, (-2,-6)
Slope of normal = -1/14
equation of normal at (2,18) is y – 18 = (-1/14) (x – 2)
x+14y – 254 = 0
Also equation of normal at (-2,-6) is y+6 = (-1/14) (x+2)
x + 14y+86 = 0.
11) Find the points on the curve x2/9 +y2/16 = 1 at which the tangents are
parallel to y axis.
Ans: x2/9 +y2/16 = 1
Differentiate w.r.t. x
(1/9) 2x + (1/16) 2y (dy/dx) = 0
dy/dx = (-2x/9)/(y/8) = -16x/9y
Tangent parallel to y axis.
Slope of tangent = slope of y axis
-16x/9y = 1/0
y=0
When y = 0 , x2/9 +0/16 = 1 x2= 9, x = ± 3
The points are (±3,0).
12) Find the equation of all lines having slope two which are tangents to the
curve y = 1/(x-3), x≠ 3.
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Ans: y = 1/(x-3)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy/dx =
Given dy/dx = 2
-1/(x-3)2 = 2
2(x-3)2 =-1
2(x2-6x+9)=-1
2x2-12x+19 = 0
X = (12 ± 144-152) / 2(2) which is complex
No tangent to the curve which has slope two.
13) Prove that the function ‘f’ given by f(x) = log(sinx) is strictly increasing
on (0,/2) and strictly decreasing on (/2,).
Ans: f(x) = log(sinx)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = (1/sinx) (cosx)
= cotx
Since for each x (0,/2), cotx > 0 f(x) > 0
So f is strictly increasing in (0,/2)
Since for each x (/2,), cotx < 0 f(x)< 0
So f is strictly decreasing in (/2,).
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS:
1) The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 c.c/s. How fast is the
surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 12cm?
Ans: Let x , V, S be the length of side , volume and surface area of the
cube respectively.
Given dV/dt = 8c.c/s, dS/dt = ? when x = 12cm
Volume of cube = V = x3
Differentiate w.r.t. t
dV/dt = 3x2 . dx/dt
8 = 3(12)2 dx/dt
dx/dt = 8/3(144) = 1/54
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Surface area of a cube S = 6x2
Differentiate w.r.t. t
dS/dt = 6(2x) ( dx/dt)
= 12(12) (1/54) = 24/9 = 2.6 sq.cm/s
surface area of a cube is increasing at the rate of 2.6 sq.cm/s.
2) A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves in circles at the speed of
5cm/s. At the instant when the radius of circular wave is 8 cm, how fast
is the enclosed area is increasing?
Ans: Let r , A be the radius and Area of a circle respectively
Given dr/dt = 5cm/s dA/dt = ? when r = 8cm
Area of a circle A = r2
Differentiate w.r.t. t
dA/dt = 2r dr/dt
= 2(8).(5)
= 80 cm2 /s
The enclosed area is increasing at the rate of 80 cm2/s
when r = 8cm.
3) The length ‘x’ of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5cm/m and the
width ‘y’ increasing at the rate of 4cm/m. When x = 8cm and y = 6cm,
find the rates of changes of
(a) the perimeter and (b) the area of the rectangle.
Ans: Since the length ‘x’ is decreasing and width ‘Y ‘is increasing with
respect to time,
we have dx/dt = -5 cm / m , dy/dt = 4 cm /m
(a) The perimeter P of a rectangle is given by
P = 2(x+y)
Differentiate w.r.t. t
dP/dt = 2dx/dt + 2 dY/dt
= 2(-5) + 2 (4)
= -2 cm/min
(b) The area ‘A’ of the rectangle is given by A = x.y
dA/dt = dx/dt y + x dy/dt
= (-5) (6) + (8) (4)
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= 2cm2/m
The perimeter and area of a rectangle is decreasing and
increasing at the rate of 2cm/m and 2 cm2/m respectively .
4) A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter
(3/2)(2x+1). Find the rate of change of its volume w.r.t. x
Ans: Volume of a sphere = V = (4/3)r3
Given 2r = (3/2) (2x+1) r =( 3/4) (2x+1)
V = (4/3)[(3/4)(2x+1)]3
= (4/3) (27/64)(2x+1)3
V = (9/16)(2x+1)3
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dV/dx = (9/16) 3(2x+1)2(2)
= (27/8) (2x+1)2
volume of a sphere increases at the rate of (27/8) (2x+1)2
5) A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find
the rate at which its volume is increasing with the radius when the
radius is 10 cm.
Ans: Let ‘r’ and ‘ V’ be the radius and volume of a sphere.
To find dV/dr = ? when r = 10cm
Volume of a sphere V =( 4/3)r3
Differentiate w.r.t. r
dV/dr = (4/3) 3r2
= 4(10)2
= 400 cm3/cm
The volume of the spherical balloon is increasing with radius is
400 cm3/cm.
6) A water tank has the slope of an inverted right circular cone with its
axis vertical and lower most. Its semi-vertical angle is tan-1(0.5). Water
is poured into it at a constant rate of 5 cubicmeter per hour. Find the
rate at which the level of water is rising at the instant when the depth
of water in the tank is 4m.
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Ans: Let r, h and be the radius , height and semi-vertical angle of
cone.
Tan = r/h = tan-1(r/h)
Given = tan -1(0.5)
r/h= 0.5 = ½ r = h/2 Given dV/dt = 5 c.m/h
volume of a cone V = (1/3)r2h : dh/dt = ? when h = 4 m
= (1/3) (h2/4) h A B
3
= (/12).h OA = h
Differentiate w.r.t. t AB = r
dV/dt = (/12).3h2(dh/dt)
5 = (/4)(4)2(dh/dt) O
(dh/dt) = 5/4 = 35/88 m/h ( = 22/7)
Rate of change of water level = (35/88) m/h.
7) A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the
ladder is pulled along the ground, away from the wall at the rate
of 2cm/s. How fast is its height of the ladder decreasing when the
foot of the ladder is 4cm away from the wall?
Ans: Let AB be the ladder, AC wall, BC ground.
Let BC = x, AC = y
Given: AB = 5m, dx/dt = 2cm/s, dy/dt = ? when x = 4m.
From the fig, x2 + y2 = 52
(4)2 + y2 = 25 A
y2 =9, y =3.
Consider x2 + y2 = 52
Differentiate w.r.t ‘t’
2x(dx/dt) + 2y(dy/dt) = 0
2 (4)(2) + 2(3)(dy/dt) = 0
6(dy/dt) = -16
dy/dt = -8/3. B
C
Height of the ladder is decreasing at the rate
of 8/3 cm/s.
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8) A man 6ft tall moves away from a source of light 20ft above the ground
level, his rate of walking being 4 m.p.h. At what rate is the length of his
shadow changing? At what rate is the tip of his shadow moving?
Ans: At any time t, let AB = 6ft be the position of the man. Let C be the
source of light. OC = 20 ft. Then AD is the shadow and D is the tip
of the shadow.
Let OA = x and AD = y (be measured in miles)
Given: dx/dt = 4 m.p.h; dy/dt = ?; d(x+y)/dt = ?
C
From the figure, ,
20y = 6x+6y
14y = 6x ; y = B
Differentiate w.r.t ‘t’
= =
O A D
The shadow is changing at the rate of m.p.h.
Now
Therefore tip of the shadow is changing at the rate of m.p.h.
9) A stone is dropped into a pond, waves in the form of circles are
generated and the radius of the outer most ripple increases at the rate
of 2 inches/sec. How fast is the area increasing when the radius is 5
inches?
Ans: Let ‘r’ and ‘A’ be the radius and area of the circle respectively.
Given: ,
Area of circle, Differentiate w.r.t. t
sqinches/sec.
Therefore area of the circle increases at the rate of 20 sq. inches/sec.
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CHAPTER 8:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
3 mark questions
Question 1: Question 2:
Find the area of the region bounded by the Find the area of the region bounded by y2 =
curve y2 = x and the lines x = 1, x = 4 and the 9x, x = 2, x = 4 and the x-axis in the first
x-axis. quadrant.
Answer : Answer :
The area of the region bounded by the curve, The area of the region bounded by the curve,
y2 = x, the lines, x = 1 and x = 4, and the x- y2 = 9x, x = 2, and x = 4, and the x-axis is the
axis is the area ABCD. area ABCD.
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Question 3: Question 4:
Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = Find the area of the region bounded by the
4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y-axis in the first curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the line y = 3 is
quadrant.
Answer :
Answer : The area bounded by the curve, y2 = 4x, y-
axis, and y = 3 is represented as
The area of the region bounded by the curve,
x2 = 4y, y = 2, and y = 4, and the y-axis is the
area ABCD.
Question 5:
Find the area lying between the curve y2 =
4x and y = 2x is
Answer :
The area lying between the curve, y2 = 4x
and y = 2x, is represented by the shaded area
OBAO as
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2 2
From (2) and (1) y =4a y = 2a
Required area A = 2 [area of OSP
=2∫ = 2 ∫ √ . √ . dx
√
=4√ ( ) = [ a√ ] = Sq. units
The points of intersection of these curves are 5 MARK QUESTIONS:
O (0, 0) and A (1, 2).
We draw AC perpendicular to x-axis such
that the coordinates of C are (1, 0). Question 1:
∴ Area OBAO = Area (OCABO) – Area
(ΔOCA) Find the area of the region bounded by the
ellipse
Answer :
The given equation of the ellipse,
, can be represented as
square units
Question 5.
2
Find area enclosed by the Parabola y =4ax
and its latus rectum by integration
2
Solution: y = 4ax ---- (1) and
the equation of the Latus rectum is given by
x = a ……… (2)
It can be observed that the ellipse is
symmetrical about x-axis and y-axis.
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∴ Area bounded by ellipse = 4 × Area of
OAB
It can be observed that the ellipse is
symmetrical about x-axis and y-axis.
∴ Area bounded by ellipse = 4 × Area OAB
Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse = 4 ×
3π = 12π units
Question 2:
Find the area of the region bounded by the Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse =
ellipse
Question 3:
Answer :
The given equation of the ellipse can be
Find the area of the region in the first
represented as
quadrant enclosed by x-axis, line
and the circle
Answer :
The area of the region bounded by the circle,
, and the x-axis is the
area OAB.
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The area of the smaller part of the circle, x2
+ y2 = a2, cut off by the line, , is the
area ABCDA.
The point of intersection of the line and the
circle in the first quadrant is .
Area OAB = Area ΔOCA + Area ACB
Area of OAC
It can be observed that the area ABCD is
symmetrical about x-axis.
Area of ABC ∴ Area ABCD = 2 × Area ABC
Therefore, area enclosed by x-axis, the line
, and the circle in the
first quadrant =
Question 7:
Find the area of the smaller part of the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the line
Answer :
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Therefore, the area of smaller part of the
circle, x2 + y2 = a2, cut off by the line,
, is units.
Question 8:
The area between x = y2 and x = 4 is divided
into two equal parts by the line x = a, find
the value of a.
Answer :
The line, x = a, divides the area bounded by
the parabola and x = 4 into two equal parts.
∴ Area OAD = Area ABCD
From (1) and (2), we obtain
It can be observed that the given area is
symmetrical about x-axis.
⇒ Area OED = Area EFCD
Therefore, the value of a is .
Question 9:
Find the area of the region bounded by the
parabola y = x2 and
Answer :
The area bounded by the parabola, x2 =
y,and the line, , can be represented as
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The given area is symmetrical about y-axis.
∴ Area OACO = Area ODBO
The point of intersection of parabola, x2 = y, Let A and B be the points of intersection of
and line, y = x, is A (1, 1). the line and parabola.
Area of OACO = Area ΔOAM – Area
OMACO
Coordinates of point .
Area of ΔOAM
Coordinates of point B are (2, 1).
We draw AL and BM perpendicular to x-
axis.
Area of OMACO It can be observed that,
Area OBAO = Area OBCO + Area OACO
… (1)
Then, Area OBCO = Area OMBC – Area
⇒ Area of OACO = Area of ΔOAM – Area OMBO
of OMACO
Therefore, required area = units
Question 10:
Find the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4y
Similarly, Area OACO
and the line x = 4y – 2
= Area OLAC – Area OLAO
Answer :
The area bounded by the curve, x2 = 4y, and
line, x = 4y – 2, is represented by the shaded
area OBAO.
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Therefore, the required area is units.
Therefore, required area =
Question 12:
Find the area of the circle 4x2 + 4y2 = 9
which is interior to the parabola x2 = 4y
Question 11: Answer :
The required area is represented by the
Find the area of the region bounded by the shaded area OBCDO.
curve y2 = 4x and the line x = 3
Answer :
The region bounded by the parabola, y2 =
4x, and the line, x = 3, is the area OACO.
Solving the given equation of circle, 4x2 +
4y2 = 9, and parabola, x2 = 4y, we obtain the
point of intersection as
The area OACO is symmetrical about x-
axis. .
∴ Area of OACO = 2 (Area of OAB) It can be observed that the required area is
symmetrical about y-axis.
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∴ Area OBCDO = 2 × Area OBCO
We draw BM perpendicular to OA.
Therefore, the coordinates of M are .
Therefore, Area OBCO = Area OMBCO –
Area OMBO
Therefore, the required area OBCDO is
Equation of line segment AC is
units
Question :13
Using integration finds the area of the region
bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
(–1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2). Therefore, from equation (1), we obtain
Area (ΔABC) = (3 + 5 – 4) = 4 units
Answer :
BL and CM are drawn perpendicular to x-
axis. Question 14:
It can be observed in the following figure
that, Using integration find the area of the
Area (ΔACB) = Area (ALBA) + Area triangular region whose sides have the
(BLMCB) – Area (AMCA) … (1) equations y = 2x +1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4.
Answer :
The equations of sides of the triangle are y =
2x +1, y = 3x + 1, and x = 4.
On solving these equations, we obtain the
vertices of triangle as A(0, 1), B(4, 13), and
C (4, 9).
Equation of line segment AB is
It can be observed that,
Equation of line segment BC is
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Area (ΔACB) = Area (OLBAO) –Area
(OLCAO)
Question 15:
Find the smaller area enclosed by the circle
x2 + y2 = 4 and the line x + y = 2 is
Answer :
The smaller area enclosed by the circle, x2 +
y2 = 4, and the line, x + y = 2, is represented
by the shaded area ACBA as
It can be observed that,
Area ACBA = Area OACBO – Area
(ΔOAB)
10
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Question Bank
5. CONTINUITY AND DIFFERRENTIABILITY
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find the derivative of cos( x 2 ) with respect to x.
Sol: let y cos( x2 )
dy d
sin( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) 2 x sin( x 2 )
dx dx
2. Find the derivative of e x e x e x e x e x with respect to x.
2 3 4 5
let y e x e x e x e x e x
2 3 4 5
Sol :
dy
e x 2 xe x 3x 2e x 4 x3e x 5x 4e x
2 3 4 5
dx
3. Find the derivative of log(logx) with respect to x.
Sol : y log(log x)
dy 1 d 1
(log x)
dx log x dx x log x
4. Find the derivative of cos(sinx) with respect to x.
Sol : y cos(sin x)
dy d
sin(sin x) (sin x) cos x sin(sin x)
dx dx
5. Find the derivative of sec(tan x ) with respect to x
Sol : y sec(tan x )
sec tan x tan tan x sec2 ( x )
dy
dx
sec tan x tan tan x
d
dx
(tan x ) 2 x
6. Find the derivative of the function cos( x ) with respect to x.
Sol : y cos x
sin x
dy
dx
sin x dxd x 2 x
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dy
7. If y 3e2 x 2e3 x find
dx
Sol : y 3e2 x 2e3 x
dy
dx
3
d 2x
dx
e 2
d 3x
dx
e 6e2 x 6e3 x 6(e2 x e3 x )
8. Find the derivative of 5cosx – 3sinx with respect to x.
Sol : y 5cos x 3sin x
dy
5sin x 3cos x
dx
1
9. The function f ( x) is not continuous at x = 5. Justify the statement.
x 5
1
Sol : f ( x) is a quotient function. The function f(x) is not defined at x = 5 because
x 5
1 1
f (5) is not defined. Therefore f(x) is continuous for all values of x except x = 5.
55 0
dy
10. Find if x y
dx
Sol : x y
d d
x y
dx dx
d d
( x) ( y ) 0
dx dx
dy
1
dx
dy
11. If y tan(2 x 3) find
dx
Sol : y tan(2 x 3)
dy d
sec2 (2 x 3) 2 x 3 2sec2 (2 x 3)
dx dx
12. Find the derivative of f given by f ( x) tan 1 x assuming it exists.
dy 1
Sol : y tan 1 x
dx 1 x 2
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13. Prove that the function f ( x) x n is continuous at x = n, where n is a positive integer.
Sol : f ( x) x n , n N . Here, f(x) is a polynomial function and D f R
lim f ( x) lim x n nn f (n).
x n x n
Therefore f(x) is continuous at n N .
1
14. Find the derivative of esin x
with respect to x.
1
Sol : y esin x
1
esin x
dy
e sin 1 x d 1
sin x
dx dx 1 x2
dy
15. Find , if x at 2 , y 2at .
dx
Sol : x at 2 , y 2at
dx dy
2at , 2a
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2a 1
dx dx 2at t
dt
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Examine whether the function f given by f ( x) x 2 is continuous at x = 0.
Sol : f ( x) x 2 at x = 0; f (0) 0 .
Then lim f ( x) lim x 2 0
x 0 x 0
lim f ( x) 0 f (0) .
x 0
f is continuous at x = 0.
1
2. Discuss the continuity of the function f defined by f ( x) , x 0.
x
1 1
Sol : Fix any non zero real number c, we have lim f ( x) lim
x c x c x c
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1
Also, since for c 0 , f (c) , we have lim f ( x) f (c) and hence, f is continuous at every
c x c
point in the domain of f. Thus f is continuous function.
ex
3. Find the derivative of the function y with respect to x.
sin x
ex
Sol : y
sin x
dy
sin x
d x
dx
d
e e x sin x
dx
2
dx sin x
dy e x sin x e x cos x e sin x cos x
x
dx sin 2 x sin 2 x
4. Discuss the continuity of the function f given by f ( x) x3 x 2 1
Sol : Clearly f is defined at every real number c and its value at c is c3 c2 1. We also know that
lim f ( x) lim x3 x 2 1 c3 c 2 1
x c x c
Thus lim f ( x) f (c) , and hence f is continuous at every real number. This means f is a
x c
continuous function.
5. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function y x 2 2 , a = -2 and b = 2
Sol : The function y x 2 2 is continuous in [- 2 , 2] and differentiable in (-2, 2). Also
f (2) f (2) 6 and hence the value of f ( x) at -2 and 2 coincide. Rolle’s theorem states that
there is a point c (2, 2) , where f | (c) 0 . Since f | ( x) 2 x , we get c = 0. Thus at c = 0, we
have f | (c) 0 and c 0 (2, 2) .
6. If f and g be two real functions continuous at real number c. Then show that f + g is continuous at
x = c.
Sol : The continuity of f + g at x = c, clearly it is defined at x = c we have
lim f g x lim f ( x) g ( x)
x c x c
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) f (c) g (c) f g (c)
x c x c
Hence f + g is continuous at x = c.
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dy
7. Find if, x a cos , y a sin .
dx
Sol : x a cos , y a sin
dx dy
a sin a cos
d d
dy
dy d a cos
cot
dx dx a sin
d
8. Discuss the continuity of the function f given by f ( x) | x | at x = 0.
x, if x<0
Sol : By definition f ( x)
x, if x 0
Clearly the function is defined at x = 0 and f(0) = 0.
Let hand limit of f at x = 0 is lim f ( x) lim(
x) 0
x 0 x 0
Right hand limit of f at x = 0 is lim f ( x) lim x 0 .
x 0 x 0
Thus the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of the function coincide at x = 0.Hence, f is
continuous at x = 0.
sin(ax b)
9. Find the derivative of the function with respect to x.
cos(cx d )
sin(ax b)
Sol : y
cos(cx d )
d d
cos(cx d ) sin(ax b) sin(ax b) cos(cx d )
dy dx dx
dx cos (cx d )
2
dy a cos(cx d ) cos(ax b) c sin(ax b)sin(cx d )
dx cos 2 (cx d )
10. Discuss the continuity of sine function.
Sol : f ( x) sin x is defined for every real number. Let c be a real number. Put x = c + h.
If x c we know that h 0 . Therefore
lim f ( x) limsin x
x c x c
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limsin(c h) lim sin c.cosh cos c.sinh
h0 h0
limsin c.cosh limcos c.sinh sin c 0 sin c f (c)
h0 h0
Thus lim f ( x) f (c)
x c
Therefore f is a continuous function.
11. Differentiate xsin x x 0 with respect to x.
Sol : y xsin x
Taking log on both sides
log y log xsin x
log y sin x log x
1 dy d d
sin x (log x) (sin x) log x
y dx dx dx
1 dy sin x
cos x log x
y dx x
dy sin x
y cos x log x
dx x
dy sin x
xsin x cos x log x
dx x
12. Differentiate the function sin tan 1 e x with respect to x.
Sol : y sin tan 1 e x
dy
dx
cos tan 1 e x
d
dx
tan 1 e x
dy cos tan e e
1 x x
dx 1 e2 x
dy
13. If x 2at 2 , y at 4 find
dx
Sol : x 2at 2 , y at 4
dx dy
4at , 4at 3
dt dt
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dy
dy dt 4at 3
t2
dx dx 4at
dt
dy y ( x 1)
14. If xy e x y , prove that
dx x( y 1)
Sol : xy e x y
Differentiating both sides with respect to x.
d
dx
( xy )
dx
e
d x y
dy dy
x y e x y 1
dx dx
dy dy
x y e x y e x y
dx dx
dy x y dy
x e e x y y
dx dx
x e dy
x y
dx
e x y
y
dy e x y y xy y y ( x 1)
dx x e x y x xy x( y 1)
dy
15. If y cos x cos 2 x cos3x find
dx
Sol : y cos x cos 2 x cos3x
Taking log on both sides, we get
log y log(cos x cos 2 x cos3x)
log y log cos x log cos 2 x log cos3x
1 dy sin x 2sin 2 x 3sin 3x
y dx cos x cos 2 x cos 3x
dy
cos x cos 2 x cos3x tan x 2 tan 2 x 3tan 3x
dx
dy y
16. If x y a prove that
dx x
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Sol : x y a
Differentiate w.r.t x we get
1 1 dy
0
2 x 2 y dx
1 dy 1 dy y
2 y dx 2 x dx x
17. Find the derivative of sin x cos x
sin x cos x
with respect to x.
y sin x cos x
(sin x cos x )
Sol :
Taking log on both sides
log y log(sin x cos x)(sin xcos x )
log y (sin x cos x)log(sin x cos x)
Differentiate w.r.t x
1 dy d d
sin x cos x log(sin x cos x) (sin x cos x) log(sin x cos x)
y dx dx dx
1 dy cos x sin x
(sin x cos x) (cos x sin x) log(sin x cos x)
y dx sin x cos x
dy
sin x cos x cos x sin x 1 log(sin x cos x)
(sin x cos x )
dx
dy
x
18. If y sin 1 x find
dx
x
Sol : y sin 1 x
Taking logarithm on both sides
x
log y log sin 1 x
log y x log sin 1 x
1 dy
y dx
d
dx
d
x log sin 1 x ( x) log sin 1 x
dx
1 dy
x
y dx sin x 1 x
1 2
log sin 1 x
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dy x
= sin x x
x
y log sin 1 x 1
1 log sin 1 x
dx
sin x 1 x
1 2
sin x 1 x
2
dy 1 y2
19. If y sin loge x prove that
dx x
Sol : y sin loge x
dy d cos log e x
cos log e x log e x
dx dx x
1 sin(log e x
2
dy 1 y2
dx x x
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
1 x2 dy
1. If y cos 1 2
0 < x < 1 Find
1 x dx
1 x2
Sol : y cos 1 2
1 x
Put x tan
1 tan 2
y cos 1 cos cos 2
1
1 tan
2
y 2 2 tan 1 x
Differentiate w.r. t x
dy 1
dx 1 x 2
dy
2. If x3 x2 y xy 2 y 3 81 . Find
dx
Sol : x3 x2 y xy 2 y 3 81
Differentiate w.r. t x
dy dy dy
3x 2 x 2 2 xy x 2 y y 2 3 y 2 0
dx dx dx
x 2
2 xy 3 y 2 dy
dx
3x 2
2 xy y 2
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dy
3x 2 2 xy y 2
2
dx x 2 xy 3 y 2
x 3 x 2 4
3. Diffentiate y w.r. t x.
3x 2 4 x 5
x 3 x 2 4
Sol : y
3x 2 4 x 5
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
log y
1
2
log x 3 log x 2 4 log 3x 2 4 x 5
Differentiating on both sides w.r.t x, we get
1 dy 1 1 2x 6x 4
2 2
y dx 2 x 3 x 4 3x 4 x 5
dy y 1 2x 6x 4
2 2
dx 2 x 3 x 4 3x 4 x 5
dy 1 x 3 x 2 4
1 2x 6x 4
2 2
dx 2 3x 4 x 5 x 3 x 4 3x 4 x 5
2
dy 2x
4. Find if y sin 1 2
dx 1 x
2x
Sol : y sin 1 2
1 x
Put x tan
2 tan
y sin 1 sin sin 2
1
1 tan
2
y 2 2 tan 1 x
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
dy 2
dx 1 x 2
5. Differentiate the function log x
cos x
with respect to x.
10
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y log x
cos x
Sol :
Taking logarithm on both sides
log y log log x
cos x
log y cos x log log x
Differentiating w.r. t. x on both sides, we get
1 dy d d
cos x log log x cos x log log x
y dx dx dx
1 dy cos x
sin x log log x
y dx x log x
dy cos x cos x cos x
y sin x log log x log x sin x log log x
dx x log x x log x
dy
6. Find if y x x y
dx
Sol : yx xy
Taking logarithm on both sides
log y x log x y
x log y y log x
Differentiating with respect to x, on both sides, we get
d d d d
x (log y) log y ( x) y (log x) log x ( y)
dx dx dx dx
x dy y dy
log y log x
y dx x dx
x y log x dy y x log y
y dx x
dy y y x log y
dx x x y log x
7. Differentiate sin 2 x with respect to ecos x
Sol : let u sin 2 x and v ecos x
Differentiate w.r.t x
11
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du dv
2sin x cos x and sin xecos x
dx dx
du
du dx 2sin x cos x 2 cos x
cos x
dv dv sin xe cos x
e
dx
sin x
8. Differentiate tan 1 with respect to x.
1 cos x
sin x
Sol : y tan 1
1 cos x
x x x
2sin cos sin
y tan 1 2 2 tan 1 2 tan 1 tan x
x
2 cos 2
x
cos 2
2 2
x
y
2
Differentiating w.r.t x on both sides
dy 1
dx 2
9. Verify mean value theorem if f ( x) x3 5x 2 3x in the interval [a, b] where a = 1 and b = 3. Find
c (1,3) for which f | (c) 0 .
Sol: Given f ( x) x3 5x 2 3x x [1,3] which is a polynomial function.
Since a polynomial function is continuous and derivable at all x R
(1) f(x) is continuous on [1,3] (2) f(x) is derivable on (1, 3)
Therefore condition of mean value theorem satisfied on [1,3]. Hence, at least one real c (1,3)
f (3) f (1) 3 5(3) 3(3) 1 5(1) 3(1)
3 2
f (c )
|
3 1 2
20
f | (c ) 10
2
f | ( x) 3x 2 10 x 3 ; f | (c) 3c2 10c 3 10
3c2 10c 7 0
3c2 7c 3c 7 0 ;
12
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7
c(3c 7) (3c 7) 0 c = 1 (1,3) c (1,3) .
3
Hence the mean theorem satisfied for given function in the given interval.
d2y
10. If y cos1 x find in terms of y alone.
dx 2
Sol : y cos1 x
x cos y
Differentiating w.r.t y, we get
dx
sin y
dy
dy
cos ecy
dx
Again differentiating w.r. t x , we get
d2y dy
2
cos ecy cot y
dx dx
d2y
2
cos ec 2 y cot y
dx
11. Find the derivative of log x
log x
with respect to x.
y log x
log x
Sol :
Taking logarithm on both sides
log y log log x
log x
log y log x log log x
Differentiating w.r. t x on both sides
log x log log x log log x log x
1 dy d d
y dx dx dx
1 dy log x log log x
y dx x log x x
dy 1 log log x log x 1 log log x
y log x
dx x x x x
13
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12. Find
dy
dx
if y cos x3 .sin 2 x5
Sol : y cos x3 sin 2 x5
Differentiating w.r.t x on both sides
dy
dx
cos x3
d
dx
sin 2 x5 sin x dxd cos x
2 5 3
dy
dx
cos x3 2sin x5 cos x5 5 x 4 sin x5 sin x3 3x 2
dy
10 x 4 sin x5 cos x5 cos x3 3x 2 sin x5 sin x3
dx
13. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f ( x) x 2 2 x 8 , x [4, 2] .
Sol : Given f ( x) x 2 2 x 8 , x [4, 2] . Since a polynomial function is continuous and derivable on
R. (1) f(x) is continuous on [-4,2] (2) f(x) is derivable on [-4,2].
Also f (4) (4)2 2(4) 8 0 and f (2) 22 2 2 8 0 f (4) f (2) .
This means that all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied by f(x) in [-4,2].
Therefore there exist at least one real number c (4, 2) such that f | (c) 0 .
f ( x) x 2 2 x 8 f | ( x ) 2 x 2
f | (c) 0 2c 2 0 c 1 (4, 2)
Rolle’s theorem is verified with c = - 1
1 1 dy y
14. If x asin t
and y acos t
then prove that
dx x
1 1
Sol : x asin t
y acos t
1 1 1
sin t cos1 t
xa 2
ya 2
Differentiating w.r.t “t” we get
dx 1 1
sin t d 1 dy 1
cos 1 t d 1
a2 log a sin 1 t a2 log a cos 1 t
dt dx 2 dt dx 2
1 1 1
sin t cos1 t
2 2
dx a log a dy a log a
dt 2 1 t2 dt 2 1 t2
14
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11
dy a 2 cos t log a 1
dy dt
1 1 2 1 t 2
a sin t
dx dx sin t log a 1
a cos t
a2
dt 2 1 t2
dy y
dx x
15. Find the derivative of x x 2sin x with respect to x.
Sol : let y x x 2sin x = u – v
Where u x x and v 2sin x
Taking log on both sides
log u log x x and log v log 2sin x
log u x log x and log v sin x log 2
Differentiate with respect to x we get
1 du d d 1 dv
x log x x log x and cos x log 2
u dx dx dx v dx
du x dv
u 1.log x x x 1 log x and v cos x log 2 2sin x cos x log 2
dx x dx
y u v
dy du dv
x x 1 log x 2sin x cos x log 2
dx dx dx
dy
16. If x a( sin ) and y a(1 cos ) prove that tan
dx 2
Sol : x a( sin ) y a(1 cos )
Differentiating w.r.t x on both sides
dx dy
a(1 cos ) a(0 sin ) a sin
d d
dy
2a sin cos sin
dy d a sin dy 2 2 2 tan
dx dx a (1 cos ) dx 2
2a cos 2 cos
d 2 2
17. If a function f(x) is differentiable at x = c , prove that it is continuous at x = c.
15
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f ( x ) f (c )
Sol : Since f is differentiable at c, we have lim f | (c )
x c xc
f ( x ) f (c )
But for x c , we have f ( x) f (c) . x c
xc
f ( x ) f (c )
Therefore lim[ f ( x) f (c)] lim . x c
x c x c
xc
f ( x ) f (c )
Or lim f ( x) lim f (c) lim lim x c
x c x c x c
xc x c
f | (c) . 0 = 0
lim f ( x) f (c) . Hence f is continuous at x = c.
x c
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
1. If y 3cos log x 4sin log x prove that x 2 y2 xy1 y 0 .
Sol : y 3cos log x 4sin log x
Differentiating w.r.t x on both sides
3sin log x 4cos log x
y1
x x
xy1 3sin log x 4cos log x
Again differentiating on both sides we get
3cos log x 4sin log x
xy2 1 y1
x x
x2 y2 xy1 3cos log x 4sin log x
x 2 y2 xy1 y x2 y2 xy1 y 0
d2y dy
2. If y 3e2 x 2e3 x prove that 2
5 6y 0
dx dx
Sol : y 3e2 x 2e3 x
dy
dx
6e2 x 6e3 x 6 e2 x e3 x
d2y
2 12e2 x 18e3 x 6 2e2 x 3e3 x
dx
16
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d2y
Hence
dx 2
dy
5 6 y 6(2e3 x 3e3 x) 30 e2 x e3 x 6 3e2 x 2e3 x
dx
d2y dy
2
5 6 y 12e3 x 18e3 x 30e2 x 30e3 x 18e2 x 12e3 x 0
dx dx
2 2
3. If y tan 1 x prove that x 2 1 y2 2 x x 2 1 y1 2 .
2
Sol : y tan 1 x
Differentiating w.r.t on both sides
2 tan 1 x
y1
1 x2
1 x 2 y1 2 tan 1 x
Again differentiating w.r.t x on both sides
1 x y
2
2 2 xy1
2
1 x2
On cross multiplication, we get
1 x
2
2
y2 2 x 1 x 2 y1 2
d2y dy
4. If y Aemx Benx , Show that 2
m n mny 0 .
dx dx
Sol : y Aemx Benx
Differentiating w.r.t x on both sides
dy
Amemx Bnenx Again differentiate w.r.t x on both sides
dx
d2y
2
Am2emx Bn2enx
dx
d2y
Hence
dx 2
dy
m n mny m2 Aemx n2 Benx m n Amemx Bnenx mny
dx
m2 Aemx n2 Benx Am2emx Bmnenx Amnemx n2 Benx mny
Bmnenx Amnemx mny mn Aemx Benx mny
mny mny 0 y Aemx Benx
17
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5. If y sin 1 x prove that 1 x 2 ddxy x dy
2
dx
0
Sol : y sin 1 x
Differentiate w.r.t x, we get
dy 1
On cross multiplication
dx 1 x2
dy
1 x2 1
dx
Again Differentiate w.r.t x, we get
d2y 2 x dy
1 x2 2
0
dx 2 1 x 2 dx
Taking Lcm and simplifying, we get
d2y
1 x2 dx 2
x
dy
dx
0
6. If y cos1 x prove that 1 x 2 y2 xy1 0
Sol : y sin 1 x
Differentiate w.r.t x, we get
dy 1
dx 1 x2
On cross multiplication
1 x 2 y1 1
Again Differentiate w.r.t x, we get
2x
1 x 2 y2 y1 0
2 1 x2
Taking Lcm and simplifying, we get 1 x 2 y2 xy1 0
d2y
7. If y 5cos x 3sin x , prove that y0
dx 2
Sol : y 5cos x 3sin x
Differentiating w.r.t x , on both sides
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dy
5sin x 3cos x Again differentiating w.r.t x we get
dx
d2y
5cos x 3sin x 5cos x 3sin x
dx 2
d2y d2y
y y0
dx 2 dx 2
2
d 2 y dy
8. If e x 1 1 , prove that
y
dx 2 dx
Sol : e y x 1 1
Differentiate w.r.t x on both sides
ey
d
dx
d
x 1 x 1 e y 0
dx
dy
e y x 1 e y 0
dx
dy 1
Again differentiate w.r.t x , we get
dx x 1
d2y 1
x 1
2 2
dx
2
d 2 y dy
dx 2 dx
d2y
9. If y 500e7 x 600e7 x then show that 49 y
dx 2
Sol : y 500e7 x 600e7 x
Differentiate w.r.t x
dy
dx
500 7e7 x 600 7e7 x
Again differentiate w.r.t x
d2y d2y
dx 2
500 49e7 x 600 49e7 x dx 2
49 500e7 x 600e7 x
d2y
49 y
dx 2
19
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Differential Equations
1 Mark questions:
1. Define a differential equation.
It is an equation containing derivatives.
2. Define order of a differential equation.
It is highest order of derivative appearing in the given equation.
3. Define degree of a differential equation.
It is the highest power of highest ordered derivative appearing in the given
equation.
4. Define general solution of a differential equation.
It is solution of given differential equation and it contains arbitrary constants.
5. Define particular solution of a differential equation.
It is that solution of given differential equation and is free from arbitrary constants.
2 Marks questions:
1. Form a differential equation of family of
i. Straight lines with slope = m and passing through origin.
Consider a straight line with slope = m and passing through origin
i.e. y = mx -----(1)
y1 = m -------(2) y = x y1
ii. Circles with centre on y-axis and passing through origin.
Consider x 2 y 2 2 fy 0 1 2 x 2 yy1 2 fy 1 0
x yy1
2 1
f
x 2 y 2 2 x yy1 0
y
2. Solve the following by using separation of variables.
i. x dy y dx dx dy
d xy d x y d xy d x y xy x y c
dy a y2
ii. 0
dx 1 x2
dy dx
1 y 2
1 x 2
0 sin 1 y sin 1 x c
iii. 1 x dy
2
dx
1 y 0 2
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dy dx
0 tan 1 y tan 1 x c
1 y 2
1 x 2
iv.
y1 1 x . 1 y 2
x2
dy
1 y2
1
1 x dx tan y x c
2
v. 2 y 1dx 2x 3dy 0
0 log 2 x 3 log 2 y 1 c
dx dy 1 1
2x 3 2 y 1 2 2
dy
vi. x 2 1 y2
dx
dx dx 1
2 0 tan 1 y c
1 y 2
x x
dy
vii. 3x 2 2
dx
dy 3x 2 2 dx y 3x 2
3
2 x x3 2 x c
viii. y1 e x 1
dy e x 1 dx y e x x c
dx dy
ix. 0
x y
dx dy
0 log x log y c
x y
x. x dy y dy 0
x dy y dx
0 d y x 0 c
y
2
x x
xi. cos x dx sin y dy 0
cos x dx sin y dy 0 sin x cos y c
xii. y cos 2 x dy dx 0
y2
y dy sec x dx 0 tan y c
2
2
e x dx e y dy
xiii. 0
1 ex 1 e y
d 1 ex
d 1 e y
1 e y 0 log 1 e log 1 e c
x y
1 ex
xiv. y 1 x 2 dy x 1 y 2 dy 0
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1 y
y
2
dy x 1 x 2 dx 0
2 y dy
1 y 2
2 y dx
1 x2
0
log 1 y 2 log1 x c
2
dy
xv. e x y
dx
dy e x
y e y dy e x dx e y e x c
dx e
Problems on homogenous equations 3 mark question:
dy x y
1. Solve
dx x y
dy x y
Given, 1, put y Vx
dx x y
dV x Vx 1 V
1 V x
dy dV
V x
dx dx dx x Vx 1 V
dV 1 V 1V 2 1 V dV dx
x
dx 1 V
V
1V 1V 2 x
x2 y2
dV 1 V .2dV
1V 2 2 1V 2
1
log x tan y x log log x
x
tan 1 y x log x 2 y 2 c
Linear Differential Equations:
Solve the following:
dx x
1. 2y
dy y
1
P ; Q 2y
y
1
p dy
y
dy log y log y 1
I . f . e Pdy elog y y 1
1
x
Solution is xy 1 y 1 2 y dy 2 dy 2 y 2y c
y
2. xy1 2 y x 2
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2y 2
y1 x P ; Qx
x x
e logx x 2
Pdx
Pdx 2 log x log x 2
2
I . f is e
x4 x4
Solution is y. x x .x dx 2 2
x dx
3
yx
2
c
4 4
3. y1 y cot x 2 x x 2 cot x ; y 2 0
P cot x ; Q 2 x x 2 cot x
Pdx
Pdx cot x dx log sin x e e logsin x sin x
Solution is y. sin x 2 x sin x x 2 cot x sin x dx
2 x sin x dx x 2 cos x dx 2 x sin x dx x 2 d sin x
2 x sin x dx x 2 sin x 2 x sin x dx y sin x x 2 sin x c
given, y 2 0 Q 2 c c 2 y sin x x 2 sin x 2
4. y1 3 y e2 x
P3 ; Q e 2 x dx
Pdx
Pdx 3dx 3x I. f . e e3 x
Solution is y. e3 x e3 x e 2 x dx e x dx e x y . e3 x e x c
5. x 3 y y
2
1 y , y 0 y1
y
x 3y2
dx x 3 y 2 dx x
3y
dy y dy y
P
1
y
; Q 3y Pdy log y log y 1
I . f . e log y
1 1
y
1 1 x
Solution is x. . 3 y dy 3 3 y c
y y y
6. y1 2 y tan x sin x
P 2 tan x ; Q sin x
Pdx 2 tan x dx 2 log cos x log cos x
2
I . f . e logcos x cos 2 x
2
Solution is y. cos 2 x sin x . cos 2 x dx
cos x d cos x y cos 2 x cos 3 x c
2
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7. x y dy 1
dx
x y
dx dy
dx
x y P 1 ; Q x y
dy
Pdy
Pdy 1dy y I. f . e e y
Sol. is x . e y e y . y dy y d e y
ye y e y ye y e y x e y e y y 1 c
8. 1 x 2 y1 2 xy
1
1 x2
2x 1 2x 1
y1 y P ; Q
1 x 2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 2 2
Pdx
2x
1 x2
log 1 x 2 I. f . e
Pdx 2
e log1 x 1 x 2
Sol. is y . 1 x 2 1 x 2 . 1 1x dx 1 1x
2 2
dx
y 1 x tan
2 1
xc
9. y1 3 y cot x sin 2 x
P 3 cot x ; Q sin 2 x
Pdx 3 cot x 3 log sin x log sin 3 x
Pdx
e logsin x sin x
3
3
I. f . e
Sol. is y . sin x sin 1 x . 2 sin x cos x dx
3
1
cos x dx
2 sec x tan x dx 2 sec x
sin 2 x
dx x tan 1 y
10.
dy 1 y 2 1 y 2
1 tan 1 y
P ; Q
1 y2 a y2
1 Pdx
Pdy 1 tan 1 y
dy tan y I . f . e e
1 y2
tan 1 y
Sol. is x .e tan 1 y
e tan 1 y
dy t et dt , t tan 1 y
1 y 2
t d et te t et dt te t et xe tan
1
y
tan 1 y e tan
1
y
c
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Statement problems:
1. Find equation of a curve which passes through origin given that slope at any point
on it = sum of coordinates.
y 0 0
dy
given x y &
dx
dy
yx P 1 ; Qx
dx
Pdx
Pdx 1dx x I . f . e e x
Sol. is y . e x . x dx ye x x d e x
xe x e x dx ye x xe x e x c
given y 0 0 0 0 1 c c 1 ye x x 1e x 1
2. Find the equation of a curve which passes through (0, 2) given that sum of
coordinates at any point exceeds slope at that point by 5.
dy dy
Given, x y 5 y x 5
dx dx
P 1 ; Q x 5 Pdx 1 dx x
Pdx
I. f . e ex Sol. is ye x x 5e x dx
x d e x 5 e x dx xe x e x dx 5e x
ye x xe x e x 5e x c
given, y 0 22 0 1 5 .1 c c 8
y e x e x x 6 8
3. Find the equation of curve which passes through (0, 1) given that slope of that at
any point = sum of abscissa and product of coordinates.
dy dy
Given, x xy xy x
dx dx
x2
P x ; Qx Pdx x dx
2
I . f . ex Sol. is y . e x e x 2 dx
2 2 2
2 2
ex
2
2
d ex
2
2
e x2 2
c
given, y 0 1 1, e 0 e 0 c c 8
y ex e x 2
2 2
2 2
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4. Find the equation of the curve which passes through (0, 1) given that slope at any
dy
point on it satisfies (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx –dy.
dx
Given, x y dx dy dx dy
d x y
dx dy x y log x y c
x y
given, y 0 1 0 1 log 1 c c 1 x y log x 2 1
5. Find the equation of curve which passes through (0, 2) given that product of
ordinate and slope at that point = abscissa.
ydy
Given, x
dx
y2 x2
y dy x dx c
2 2
given, y 0 2
2
2
0 c c 2
2
y2 x2
2 x2 y2 4 0
2 2
6. Find the equation of a curve which passes through (1, 1).
x 2 y 2
dy
Given, x
dx
x2
x 2 y 2
dy dy
given, x dx
dx y2 x
2
log y 2 1 dx x 2 log x c
x
given, y 1 1 log 3 1 2 log x c
c log 3 1 log y 2 x 2 log x log 3 1
7. At any point P on a curve slope =2 (slope segment joining P & A (-4, -3). Find its
equation if it passes through (-2, 1)
dy x3 dy dx
Given, 2 2
dx x4 y3 x4
log y 3 2 log x 4 c
given, y 2 1 log y 2 log 2 c c 0
log y 3 2 log x 4
8. In a bank principal, increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. In how many years
of Rs.100 doubles itself? Use log e 0.6931
2
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dp 5 dp t
Given .P 20 dt log P c
dt 100 P 20
P et 20. ec P Ket 20
given P0 1000 1000 ke0 k 1000
t
P 1000et 20 2000 1000et 20 2 et 20 log 2
20
t 20 log 2 200.6931 13.862
9. Find the equation of a curve whose differential equations is y1= ex sinx given that it
passes through origin.
dy
y1 e x sin x e x sin x dy e x sin x dx
dx
ex x
y sin x cos x c But y0 0 c 1 2 y e sin x cos x 1
2 2 2
10. Find equation of a curve, whose differential equation
dy
dx
1 x2 1 y 2
given that it passes through A (0, ½)
given,
dy
dx
1 x2 1 y2
dy
1 y2
1 x 2 dx
1 1 y x3
log x c
2 1 y 3
1 11 2
given y 0 1 2 log 00c
2 1 1 2
1 1 1 y x3 1
c log 3 log x log 3
2 2 1 y 3 2
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MATHEMATICS: QUESTION BANK
CHAPTER 7: INTEGRALS(INDEFINITE)
Standard forms
1mark questions:
Write an antiderivative for each of the
following functions using differentiation
Question 1: i)sin 2x
Soln: The anti derivative of sin 2x is a
function of x whose derivative is
sin 2x.
It is known that,
Question 5:
Therefore, the anti derivative of
Question 2: Cos 3x
The anti derivative of cos 3x is a function of x
whose derivative is cos 3x. Question 6:
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of Question 7: Find an anti-derivative
of with respect to x.
.
Question 3: e2x Ans: cot2x=cosec2x-1; antiderivative
The anti derivative of e2x is the function of x of cot2 x is -cotx-x+c
whose derivative is e2x. Question 8: Find an anti-derivative
It is known that,
of √ with respect to x.
√
√
√( ) = sinx+cosx
Antiderivative of sinx+cosx is
cosx-sinx+c
Question 9: Evaluate∫ ( ) .
Therefore, the anti derivative of .
Evaluate the following integrals:
Ans: e5x+c
Question 4:
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Evaluate the following integrals:
Write an antiderivative for each of the
following functions using
differentiation :
Question 1:
The anti derivative of is the function
Question 5:
of x whose derivative is .
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of
.
Question 2: Question 6:
The anti derivative of is the
function of x whose derivative is
.
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of
is .
Evaluate the following integrals:
Question 7:
Question 3:
On dividing, we obtain
Question 4:
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Question 8: Question 12:
Question 13:
Question 9:
Question 14:
Question 10:
Question 15:Find the anti derivative of
Solution:
Question 11:
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3 mark questions: Also,
If such that f(2) = 0, find f(x)
Solution: It is given that
∴Anti derivative of
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: x
1`. Evaluate tan 2 (2 x).dx
2. Evaluate cos ec2 dx .
2
tan (2 x).dx (sec 2 2 x 1)dx = -2cot +c
2
Solution: 1 tan 2 x x c
2
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Question 3:
Integrate the following w.r.t x
Let 1 + log x = t
1.
∴
Hint: =t Ans: log(1+x2) +c
2.
Hint: log |x| = t ∴ Question 4:sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)
sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)
Let cos x = t
∴ −sin x dx = dt
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Question 5: Question 9:
Let ax + b = t ⇒ adx = dt Let
∴ 2dx = dt
Question 6:
Let 1 + 2x2 = t ∴ 4xdx = dt Question 10:
Let
∴ 9x2 dx = dt
Question 7:
Let ∴ (2x + 1)dx = dt
Question 11:
Let log x = t ∴
Question 8: Question 12:
Let
∴ −8x dx = dt
Let
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Question 17:
Question 13:
Let sin 2x = t ∴
Let ∴ 2xdx = dt
Question 14: Question 18:
Let
Let ∴ 2xdx = dt
∴ cos x dx = dt
Question 19: cot x log sin x
Let log sin x = t
Question 15:
Let ∴
Question 20:
Let 1 + cos x = t ∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 16:
Let ∴
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Question 21:
Let 1 + cos x = t ∴ −sin x dx = dt Question 24: Find
Let ∴
Question 25: =
Question 22:
Let 1 + log x = t ∴
Question 23: equals
Let Also, let
⇒
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Question 2:
Integrate the following :
Let ∴ dx = dt
Question 1:
Let ∴ 2adx = dt
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Question 3:
Let ∴ dx = dt
Question 6:
Let ∴
Question 7:
Question 4:
Let 2x − 3 = t ∴ 2dx = dt
Let ∴
Question 8:
Let 7 − 4x = t ∴ −4dx = dt
Question 5:
Dividing numerator and denominator by ex,
we obtain
Question 9:
Let ∴
Let ∴
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Question 10: Question 13:
Let
∴
Let sin x + cos x = t ⇒ (cos x − sin x) dx = dt
Question 11:
Let ∴
Question 14:
Question 12:
Let ∴
Put cos x − sin x = t ⇒ (−sin x − cos x) dx = dt
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Question 15:
Question 17:
Let x4 = t
∴ 4x3 dx = dt
Let
∴
From (1), we obtain
Question 16:
Let
∴ ******
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:
Integrate the following functions: Question 2:
It is known that,
Question 1:
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Question 3: cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x Question 6: sin x sin 2x sin 3x
It is known that,
It is known that
Question 4: sin3 (2x + 1)
Let
Question 7:sin 4x sin 8x
It is known that
Question 8:
Question 5: sin3 x cos3 x
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Question 9: Question 12:
Question 10: sin4 x
Question 13:
Question 14:
4
Question 11: cos 2x
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Question 15:
Question 18:
Question 19:
Question 16: tan4x
From equation (1), we obtain
Question 20:
Question 17:
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Question 21: sin−1 (cos x)
Question 22:
Question 23:
Question 24:
It is known that,
Let exx = t
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain
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INTEGRALS OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
Integrate the following w.r.t x Question 5:
Question 1:
Let x3 = t ∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 2:
Let 2x = t ∴ 2dx = dt
Question 6:
Let x3 = t ∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 3: Question 7:
Let 2 − x = t ⇒ −dx = dt
Question 4: From (1), we obtain
Let 5x = t ∴ 5dx = dt
Question 8:
Let x3 = t ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt
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Question 9: Question 12:
Let tan x = t ∴ sec2x dx = dt
Question 10:
Question 13:
Question 11:
Question 14:
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THREE MAKRS QUESTIONS:
Question 3:
Question 1:
Question 4:
Question 2:
Equating the coefficients of x and
constant term on both sides, we obtain
4A = 4 ⇒ A = 1
A+B=1⇒B=0
Let 2x2 + x − 3 = t
∴ (4x + 1) dx = dt
Question 5:
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term on both sides, we obtain
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From (1), we obtain x2
Question 6: Integrate
x 2x 3
2
with respect to x.
1
x2 2x 2 1
I dx 2 dx
x 2 2x 3 x 2 2x 3
1 2x 2 1
2 x 2x 3
2
dx
x 2x 3
2
dx
1 1
2 x 2 2x 3 dx
2
2
x 1 2
From equation (2), we obtain x 2 2x 3 log x 1 x 2 2x 3 c
ADDITIONAL 4 TO 5 MARK QUESTIONS: Integrate the following:
Question 1:
Equating the coefficient of x and constant term
on both sides, we obtain
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Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation
(1), we obtain
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in (1), we
obtain
Question 2: Question 3:
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term on both sides, we obtain
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term, we obtain 2A = 6 ⇒ A = 3
−9A + B = 7 ⇒ B = 34
∴ 6x + 7 = 3 (2x − 9) + 34
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Question 5:
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term on both sides, we obtain
Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
Question 4:
Let x2 + 2x +3 = t Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
⇒ (2x + 2) dx =dt
Question 6:
Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term, we obtain
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Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
Question 1:
Let
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term, we obtain
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
A + B = 1 ; 2A + B = 0
On solving, we obtain A = −1 and B = 2
Question 1:
Let
Substituting x = 1, 2, and 3 respectively in
equation (1), we obtain
A = 1, B = −5, and C = 4
Question 2:
Let
Question 2:
Equating the coefficients of x and constant Let
term, we obtain
A + B = 0 ; −3A + 3B = 1
On solving, we obtain
Substituting x = 1, 2, and 3 respectively in
equation (1), we obtain
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Equating the coefficients of x2, x, and constant
term, we obtain
A + C = 0 ;−A + B = 1 ; −B + C = 0
On solving these equations, we obtain
Question 3:
From equation (1), we obtain
Let
Substituting x = −1 and −2 in equation (1), we
obtain A = −2 and B = 4
Question 4:
It can be seen that the given integrand is not a
proper fraction. Therefore, on dividing (1 −
x2) by x(1 − 2x), we obtain
Let
Question 5:
Substituting x = 0 and in equation (1), we Let
obtain A = 2 and B = 3
Substituting x = 1, we obtain
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain Equating the coefficients of x2 and constant
term, we obtain
A + C = 0 ;−2A + 2B + C = 0
On solving, we obtain
Question 4: Question 6:
Let
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Let
Substituting x = 1 in equation (1), we obtain
B=4
Equating the coefficients of x2 and x, we
obtain A + C = 0; B − 2C = 3
Question 9:
On solving, we obtain It can be seen that the given integrand is not a
proper fraction.
Therefore, on dividing (x3 + x + 1) by x2 − 1,
we obtain
Let
Substituting x = 1 and −1 in equation (1), we
Question 7: obtain
Let
Question 10:
Equating the coefficients of x2 and x, we
obtain
Equating the coefficient of x and constant
term, we obtain A=3
2A + B = −1 ⇒ B = −7
Question 8:
Let
Substituting x = −1, −2, and 2 respectively in
equation (1), we obtain
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Question 11: Question 13:
[Hint: multiply numerator and denominator by
xn − 1 and put xn = t]
Let x2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
Multiplying numerator and
denominator by xn − 1, we obtain
Substituting t = −3 and t = −1 in equation (1),
we obtain
Substituting t = 0, −1 in equation (1), we
obtain
A = 1 and B = −1
Question 14:
Multiplying numerator and denominator by x3,
we obtain
Question 12: [Hint: Put
sin x = t]
Let x4 = t ⇒ 4x3dx = dt
Substituting t = 2 and then t = 1 in equation
(1), we obtain A = 1 and B = −1
Substituting t = 0 and 1 in (1), we obtain
A = −1 and B = 1
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Substituting x = 1 and 2 in (1), we obtain
A = −1 and B = 2
Question 15:
[Hint: Put ex = t]
Let ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
Question 17:
Substituting t = 1 and t = 0 in equation (1), we
obtain A = −1 and B = 1
Equating the coefficients of x2, x, and constant
term, we obtain
A + B = 0; C = 0 ; A = 1
On solving these equations, we obtain
A = 1, B = −1, and C = 0
Question 16:
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 4 TO 5 MARKS:
Question 1:
Equating the coefficient of x2, x, and constant
term, we obtain
A − B = 0; B − C = 0; A + C = 2
On solving these equations, we obtain
A = 1, B = 1, and C = 1
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Question 2:
Equating the coefficient of x3, x2, x, and Equating the coefficients of x3, x2, x, and
constant term, we obtain constant term, we obtain
A + C = 0; B + D = 4 ;4A + 3C = 0
4B + 3D = 10
On solving these equations, we obtain
A = 0, B = −2, C = 0, and D = 6
On solving these equations, we obtain
Question 18:
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS:
Question 1: x sin x
Let I =
Taking x as first function and sin x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 3: ∫ .
Question 2:
Given Integral
Let I = = ∫ ∫ .
Taking x as first function and sin 3x as second =
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
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Question 4: x logx
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:
Let Integrate the following w.r.t. x
Taking log x as first function and x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain Question 1:
Let
Taking x2 as first function and ex as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 5: x log 2x Again integrating by parts, we obtain
Let
Taking log 2x as first function and x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 2:
Let
Taking as first function and x as
second function and integrating by parts, we
Question 6: x2 log x obtain
Let
Taking log x as first function and x2 as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 7:
Let
Taking x as first function and sec2x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
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Question 3:
Let
Taking as first function and x as
second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
Question 4: Evaluate: ∫ .
∫ ∫
∫ ∫ .
= ∫
= | |
Question 5:
Let
Taking cos−1 x as first function and x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 6:
Let
Taking as first function and 1 as
second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
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Question 7:
*******
Let
Taking as first function and
as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
INTEGRAL OF THE FORM ∫ [ ( ) ( )]
TWO MARK QUESTIONS 1 sin x
2. Evaluate: e dx .
x
1 cos x
Question 1:
x x
1 2sin 2 cos 2
Let I e
x
dx
2 x
2cos
Let 2
⇒
1 x
ex tan dx
∴ x 2
2cos 2
It is known that, 2
1 x x
e x sec 2 tan dx e x f '(x) f (x) dx
2 2 2
x
e x tan
2
Question 2:
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Integrate the following w.r.t x
Also, let ⇒
It is known that, Question 1:
Let
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Let ⇒ Let ⇒
It is known that,
It is known that,
Question 3:
Question 2:
Let
Integrating by parts, we obtain
Again integrating by parts, we obtain
Let ⇒ Question 4:
It is known that, Let ⇒
From equation (1), we obtain
= 2θ
⇒
Question 3:
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Integrating by parts, we obtain 2. Find the integral of with
√
respect to x and hence evaluate
∫ .
√
Solution: Let
√
Let then
∴ ∫√ ∫
| |
| √ |
| √ | | |
Question 5:
| √ | ,
equals | |
Consider ∫
√
∫
Let √( )
|( ) √( ) | .
Also, let ⇒ 3. Find the integral of with respect
It is known that,
to x and evaluate ∫ .
Solution: ∫
Consider ( )( )
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS ( ) ( )
[ ]
(FIVE MARK QUESTIONS) ( )( )
[ ]
1. Find the integral of with ( )
√
respect to x and hence evaluate [ ]
( )
∫ .
√ ∴ ∫ *( )
+ ∫ *( )
+
Solution: Let then
[ | | | |]
∴∫ ∫√
√
∫ ( ) | |
Consider ∫
√
Consider∫ ∫ ( )
Let
∫
√ ( ) then
( )
∴ ∫( )
| | .
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4. Find the integral of with respect Now ∫
√
to x and hence evaluate ∫ .
( ) =x2+2x+1=(x2+2x+1)+1
Solution: ∫
=(x+1)2+(1)2
Consider ( )( )
( ) ( ) ∫ =∫
√ √( )
[ ]
( )( )
= | √ |
[ ]
( )
1
[ ] 6.Find the integral of with
( ) x a2 2
∴ respect to and hence evaluate
∫ *( )
+ ∫ *( )
+
∫
[ | | | |]
1
| | Let I= dx ; Put x=atan ,
x a2
2
Consider ∫ ( )
then dx=a sec2 ;
Let ( ) then
x2+a2 =a2 tan2 +a2
∴ ∫ | | .
( ) =a2(tan2 +1)=a2sec2
= | |
( )
1 1 a sec 2 d 1
5.Find the integral of with
x a 2 2 I x2 a2 dx a 2 sec2
a
d
respect to and hence evaluate 1 1 x
tan1 c
1 a a a
5x 2 2x
dx
Consider ∫
Substituting
∫ =∫
√ √
=∫ ∫
√ ( ) √
=∫ 7.Find the integral of √ with
respect to x and evaluate ∫ √ .
=log|sec +tan |+C1
Solution: Let ∫√ applying
=log| √ |+C1 integration by parts
= log| √ |-log|a|+C1 We get √ ∫√
=log| √ |+C √ ∫ √
where C=C1 –log|a|
√ ∫√
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√ | √ | √ | √ |
√ | √ | Now consider ∫
Consider ∫ √ √ x2+2x+5=(x2+2x+1)+4=(x+1)2+4
I=∫[( ) ]
| √ |
Put x+1=t dx=dt
8. Find the integral of √ with
√
respect to x and evaluate
∫√ . √ + | √ |
Solution: Let ∫√ applying
= √
integration by parts
+ 2log| x+1+√ |
We get √ ∫√
√ ∫ √ Note: The above questions is for 5 mark
questions in part D of the question paper for
√ ∫√
second PUC.
√ ( ) Note: In this chapter “Indefinite Integrals”
Some of the solved examples given in the text
√ ( ) book are not included in the question bank.
The students are advised to go through the
Consider ∫ √ those questions also.
∫√ ( )
( )
√ ( ) ( )
√ *******
Find the integral of √ with
respect to x and hence evaluate
∫
Solution: Let ∫√ applying
integration by parts
We get √ ∫√
( )
√ ∫ √
= √ ∫ *√ +
√
√ ∫√
√ | √ |
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Assignments
(i) Integration by substitution
LEVEL I
1 1 x
sec 2 (log x ) e m tan x e sin
1.
x
dx 2.
1 x2
dx 3. dx
1 x2
LEVEL II
1 1 1
1. x x
dx 2. dx 3. e x 1 dx
x x6 1
LEVEL III
tan x tan x 1
1. sin x.cos x dx 2. sec x cos x dx 3. sin x. cos 3 x dx
(ii) Application of trigonometric function in integrals
LEVEL I
sin 2. cos 3x.dx cos x. cos 2x. cos 3x.dx
3 2
1. x.dx 3.
LEVEL II
sin 4x
sec
4
1. x. tan x.dx 2. dx
sin x
LEVEL III
cos sin
2
1. 5
x.dx 2. x. cos 3 x.dx
(iii) Integration using standard results
LEVEL I
dx 1 dx
1. 2. x 2 2x 10 dx 3. 9x 2 12x 13
4x 2 9
LEVEL II
x cos x dx
1. x 4 x 2 1 dx 2. sin 2 x 4 sin x 5 dx 3.
7 6x x 2
LEVEL III
2x x2 x 1 x2
1. dx 2. x 2 x 1 dx 3. dx
1 x x 2 4
x 5x 6
2
1 x 6x 7
4. 1 x
dx 5. x 5x 4
[CBSE 2011]
(iv) Integration using Partial Fraction
LEVEL I
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2x 1 x2 3x 2
1. ( x 1)(x 1)
dx 2. ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
dx 3. (x 1) 2 (x 3) dx
LEVEL II
x 2x 8
2
x2 x 1 x2 1
1. ( x 1)( x 2)
dx 2. x 2 (x 2) dx 3. (x 1) 2 (x 3) dx
LEVEL III
8 1
1 x 3 dx
dx
1. (x 2)(x 2 4) dx 2. sin x sin 2x 3.
(v) Integration by Parts
LEVEL I
x.sec log x.dx
2
1. x.dx 2. 3.
e (tan x log sec x)dx
x
LEVEL II
x. sin 1 x
sin x.dx
1 1
2
1. 2. x . sin x.dx 3. dx
2
1 x
1 1 x
2
4. cos
1 x 2 .dx
5. sec
3
x.dx
LEVEL III
e x (1 x ) log x
1. coslog x dx 2. (2 x) 2 dx 3. (1 log x) 2 dx
2 sin x
1 cos 2x e e
x 2x
4. .dx 5. . cos 3x.dx
(vi) Some Special Integrals
LEVEL I
1. 4 x 2 .dx 2. 1 4x 2 .dx
LEVEL II
1. x 2 4x 6.dx 2. 1 4x x 2 .dx
LEVEL III
1. (x 1) 1 x x 2 .dx 2. (x 5) x 2 x dx
(vii) Miscellaneous Questions
LEVEL II
dx
1. 4 sin 2 x 5 cos 2 x (Hint: Divide the Numerator and Denominator by cos x and use the relation
2
sec2x=1+tan2x; and put tanx=t
LEVEL III
1.∫
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SOLUTIONS: ASSIGNMENTS: INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
(i) Integration by substitution
1 m tan1 x 1
LEVEL I 1. tan(logex) + C 2. e C 3. esin x C
m
1 1 3
LEVEL II 1. 2 log e 1 x C 2. sec x C 3. log e 1 e x C
3
tan 2 x
LEVEL III 1. 2 tan x C 2. tan1cos x C 3. log e tan x C
2
(ii) ) Application of trigonometric function in integrals
3 1 1 sin 6x
LEVEL I 1. cos x cos 3x C 2. x C
4 12 2 6
x 1 1 1
3. sin 6x sin 4x sin 2x C
4 4 16 8
2 4 2
LEVEL II 1. 1 sec4 x C OR tan x tan x C 2. sin 3x 2 sin x C
4 2 4 3
2 1 sin 3 x sin 5 x
LEVEL III 1. sin x sin x sin x C
3 5
2. C
3 5 3 5
(iii) Integration using Standard results
1 1 1 x 1 1 1 3x 2
LEVEL I 1. log e x 4x 2 9 C 2. tan 1 + C 3. tan + C
2 2 3 3 9 3
1 2x 2 1 2x 1
tan 1 2. tan1sin x 2 C 3. sin
+C 1
LEVEL II 1. C
3 3 5
1 2x 2 1 2 2x 1
1. sin C 2. x log x x 1 C
2
LEVEL III log
5 3 3
1 5
3. x 5x 6 log x x 5x 6 C
2 2
2 2
4. sin 1 x 1 x 2 C [Hint: Put x=cos2 ]
2x 9
5. 6 x 9x 20 34 log x 9x 20 C
2 2
2
(iv) Integration using Partial Fraction
2. log x 1 2 log x 2 log x 3 C
1 3
LEVEL I 1. 1 log( x 1) 5 log( x 2) C
3 3 2 2
11 x 1 5
3. log C
4 x 3 2x 1
log x 2 C
1 1 3
LEVEL II 1. x – 11log(x – 1) + 16log(x – 2) + C 2. log x
4 2x 4
3. log x 1 log x 3 C
3 1 5
8 2x 1 8
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LEVEL III
1
1. log(x +2) log x 2 4 tan 1
2
x
2
2.
log 1 cos x log 1 cos x 2 log1 2 cos x
C
6 2 3
1 2
3. log 1 x log 1 x x
1
1 2x 1
tan 1 + C [Hint: Partial fractions]
3 6 3 3
(v) Integration by Parts
LEVEL I 1.x.tanx + logcosx + C 2.xlogx – x + C 3.ex.logsecx + C
LEVEL II 1. x sin 1 x 1 x 2 C 2.
x 3 1
sin x
x2 2 1 x2
C
3 9
3. 1 x 2 sin 1 x x C
4. 2x tan1 x log 1 x 2 C
5.
1
sec x. tan x logsec x tan x C
2
x
e
LEVEL III 1.
x
coslog x sinlog x C 2. C [Hint: =
2 2x
x e 2x
3. C 4. ex.tanx + C 5. 3 sin 3x 2 cos 3x C
1 log x 13
(vi) Some Special Integrals
x 4 x2 x 1 4x 2 1 1
LEVEL I 1. 2 log x 4 x 2 C 2. sin 2x C
2 2 4
x 2 x 2 4x 6
log x 2 x 2 4x 6 C
LEVEL II 1.
2
x 2 1 4x x 2 5 1 x 2
sin
2. C
2 2 5
LEVEL III 1.
1
1 x x2
3/ 2
1
2x 1 1 x x 2 5 sin 1 2x 1 C
3 8 16 5
2.
1 2
3
x x
2x 1 x 2 x log 2x 1 2 x 2 x C
3 / 2 11
8
11
16
(vii) Miscellaneous Questions
1 2 tan x
LEVEL II 1. tan 1 C
2 5 5
LEVEL III 1. + log|cosx+sinx|+C
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Detail of the concepts to be mastered by every student of class second PUC
with exercises and examples of NCERT Text Book.
(i) Integration by substitution * Text book , Vol. II Examples 5&6
Indefinit Page 300, 302,301,303
e
Integrals (ii) ) Application of trigonometric ** Text book , Vol. II Ex 7 Page 306,
function in integrals Exercise 7.3 Q13&Q24
(iii) Integration of some particular *** Text book , Vol. II Exp 8, 9, 10
function Page 311,312,313, Exercise 7.4 Q
3,4,8,9,13&23
dx
x2 a2
dx
, ,
x a2 2
1 dx
a2 x2
dx , ax 2 bx c ,
dx (px q)dx
ax 2 bx c
, ax 2 bx c ,
(px q)dx
ax 2 bx c
(iv) Integration using Partial Fraction *** Text book , Vol. II Exp 11&12
Page 318 Exp 13 319,Exp 14 & 15
Page320
(v) Integration by Parts ** Text book , Vol. II Exp 18,19&20
Page 325 Exs 7.6 QNO ,10,11,
17,18,20
(vi)Some Special Integrals *** Text book , Vol. II Exp 23 &24
Page 329
a 2 x 2 dx , x 2 a 2 dx
(vii) Miscellaneous Questions ** Text book , Vol. II Solved Ex. 40,
41
viii)Some special integrals Text book Supplimentary material
Page 614,615
SYMBOLS USED :
* : Important Questions, ** :Very Important Questions, *** : Very-Very Important Questions
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MATHEMATICS: QUESTION BANK
CHAPTER 7: INTEGRALS(INDEFINITE)
Standard forms
1mark questions:
Write an antiderivative for each of the Evaluate the following integrals:
following functions using differentiation
Question 1: i)sin 2x Question 4:
Ans: The anti derivative of sin 2x is a
function of x whose derivative is
sin 2x.
It is known that,
Question 5:
Therefore, the anti derivative of
Question 2: Cos 3x
The anti derivative of cos 3x is a function of x
whose derivative is cos 3x.
It is known that,
Question 6:
Therefore, the anti derivative of
.
Question 7: Find an anti-derivative
Question 3: e2x
The anti derivative of e2x is the function of x of cot 2 𝑥 with respect to x.
whose derivative is e2x.
It is known that,
Ans: cot2x=cosec2x-1;
antiderivative of cot2 x is
-cotx-x+c
Question 8: Find an anti-derivative
of √1 + sin 2𝑥 with respect to x.
√1 + sin 2𝑥
= √sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Therefore, the anti derivative of . = √(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 = sinx+cosx
Antiderivative of sinx+cosx is
cosx-sinx+c
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Evaluate the following integrals:
Write an antiderivative for each of the
following functions using differentiation :
Question 1:
The anti derivative of is the function
of x whose derivative is . Question 5:
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of
.
Question 2:
Question 6:
The anti derivative of is the
function of x whose derivative is
.
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of
is .
Evaluate the following integrals:
(Question 3 to 14)
Question 7:
Question 3:
Simplifying and dividing by x-1, we obtain
Question 4:
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Question 8: Question 12:
Question 13:
Question 9:
Question 14:
Question 10:
Question 15:Find the anti derivative of
Solution:
Question 11:
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3 mark questions:
If such that f(2) = 0, find f(x) Also,
Solution: It is given that
∴Anti derivative of
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: x
2
2. Evaluate cos ec dx .
1`. Evaluate tan 2 (2 x).dx
2
𝑥
tan (2 x).dx (sec 2 x 1)dx = -2cot2+c
2 2
Solution: 1 tan 2 x x c
2
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
Integrate the following functions w.r.t x
Question 4:sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)
sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)
Question 1. Let cos x = t
Hint: =t Ans: log(1+x2) +c ∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 2.
Hint: log |x| = t ∴
Question 5:
Let ax + b = t ⇒ adx = dt
Question 3:
Let 1 + log x = t
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Question 6:
Let 1 + 2x2 = t ∴ 4xdx = dt Question 10:
Let
∴ 9x2 dx = dt
Question 7:
Let ∴ (2x + 1)dx = dt
Question 11:
Let log x = t ∴
Question 8: Question 12:
Let
∴ −8x dx = dt
Let
Question 13:
Let ∴ 2xdx = dt
Question 9:
Let
∴ 2dx = dt
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Question 14: Question 18:
Let ∴ 2xdx = dt Let
∴ cos x dx = dt
Question 19: cot x log sin x
Let log sin x = t
Question 15:
Let ∴
Question 20:
Let 1 + cos x = t ∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 16:
Let ∴
Question 21:
Let 1 + cos x = t ∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 17:
Let sin 2x = t ∴
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Question 22: Question 24: Find
Let 1 + log x = t ∴ Let ∴
Question 25: =
Question 23: equals
Let Also, let
⇒
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Question 2:
Integrate the following :
Let ∴ dx = dt
Question 1:
Let ∴ 2adx = dt
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Question 3:
Let ∴ dx = dt
Question 6:
Let ∴
Question 7:
Question 4:
Let 2x − 3 = t ∴ 2dx = dt
Let ∴
Question 8:
Let 7 − 4x = t ∴ −4dx = dt
Question 5:
Dividing numerator and denominator by ex,
we obtain
Question 9:
Let ∴
Let ∴
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Question 10:
Let
∴
Let sin x + cos x = t ⇒ (cos x − sin x) dx = dt
Question 11:
Let ∴
Question 14:
Question 12:
Let ∴
Put cos x − sin x = t ⇒ (−sin x − cos x) dx = dt
Question 13:
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Question 15:
Question 17:
Let x4 = t
∴ 4x3 dx = dt
Let
∴
From (1), we obtain
Question 16:
Let
∴ ******
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:
Integrate the following functions:
Question 1:
Question 3: cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x
It is known that,
Question 2:
It is known that,
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Question 4: sin3 (2x + 1)
Let
Question 7:sin 4x sin 8x
It is known that
Question 8:
Question 5: sin3 x cos3 x
Question 6: sin x sin 2x sin 3x
It is known that
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Question 9: Question 12:
Question 10: sin4 x
Question 13:
Question 14:
4
Question 11: cos 2x
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Question 15:
Question 19:
Question 16: tan4x
From equation (1), we obtain Question 20:
Question 17:
Question 18:
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Question 21: sin−1 (cos x)
Sin-1(cosx)=sin-1[sin( -x)]= x
2 2
x 2
sin1
(cos x) 2
( x)dx = x +C
2 2
Question 24:
Question 22:
Let exx = t
Question 23:
INTEGRALS OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
Integrate the following w.r.t x
Question 1:
Let x3 = t ∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 4:
Let 5x = t ∴ 5dx = dt
Question 2:
Let 2x = t ∴ 2dx = dt
Question 3:
Let 2 − x = t ⇒ −dx = dt
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Question 5: Question 9:
Let tan x = t ∴ sec2x dx = dt
Question 10:
Question 6:
Let x3 = t ∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 7:
1
Question 11:
9𝑥 2 +6𝑥+5
From (1), we obtain
Question 8:
Let x3 = t ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt
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THREE MAKRS QUESTIONS:
Question 12:
Question 1:
Question 13:
Question 2:
Question 14:
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Question 4:
Equating the coefficients of x and
constant term on both sides, we obtain
4A = 4 ⇒ A = 1
A+B=1⇒B=0
Let 2x2 + x − 3 = t
∴ (4x + 1) dx = dt
Question 5:
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
Question 3: term on both sides, we obtain
From (1), we obtain
From equation (2), we obtain
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x2
Question 6: Integrate
x 2 2x 3 1 2x 2 1
with respect to x.
2 x 2 2x 3
dx
x 2 2x 3
dx
1 1
1 2 x 2 2x 3
2x 2 1 dx
x2 2
2
I dx 2 dx x 1 2
x 2 2x 3 x 2 2x 3
x 2 2x 3 log x 1 x 2 2x 3 c
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
Question 1:
Let
Equating the coefficients of x and constant
term, we obtain
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
A + B = 1 ; 2A + B = 0
On solving, we obtain A = −1 and B = 2
Question 1:
Let
Substituting x = 1, 2, and 3 respectively in
equation (1), we obtain
A = 1, B = −5, and C = 4
Question 2:
Let
Question 2:
Equating the coefficients of x and constant Let
term, we obtain
A + B = 0 ; −3A + 3B = 1
On solving, we obtain
Substituting x = 1, 2, and 3 respectively in
equation (1), we obtain
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Equating the coefficients of x2, x, and constant
term, we obtain
A + C = 0 ;−A + B = 1 ; −B + C = 0
On solving these equations, we obtain
Question 3:
From equation (1), we obtain
Let
Substituting x = −1 and −2 in equation (1), we
obtain A = −2 and B = 4
Question 4:
It can be seen that the given integrand is not a
proper fraction. Therefore, on dividing (1 −
x2) by x(1 − 2x), we obtain
Let
Question 5:
Substituting x = 0 and in equation (1), we Let
obtain A = 2 and B = 3
Substituting x = 1, we obtain
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain Equating the coefficients of x2 and constant
term, we obtain
A + C = 0 ;−2A + 2B + C = 0
On solving, we obtain
Question 4: Question 6:
Let
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Let
Substituting x = 1 in equation (1), we obtain
B=4
Equating the coefficients of x2 and x, we
obtain A + C = 0; B − 2C = 3
Question 9:
On solving, we obtain It can be seen that the given integrand is not a
proper fraction.
Therefore, on dividing (x3 + x + 1) by x2 − 1,
we obtain
Let
Substituting x = 1 and −1 in equation (1), we
Question 7: obtain
Let
Question 10:
Equating the coefficients of x2 and x, we
obtain
Equating the coefficient of x and constant
term, we obtain A=3
2A + B = −1 ⇒ B = −7
Question 8:
Let
Question 11:
[Hint: multiply numerator and denominator by
xn − 1 and put xn = t]
Substituting x = −1, −2, and 2 respectively in
equation (1), we obtain
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Multiplying numerator and Let x2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
denominator by xn − 1, we obtain
Substituting t = −3 and t = −1 in equation (1),
we obtain
Substituting t = 0, −1 in equation (1), we
obtain
A = 1 and B = −1
Question 14:
Multiplying numerator and denominator by x3,
Question 12: [Hint: Put we obtain
sin x = t]
Let x4 = t ⇒ 4x3dx = dt
Substituting t = 2 and then t = 1 in equation
(1), we obtain A = 1 and B = −1
Substituting t = 0 and 1 in (1), we obtain
A = −1 and B = 1
Question 13:
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Substituting x = 1 and 2 in (1), we obtain
A = −1 and B = 2
Question 15:
[Hint: Put ex = t]
Let ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
Question 17:
Substituting t = 1 and t = 0 in equation (1), we
obtain A = −1 and B = 1
Equating the coefficients of x2, x, and constant
term, we obtain
A + B = 0; C = 0 ; A = 1
On solving these equations, we obtain
A = 1, B = −1, and C = 0
Question 16:
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS:
Question 1: x sin x
Let I =
Taking x as first function and sin x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 3: ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Question 2:
Given Integral
𝑑
Let I = =log 𝑥 ∙ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1. log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Taking x as first function and sin 3x as second == 𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
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Question 4: x logx
Let
Taking log x as first function and x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:
Integrate the following w.r.t. x
Question 1:
Let
Taking x2 as first function and ex as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 5: x log 2x
Let
Taking log 2x as first function and x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Again integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 6: x2 log x Question 2:
Let Let
Taking log x as first function and x2 as second Taking as first function and x as
function and integrating by parts, we obtain second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
Question 7:
Let
Taking x as first function and sec2x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
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Question 5:
Let
Taking cos−1 x as first function and x as second
function and integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 3:
Let
Taking as first function and x as
second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
Question 4: Evaluate: ∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛− 1 𝑥. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥
Question 6:
−1
=𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥 Let
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − ∫
2 1 + 𝑥2
1
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 log|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
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Taking as first function and 1 as
second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
Taking as first function and
as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain
Question 7:
*******
Let
INTEGRAL OF THE FORM ∫ 𝒆𝒙 [𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙)]𝒅𝒙
TWO MARK QUESTIONS x 1 sin x
2. Evaluate: e dx .
1 cos x
Question 1:
x x
1 2sin cos
Let I ex 2 2 dx
2 x
Let 2cos
2
⇒
1 x
ex tan dx
∴ 2cos 2
x 2
It is known that, 2
1 x x
e x sec 2 tan dx e x f '(x) f (x) dx
2 2 2
x
e x tan
2
Question 2:
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Integrate the following w.r.t x
Also, let ⇒
It is known that, Question 1:
Let
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Let ⇒ Let ⇒
It is known that,
It is known that,
Question 3:
Question 2:
Let
Integrating by parts, we obtain
Again integrating by parts, we obtain
Let ⇒ Question 4:
It is known that, Let ⇒
From equation (1), we obtain
= 2θ
⇒
Question 3:
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Integrating by parts, we obtain 𝟏
2. Find the integral of with
√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
respect to x and hence evaluate
𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
√𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟐
1
Solution: Let 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 then
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∴𝐼=∫ = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√𝑎 2 tan2 𝜃+ 𝑎 2
= log|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + 𝑐1
𝑥 𝑥2
= log | + √ 2 + 1 | + 𝑐1
𝑎 𝑎
= log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | − log|𝑎| + 𝑐1
Question 5:
= log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 ,
equals 𝑐 = 𝑐1 − log|𝑎|
1
Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
Let √(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1
= log |(𝑥 + 1) + √(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1| + 𝑐.
Also, let ⇒ 3. Find the integral of
𝟏
with respect
It is known that, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒙
to x and evaluate ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔
1
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Consider 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥+𝑎)
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1 (𝑥 + 𝑎) − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
= [ ]
(FIVE MARK QUESTIONS) 2𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎)
1 1
𝟏 = [ ]
1. Find the integral of with 2𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
1 1
respect to x and hence evaluate − [ ]
𝟏 2𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎)
∫ 𝒅𝒙. 1 1 1 1
√𝟕−𝟔𝒙−𝒙𝟐 ∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 2𝑎 [(𝑥−𝑎)] 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑎 [(𝑥−𝑎)] 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 then 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = [log|𝑥 − 𝑎| − log|𝑥 + 𝑎|] + 𝑐
∴∫ =∫ 2𝑎
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 −𝑎2 sin2 𝜃
𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
∫ 1 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝑐 = sin−1 (𝑎) +𝑐 = log | | + 𝑐
2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
1
Consider 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√7−6𝑥−𝑥 2
Consider∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Let
1 𝑥 4 − 16 (𝑥 2 )2 − 16
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
√16 − (𝑥 + 3)2 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 then 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥+3
= sin−1 ( 4
)+ 𝑐 1 𝑑𝑡 1 1 𝑡−4
∴𝐼= 2
∫ (𝑡)2 − 42 = 2
× 2×4 log |𝑡+4| + 𝑐 .
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𝟏 where C=C1 –log|a|
4. Find the integral of 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
with respect
𝟏 1
to x and hence evaluate ∫ 𝟏𝟔− (𝟐𝒙+𝟑)𝟐
𝒅𝒙. Now ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
1
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
=x2+2x+1=(x2+2x+1)+1
1 1
Consider 𝑎2 − 𝑥 = (𝑎−𝑥)(𝑎+𝑥)
=(x+1)2+(1)2
1 (𝑎 + 𝑥) + (𝑎 − 𝑥)
= [ ]
2𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑥)(𝑎 + 𝑥) ∫
1
𝑑𝑥=∫
1
𝑑𝑥
1 1 √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 √(𝑥+1)2 +1
= [ ]
2𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
1 1 =log|𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
+ [ ]
2𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑥)
1
1 1
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 2𝑎 [(𝑎−𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑎 [(𝑎+𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 6.Find the integral of with
x a2 2
1 respect to 𝒙 and hence evaluate
= [−log|𝑎 − 𝑥| + log|𝑎 + 𝑥|] + 𝑐 𝟏
2𝑎 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟐 𝒅𝒙
1 𝑎+𝑥
= 2𝑎 log |𝑎−𝑥| + 𝑐
1 1
Consider𝐼 = ∫ 16−(2𝑥+3)2
𝑑𝑥 Let I= dx ; Put x=atan,
x a2
2
𝑑𝑡
Let (2𝑥 + 3) = 𝑡 then 𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 1𝑑𝑡 1 4+𝑡 then dx=a sec2 ;
∴𝐼= 2
∫ 42 − 𝑡 2 =
2
× 2×4
log |4−𝑡| + 𝑐.
1
= log |
4+(2𝑥+3)
|+ 𝑐 x2+a2 =a2 tan2 +a2
16 4−(2𝑥+3)
5.Find the integral of 1 with =a2(tan2 +1)=a2sec2
x a
2 2
respect to 𝒙 and hence evaluate 1 a sec 2 d 1
1
I x2 a2 dx a 2 sec2 a d
5x 2x
2
dx
1 1 x
tan1 c
a a a
Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
𝟏
Consider ∫ 𝒙𝟐+𝟐𝒙+𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑥 = asec 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐.𝑡𝑎𝑛
∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥=∫ 2 2 𝑑
√𝑥 −𝑎 √𝑎 sec −𝑎2
𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐.𝑡𝑎𝑛
=∫ 𝑑 =
√𝑎 2 (sec2 −1)
𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐.𝑡𝑎𝑛
∫ 𝑑
√𝑎 2 tan2
7.Find the integral of √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 with
=∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑
respect to x and evaluate ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 𝒅𝒙.
=log|sec+tan|+C1
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 applying
𝑥 𝑥2 integration by parts
=log|𝑎 + √𝑎2 − 1|+C1
1 2𝑥 2
We get 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
= log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |-log|a|+C1
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 −𝑎2
= 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
=log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+C √𝑥 2 +𝑎 2
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𝑎2 𝑎2
= 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝐼 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ [√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + ] 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 𝑎2
= 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝐼 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑥 𝑎2
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑎2
Consider ∫ √𝑥 2 + 9 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 9 𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
2
9 Now consider 𝐼 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
+ log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 9| + 𝑐
2
x2+2x+5=(x2+2x+1)+4=(x+1)2+4
8. Find the integral of √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 with
respect to x and evaluate I=∫[(x + 1)2 + 22 ] dx
∫ √𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
Put x+1=t dx=dt
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 applying
integration by parts 𝐼 = √𝑡 2 + 22 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 4
𝑥2 = 2 √𝑡 2 + 22 +2 log |𝑡 + √𝑡 2 + 22 |
We get 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑥+1
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑎2 =
2
√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
=𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 −∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
+ 2log| x+1+√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1|
𝑎2
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 −∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐 Note: The above questions is for 5 mark
𝑎
questions in part D of the question paper for
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 second PUC.
Consider ∫ √1 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Note: In this chapter “Indefinite Integrals”
Some of the solved examples given in the text
= ∫ √5 − (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 book are not included in the question bank.
(𝑥−2) 5 𝑥−2
The students are advised to go through the
= √5 − (𝑥 − 2)2 − sin−1 ( )+𝑐 those questions also.
2 2 √5
Find the integral of √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 with
respect to x and hence evaluate ∫ 𝒙𝟐 +
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 *******
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 applying
integration by parts
1 2𝑥 2
We get 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 −𝑎
(𝑥 2 −𝑎2 )+𝑎 2
= 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
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Detail of the concepts to be mastered by every student of class second PUC
with exercises and examples of NCERT Text Book.
(i) Integration by substitution * Text book , Vol. II Examples 5&6
Indefinit Page 300, 302,301,303
e
Integrals (ii) ) Application of trigonometric ** Text book , Vol. II Ex 7 Page 306,
function in integrals Exercise 7.3 Q13&Q24
(iii) Integration of some particular *** Text book , Vol. II Exp 8, 9, 10
function Page 311,312,313, Exercise 7.4 Q
3,4,8,9,13&23
dx
x2 a2
dx , ,
x a 2 2
1 dx
a2 x2
dx , ax 2 bx c ,
dx (px q)dx
ax 2 bx c
, ax 2 bx c ,
(px q)dx
ax 2 bx c
(iv) Integration using Partial Fraction *** Text book , Vol. II Exp 11&12
Page 318 Exp 13 319,Exp 14 & 15
Page320
(v) Integration by Parts ** Text book , Vol. II Exp 18,19&20
Page 325 Exs 7.6 QNO ,10,11,
17,18,20
(vi)Some Special Integrals *** Text book , Vol. II Exp 23 &24
Page 329
a 2 x 2 dx , x 2 a 2 dx
(vii) Miscellaneous Questions ** Text book , Vol. II Solved Ex. 40,
41
viii)Some special integrals Text book Supplimentary material
Page 614,615
SYMBOLS USED :
* : Important Questions, ** :Very Important Questions, *** : Very-Very Important Questions
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Definite Integrals
One marks questions :
Evaluate the following integrals :-
𝜋⁄2
(1). ∫−𝜋⁄ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋⁄2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛: ∫−𝜋⁄ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∵ sin5 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2
1 2𝑥
(2). ∫0 𝑑𝑥.
1+𝑥 2
1 2𝑥
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛: ∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [log(1 + 𝑥 2 )]10 = log 2
1⁄
√2 1
(3). ∫0 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 .
1⁄ 1⁄
1 1 𝜋
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛: ∫0 √2 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = (sin⊣ 𝑥)0 √2 = sin⊣
√2
− sin⊣ 0 =
4
.
𝜋⁄
(4). ∫0 3(3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
⁄ 𝜋
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ (cos 3𝑥)0 3 −1 2
3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛: ∫0 3(3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 3 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3
= 3
[−1 − 1] =
3
1 𝑥3
(5). ∫−1 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛: ∫−1 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 because 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
1+𝑥 2
Two marks questions :
5
(1) Evaluate ∫−5|𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥
Soln: Let 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 5 ⇒ 𝑡 = 7; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −5 ⇒ 𝑡 = −3
5 7 1 1
∫−5|𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫−3|𝑡| 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 2 (𝑡|𝑡|)7−3 ⇒ 2 (7|7| − (−3)|−3|) ⇒ 29
3 𝑥
(2) Evaluate ∫2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑡
Soln: Let 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡 = 5; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑡 = 10
2
3 𝑥 10 1 𝑑𝑡 1 1 1
∫2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫5 𝑡 2 = 2 (log 𝑡)10
5 = 2 (log 10 − log 5) = 2 log 2.
𝜋
(3) Evaluate ∫02 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋
1 1
Soln : ∫02 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (sin 2𝑥)02 = 2 (0 − 0) = 0
𝜋
sin 𝑥
(4) Evaluate ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
1+cos2 𝑥
𝜋
Soln: Let cos 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ⇒𝑡=0
2
𝜋
sin 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑡 𝜋 𝜋
∫02 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫1 = −(tan−1 𝑡)10 = − (0 − 4 ) =
1+cos2 𝑥 1+𝑡 2 4
𝜋
(5) ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 2 𝐼 = ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 cos2 𝑥. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
= 𝜋 ∫1 𝑡 2 (−𝑑𝑡) here cos 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1; 𝑥 = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑡 = −1
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1
(𝑡 3 )1−1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋. = (1 + 1) = ⇒ 𝐼 = .
3 3 3 3
−1
Six marks questions :
𝝅
𝒃 𝒃 𝒅𝒙
(1) Prove that ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒃 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and evaluate ∫ 𝝅
𝟑
𝟏+√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
.
𝟔
𝑏
Soln: Consider ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 = 𝑡
⤇ − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡. 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎. , 𝑡 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑏. , 𝑡 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑏 = 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑡) (−𝑑𝑡) [∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑏 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝐻𝑆. [Definite integrals are independent of variable]
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝜋⁄3 √cos 𝑥
Consider ∫ 𝜋
3
= ∫𝜋⁄6 𝑑𝑥
1+√tan 𝑥 √cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥
6
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋⁄3 𝜋⁄3 √cos( + −𝑥)
√cos 𝑥 6 3
Let I = ∫𝜋⁄6 √cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝜋⁄6 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 ..........(1)
√cos( + −𝑥) + √sin( + −𝑥)
6 3 6 3
𝜋⁄3 √sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫𝜋⁄6 𝑑𝑥....................(2)
√sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
Adding (1) and (2)
𝜋⁄3 √cos 𝑥 𝜋⁄3 √sin 𝑥 𝜋⁄3 √cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥
2 I = I + I = ∫𝜋⁄6 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋⁄6 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝜋⁄6 𝑑𝑥
√ cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 √cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥
𝜋⁄ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = (𝑥)𝜋⁄3 = − = ∴ I = 12
6 3 6 6
𝝅
𝒂 𝒂
(2) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and hence evaluate ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.
𝑎
Soln : Consider ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0
𝑎 0 𝑏 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡) [∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [Definite integrals are independent of variable]
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ 𝜋 𝜋⁄ 1−tan 𝑥
Let I = ∫0 4 log(1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 4 log (1 + tan 〈 4 − 𝑥〉) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 4 log (1 + 1+tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋⁄ 2
= ∫0 4 log (1+tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
4 4 4
2 𝜋⁄ 𝜋
∴ 2I = I + I = ∫ log(1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ log ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log 2 𝑑𝑥 = log 2 (𝑥)0 4 = log 2
1 + tan 𝑥 4
0 0 0
𝜋
∴ I= log 2.
8
𝒂
𝟐𝒂 𝟐. ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐱 , 𝐢𝐟 𝐟(𝟐𝐚 − 𝐱) = 𝒇(𝒙),
(3) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = { 𝟎 and hence evaluate
𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝝅 𝟏
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙.
𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙+𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
Soln : ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … . . (1)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⤇ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
2𝑎
Consider ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎. , 𝑡 = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2𝑎, 𝑡 = 0
0
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡)
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … . (2)
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (2) 𝑖𝑛 (1)., 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)
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2𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) the above result ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. ,
2𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)., it reduces to: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝜋 1 𝜋⁄ 1
Let I = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 cos2 𝑥+ 𝑏2 sin2 𝑥 𝑎2 cos2 𝑥+ 𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥
𝜋⁄ sec2 𝑥
= 2 ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
a2 + 𝑏 2 tan2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜋
Put b tan 𝑥 = 𝑡, ⤇ 𝑏 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, ∴ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏 , 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0., 𝑡 = 0, 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑡 → ∞.
2
∞ 𝑑𝑡 11 ∞
⊣ 𝑡 2 𝜋 𝜋
𝐼 = 2 ∫0 = 2 (tan ) = ( 2 − 0) =
𝑏(𝑎2 +𝑡 2 ) 𝑏𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
(4) Prove that ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and hence evaluate ∫−𝟏 |𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙|𝒅𝒙
Soln: 𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑥)𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑐 𝑏
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛. , 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑐) − 𝐹 (𝑎) + 𝐹 (𝑏) – 𝐹 (𝑐)
𝑎 𝑐
b b
∫a f(x)
dx = F(b) = F(a) = ∫a f(x) dx = LHS.
3
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) will be positive between −1 & 0, negative between 0 & 1 and again
positive between 1 & 2.
2 0 1 2
∴ ∫(𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
−1 −1 0 1
0 1 2
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2
= (4 − ) + (2 − ) + (4 − )
2 −1 4 0 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 0 − [4 − 2] + [2 − 4] + {(4 − 2) − (4 − 2)}
1 1 1 3 11
= + + + 2 + = 2 =
4 4 4 4 4
𝒂
𝒂 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐱. , 𝐢𝐟 𝐟 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
(5) Prove that ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = { 𝟎 and hence evaluate
𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝝅
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
–
𝟐
𝝅
𝟐
𝑎 0 𝑎
Soln: consider ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … . (1)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑡 ⤇ 𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
0
Consider ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑎. , 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝐴𝑛𝑑, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0., 𝑡 = 0.
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx if f is an even function, and,
0 𝑎 𝑎
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(−𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = { − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
0
… . (2)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑞. (2) 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. (1). , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑎 ) + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
− ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
−𝑎 0
𝑎
2. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) dx , if f is an even function, and,
={
0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝜋⁄
2
Hence the value of ∫−𝜋 sin7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 [∴ sin7(−𝑥) = − sin7 𝑥 ⤇ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
2
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𝒂 𝒂 𝝅⁄
(6) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and hence evaluate ∫𝟎 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝑎
Soln : Consider ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0
𝑎 0 𝑏 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡) [∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [Definite integrals are independent of variable]
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
𝜋
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log sin ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
0 0 0
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
2 I = ∫0 log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 log cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 log(sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋⁄2 sin 2𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
= ∫0 log ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 log sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 log 2 𝑑𝑥 … . (1)
𝜋⁄2 𝑑𝑡
Consider ∫0 log sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 = 𝑡 ⤇ 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0. 𝐴𝑛𝑑,
𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝜋⁄2, 𝑡 = 𝜋.
𝑑𝑡
= ∫0 log sin 𝑡 2
𝜋⁄2 2𝑎 𝑎
= ∫ log sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)]
0 0 0
𝜋⁄2
= ∫ log sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼 … … (2)
0
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄ 𝜋
2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑞 (2) 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. (1)., 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶ 2 I = I − ∫0 log 2 𝑑𝑥 ∴ I = − log 2 (𝑥)0 = − log 2
2
𝒂 𝒂 𝝅
(7) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 when 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) and hence evaluate ∫𝟎 |𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| 𝒅𝒙 .
2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
Soln : ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … . . (1)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⤇ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
2𝑎
Consider ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎. , 𝑡 = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2𝑎, 𝑡 = 0
0
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡)
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … . (2)
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (2) 𝑖𝑛 (1)., 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) the above result becomes ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋
Consider 𝐼 = ∫0 |cos 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫02 |cos 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 because |cos(𝜋 − 𝑥)| = |− cos 𝑥| = |cos 𝑥|
𝜋
∴ 𝐼 = 2 ∫0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 because cos 𝑥 is positive in 1st quadrant.
𝜋
𝐼 = 2 (sin 𝑥)02 = 2(1 − 0) = 2.
𝒂
𝒂 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐱. , 𝐢𝐟 𝐟 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
(8) Prove that ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ={ 𝟎 and hence evaluate
𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝝅
∫ (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
−
𝝅
𝟐
𝑎 0 𝑎
Soln: consider ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … . (1)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑡 ⤇ 𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
0
Consider ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑎. , 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝐴𝑛𝑑, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0., 𝑡 = 0.
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx if f is an even function, and,
0 𝑎 𝑎
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(−𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = { − ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
0
… . (2) `Ìi`ÊÜÌ ÊÌ iÊ`iÊÛiÀÃÊvÊ
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𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑞. (2) 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. (1). , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑎 ) + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
− ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
−𝑎 0
2. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) dx , if f is an even function, and,
={
0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝜋
Consider 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + tan5 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 since 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , tan5 𝑥 odd functions
2
𝜋
−
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ 2𝜋 1 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥) 2 𝜋 = 2 − ( 2 ) = 𝜋.
− −
2 2
𝟑
𝒂 𝒂 𝝅⁄ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
(9) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and hence evaluate ∫𝟎 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝟑 𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝑎
Soln: Consider ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0
𝑎 0 𝑏 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡) [∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [Definite integrals are independent of variable]
𝟑
𝜋⁄ sin𝟐 𝑥
Consider 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ..................(1)
0 𝟑 𝟑
sin𝟐 𝑥+cos𝟐 𝑥
𝟑
𝜋
𝜋⁄ sin𝟐 ( −𝑥)
=∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
0 𝟑 𝟑
𝜋 𝜋
sin ( −𝑥)+cos𝟐 ( −𝑥)
𝟐
2 2
𝟑
𝜋⁄ cos 𝟐𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ....................(2)
0 𝟑 𝟑
cos𝟐 𝑥+sin𝟐 𝑥
Adding (1) and (2)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝜋
𝜋⁄ sin𝟐 𝑥 cos𝟐 𝑥 𝜋⁄ sin𝟐 𝑥+cos𝟐 𝑥 𝜋⁄ 𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = ∫0 2 𝟑 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝟑 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2 𝟑 𝟑 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥)02 = 2 − 0 = 2
sin𝟐 𝑥+cos𝟐 𝑥 cos𝟐 𝑥+sin𝟐 𝑥 sin𝟐 𝑥+cos𝟐 𝑥
𝜋
Hence 𝐼 = 4 .
𝒂 𝒂 𝝅⁄
(10) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and hence evaluate ∫𝟎 𝟐(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.
𝑎
Soln: Consider ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0
𝑎 0 𝑏 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡) [∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [Definite integrals are independent of variable]
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
Consider 𝐼 = ∫0 2(2 log sin 𝑥 − log sin 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2(log sin2 𝑥 − log sin 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋⁄ sin2 𝑥 𝜋⁄ sin2 𝑥 𝜋⁄ 1
= ∫0 2 log (sin 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2 log (2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2 log (2 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ..........(1)
𝜋⁄ 1 𝜋 𝜋⁄ 1
𝐼 = ∫0 2 log (2 (tan ( 2 − 𝑥)) ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2 log (2 cot 𝑥)...............(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝜋⁄
2𝐼 = ∫ log ( tan 𝑥 ) + log ( cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( tan 𝑥 . cot 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = log (𝑥)0 2
2 2 2 2 4 4
0 0 0
𝜋 1 𝜋 1
2𝐼 = 2 log 4 ⇒ 𝐼 = 4 log 4.
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1 MARK QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
1. Find the principal value of ( )
√
Solution let ( )
√
√
( )
√
2. Find the principal value of √
( √ )
√
( )
( √ ) ( )
3. Find the principal value of ( )
Solution ( )
– –
it does not lie b/w
( ) * ( — )+ * ( )+
( )
solution
( ( )) , it does not lie b/w 0 and
( ( )) ( ( ))
= ( )
=
( )
5. ( √ )
√ √
( √ )
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6. Evaluate
( ) [– ]
[– ]
[ ( )]
7. Find the value of
Solution we have
8. Find the value of
( )
2 MARKS QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
* +
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
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* + ( )
–
* + ( )
* +
( )
* ( )+ ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
√ √
√ –
√
( )
√ √
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
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( ) .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) * +
( )
[ ( )]
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 marks Question with solutions
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* +
( )( )
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* +
( )( )
( +
√ √ √ .
√ √ √
( )
( )
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Topic :- Linear Programming
The running of any firm or of a factory involves many constraints like
financial,space,resources,power etc. The objective of any business person would be to make the
profit maximum (in the case of investment to make the cost a minimum) under all the
constraints.The linear programming problem is the problem of optimising an objective function
under a given set of constraints.When the objective function is profit function the optimisation is to
maximise the profit.In the case of cost function the optimisation is to minimise the cost.
All the constaints of the problem are linear inequalities and the objective function is linear.Hence, it
is called LPP.The following are a few illustrations of the LPP by Graphical method .
1. Maximise : P = .
Subject to : ≤ 20
≤6
0.
Now we draw the graphs of the equations = 20, and = 6 and recognise the
feasible region.
A(0,6) B(8,6) =600
C(10,5)
X
O(0,0) D(15,0)
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The shaded region OABCDO (bounded) represents the feasible region in which all the Constraints of
the problem are satisfied. Now, we evaluate the objective function at these corners of the region.
Vertex
0 0 0 0
A 0 6 3X0+5X6=30
B 8 6 3X8+5X6=54
C 10 5 3X10+5X5=55
D 15 0 3X15+5X0=45
From the above table we observe that Maximum value of P is 55 and corresponds to
X = 10 and y = 5
2). Minimise: C =
Subject to : ≥ 6
4.
≥ 6
we draw the graphs of the linear equations
Y
B(1,3
)
D( C(3,1
) )
X
O
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The shaded region BCD ( triangular region ,bounded) is the feasible region.
In this region all the constraints of the problem are satisfied.Now we evaluate the objective
function C = at the verticies.
Vertex x y C=
B 1 3 272
C 3 1 304
D 3/2 3/2 216
From the above table we observe that the minimum value of C is 216 and corresponds to
and .
Note:- The co-ordinates of the points B, C and D can be read from the graph. They may
also be determined by solving the equations of the corresponding pair of lines
(3) Maximise :
Subject to :
Now we draw the graphs of the linear equations and recognise the feasible region.
A(0,6) B(3,4)
X
O C(5,0)
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The shaded region OABCO is the feasible region. Now we evaluate at the
vertices.
Vertex
0 0 0 0
A 0 12
B 3 4 23
C 5 0 25
From the table we find that the maximum value of Z = 25 and corresponds to .
Note:The above working is based on the result that the optimal solution of a LPP if exists
will occur at a corner point of the feasible region.
(4) Maximise
Subject to :
We draw the graphs corresponding to the linear equations and shade the feasible region.
A(0,5)
B(2,4)
C(4,2)
D(4,0)
O X
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The shaded region OABCDO(bounded ) is the feasible region.
Now we evaluate at the vertices
.
Vertex
0 0 0 0
A 0 10
B 2 4 14
C 4 2 16
D 4 0 12
From the table we find that the maximum value of p = 16 and corresponds to
(5). Determine the maximum and minimum values of
Z = 4x + y
Subject to: x + 2y 4
x – 2y 0
6
x, y 0
solution: We draw the lines x+ 2y = 4 , x– 2y = 0 and x= 6.
Y x=6
x– 2y
C(6,3)
B(2,1)
D(6,0) X
O A(4,0)
x+2y=4
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The feasible region is bounded region with A( 4, 0 ) , B ( 2 , 1 ) , C ( 6 , 3 ) and D( 6 , 0 )as
vertices.
Now we find the values of Z = 4x + 2y at these vertices.
Vertex X Y Z = 4x + 2 y
A 4 0 16
B 2 1 10
C 6 3 30
D 6 0 24
From the above table we find that the minimum value of Z is 10 and corresponds to x = 2 and
y = 1. The maximum value of Z is 30 and corresponds to x = 6 and y =3.
APPLICATIONS PROBLEMS
1). A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B by using two
machines.The time required for the manufacture of one packet of each of the
two types of the screws on the two machines,the total time available of each of
the mechine and the profit obtained on the sale of each packet of the two types
of the screws are given below.
Machine Time required in minutes Profit in Rs
I II
Screws Per packet.
A 4 6 8
B 6 3 5
Time available 4 4 --
in hours
Formulate this as a Lpp and determine the number of packets of each of the two
types of screws to be manufactured so as to get maximum profit assuming that
all the packets of the screws manufactured are sold.
Solution;-
Let x and y be the number of packets of the type A and type B screws to be
produced.
Then,the total time the mechine I works is 4 x + 6y.
The total time the machine II works is 6x + 3y.
The total profit in Rs. is p = 8x + 5y.
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Since, the two machines are available at most for 4 hours = 240 minutes, we
have 4x + 6y 240. and 6x + 3y 240.
.`. the Lpp is to maximise p = 8x + 5y
Subject to:- 4x + 6y 240
6x + 3y 240
x, y 0
Now, we draw the graphs of the linear equations 4x + 6y = 240
and 6x +3y = 240.
(0,80)
A(0,40)
B(30,20)
O C(40,0) D(60,0) X
The feasible region is bounded region OABCO with O(0,0), A( 0,40 ) , B ( 30,20) ,
and C(40 ,0 ) as vertices.
Now we find the values of p = 8x + 5y at these vertices.
Vertex X Y p = 8x + 5 y
O 0 0 0
A 0 40 200
B 30 20 340
C 40 0 320
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From the table we find that the maximum value of p = 340 and corresponds to
.
`Hence, the maximum profit is Rs. 340 and corresponds to manufacture of 30 packets of A
type.and 20 packets of B type screws.
2) The production of two types of suitcases requires processing and completion to be done
on two machines A and B.The time required for processing and completion of each type of trunk
on the two machines, the time available on each machine and profit on each type of the suit case
is given below.
Suitcase Time required in hours Time
available in
Type I Type II
Machine hours
A 3 3 18
B 2 4 16
Profit in Rs Per 30 42 --
suitcase
Determine the number of the two types of suitcases to
be produced to get maximum profit ..
Solution;-
Let x and y be the number of type I and type II suitcases to be produced.
Then,the total time the mechine A works is 3 x + 3y.
The total time the machine B works is 2x + 4y.
The total profit in Rs. is p = 30x + 42y
Since, the two machines A and B are available at most for 18and 16 hours
respectively, we have 3x + 3y 18. and 2x + 4y 16.
.`. the Lpp is to maximise p = 30x + 42y
Subject to:- 3x + 3y 18
2x + 4y 16
x, y 0
Now, we draw the graphs of the linear equations 3x + 3y = 18
and 2x +4y=16.
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E(0,6)
A(0,4)
B(4,2)
O C(6,0) D(8,0) X
The feasible region is bounded region OABCO with O(0,0), A( 0,4 ) , B ( 4,2) ,
and C(6 ,0 ) as vertices.All the condtions of the problem are satisfied within and
on the boundary of this
Region.
Now we find the values of p = 30 x + 42 y at these vertices.
Vertex x Y p = 30 x + 42 y
O 0 0 0
A 0 4 168
B 4 2 204
C 6 0 180
From the table we find that the maximum value of p = 204 and corresponds to
.
Hence, the maximum profit is Rs 204 and corresponds to manufacture of 4
suitcases of
type I.and 2 suitcases of type II..
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3).At a cattle rearing , it is prescribed that the food for each animal contain at
most 16 units of nutrient A, and at least 24 and 48 units of nutrients B and C
respectively.Two types of fodders are available. The number of units of these
nutrients contained per Kg by the two types of fodders and their cost per Kg is
given below
Content of A B C Cost per kg in
nutrient/kg Rs.
Fodder- 1 1 3 2 12
Fodder-2 1 1 6 15
By graphical method determine the number of kg of the two types of the
fodder to be purchased so as to make the cost a minimum,yet meeting the
requirements.
Solution:
Let, x and y kg of fodder-1and fodder-2 be purchased.
Then, the cost in Rs. Is C = 12 x + 15 y.
Total content s of nutrients A, B and C are x + y , 3 x + y and 2 x + 6 y
respectively.
Since the content of A is to at most 16 while it has to be at least 24 for B and
48 for C, the constraints are
x+y , 3 x + y 24 , and 2 x + 6 y 48.
.`.The Lpp is To minimise; C = 12 x + 15 y
Subject to x+y
3 x + y 24
2x+6y 48
X, y 0
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Now ,we draw the graphs of the linear equations and recognise the feasible
region
Y
E(0,24
)
C(0,16 N(4,12
) )
A (0,8) L(12,4
)
)
X
F (8,0) D (16,0) B (24,0)
O
The shaded region MNL ( triangular region ,bounded) is the feasible
region.
In this region all the constraints of the problem are satisfied.Now we evaluate
the objective function C = at the verticies.
Vertex x y C=
M 6 6 162
N 4 12 228
L 1/2 4 206
From the above table we observe that the minimum value of C is 162 and
corresponds to
and .
Therefore, in order to make the cost minimum 6kg each of fodder-1 and
fodder-2 are to be bought and the minimum cost is Rs.162.
Note:- The co-ordinates of the points M, N and L can be read from the graph.
They may also be determined by solving the equations of the corresponding pair
of lines.
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Topic: Matrices
Question bank with solutions
One mark question ( V S A)
1. Define matrix
2. Define a diagonal matrix
3. Define scalar matrix
4. Define symmetric matrix
5. Define skew-symmetric matrix
2 5 19 −17
5
6.In a matrix [ 35 −2 12 ]
2
√3 1 −5 17
find 1) order of the matrix
2) Write the elements of 𝑎13 , 𝑎21 , 𝑎33 , 𝑎24 , 𝑎23
7. If a matrix 8 elements what is the possible order it can have ?
8. If a matrix 18 elements what is the possible order it can have?
9. construct 2 × 2 matrix [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements are given by
(𝑖+𝑗) 2
1) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = (𝑖 + 𝑗) 2 2) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
2
10. construct the 2 × 3 matrix whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = |𝑖 − 𝑗|
𝑖
11. Construct the 3× 2 matrix whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑗
4 3 𝑦 𝑧
12. Find x, y, z if [ ]= [ ]
𝑥 5 1 5
𝑥+𝑦 2 6 2
13. Find x, y, z if [ ]= [ ]
5+𝑧 𝑥𝑦 5 8
−1 2 3 −2
14. Find the matrix x such that 2A + B + X =0 where A = [ ] and B = [ ]
3 4 1 5
1 2 3 3 −1 3
15. If A = [ ] B= [ ] Find 2A – B
2 3 1 −1 0 2
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3 2 1 0
16. Find X if Y =[ ] and 2X+Y = [ ]
1 4 −3 2
7 0 3 0
17. Find X If X+Y = [ ] and X-Y = [ ]
2 5 0 3
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 −cos 𝜃
18. Simplify cos 𝜃 [ ] + sin 𝜃 [ ]
−sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 3 𝑦 0 5 6
19. Find X If 2[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
0 𝑥 1 2 1 8
1 2
20. If A = [ ] Find A + 𝐴1
3 4
1 −2 3 0 2 5
21. A = [ ] and B = [ ] Find 3A + 2B
0 1 4 6 −3 1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
22. if A = [ ] Verify A A1 = I
−cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
23. if B = [ ] verify B B1= I
−sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
0
24. If A = [1] B = [1 5 7] Find AB
2
1 −2 1 2 3
25. Compute 1) [ ][ ]
2 3 2 3 1
2 −3
3 −1 3
2) [ ] [1 0 ]
−1 0 2
3 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 3𝑦 6 0
26. Find X and Y [ ] = [ ]
6 4 6 4
27. What is the number of possible square matrix order 3 with each entries 0 or 1
5−𝑥 2𝑦 − 8
28. Find X and Y if [ ] is a scalar matrix
0 3
4 𝑥+2
29. Find X [ ] is a symmetric matrix
2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1
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II. Two mark and Three marks questions (SA)
1.Radha , fauzia, simran are the student of 12th class Radha has 15 note book and 6 pens ,
Fauzia has 10 books 2 pens and Simran has 13 books and 5 pens express this in to matrix
forms.
1
2. Construct 3× 2 matrix whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = |𝑖 − 3𝑗|
2
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 9
3. Find X,Y,Z from the equation [ 𝑥 + 𝑧 ] = [5]
𝑦+𝑧 7
𝑎−𝑏 2𝑎 + 𝑐 −1 5
4. Find a,b,c, d From the equation [ ]==[ ]
2𝑎 − 𝑏 3𝑐 + 𝑑 0 13
8 0 2 −2
5. If A = [4 −2] B = [ 4 2 ] Find X such that 2A + 3X = 5B
3 6 −5 1
𝑥 5 3 −4 7 6
6. Find X and Y 2[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14
2 −1 10
7. Find X and Y if x [ ] + 𝑦 [ ]= [ ]
3 1 5
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 6 4 𝑥+𝑦
8. Given 3 [ ]=[ ]+ [ ] Fine the values of X,Y,Z and W
𝑧 𝑤 −1 2𝑤 𝑧+𝑤 3
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 sin 𝑦
9. If 𝐴𝑋 = [ ] and 𝐴𝑌 = [ ] Show that 𝐴𝑋 𝐴𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋+𝑌
−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦
3 −2 1 0
10. If A = [ ] and I = [ ] Find K If A2 = KA – 2I
4 −2 0 1
11. If A = [3 √3 2] and B =[2 −1 2] verify (A + B )1 = A1 +B1
4 2 0 1 2 4
12. For any matrix A with real number entries , A+ A1 is symmetric matrix and A – A1
Skew-symmetric matrix
1 5
13. For any matrix A = [ ] verify that A+ A1 is symmetric matrix
6 7
1 5
14. For any matrix A = [ ] verify that A – A1 Skew-symmetric matrix
6 7
15. If A and B be the invertible matrices of same order then (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
1 2
16. By using elementary operation Find the inverse of the matrix [ ]
2 −1
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1 3
17. By using elementary operation Find the inverse of the matrix [ ]
2 7
1 −2
18. By using elementary operation Find the inverse of the matrix [ ]
2 1
10 −2
19. Find P-1 if it exists and P = [ ]
−5 1
3 1
20. If A = [ ] Show that A2 -5A +7I = 0
−1 2
2 3 1 5
21. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] Show that (AB)1 = B1A1
0 −4 2 0
III. Five mark questions ( LA)
1 1 −1 1 3
1 2 3 −4
1.If A = [2 0 3 ] B = [ 0 2] and C =[ ]
2 0 −2 1
3 −1 2 −1 4
Find A B , BC and show that (AB )C = A(BC)
0 6 7 0 1 1 2
2. If A = [−6 0 8] B = [1 0 2] C = [−2] calculate AC, BC and (A+B) C
7 −8 0 1 2 0 3
Deduce that (A+B) C = AC + BC
1 2 3
3. If A = [3 −2 1] Show that A3 – 23A - 40 I = 0
4 2 1
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
4. If A = [5 0 2 ] B = [4 2 5] and C = [0 3 2]
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3
verify A+ (B-C) = (A+B ) –C
2 5 2 3
1 1
3 3 5 5
1 2 4 1 2 4
5. If A = 3 3 3
and B = 5 5 5
find 3A – 5B
7 2 7 6 2
[3 2 3] [5 5 5]
2 0 1
6. If A = [2 1 3] find A2 – 5 A + 6 I ?
1 −1 0
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1 0 2
7. If A = [0 2 1] prove that A3 – 6A2 + 7A + 2I = 0
2 0 3
2 −2 −4
8. Express the matrix B = [−1 3 4 ] Find the sum of symmetric and skew-
1 −2 −3
symmetric matrix
6 −2 2
9. Express the matrix B = [−2 3 −1] Find the sum of symmetric and skew-
2 −1 3
symmetric matrix
1 2 2 0 1 1
10. If A = [ ]B=[ ]C=[ ] calculate AB , BC, A(B+C)
2 1 1 3 2 3
Verify that AB + AC = A(B+C)
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 0
11. If F(x) = [ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 0] show that F(x) F(y) = F(x+y)
0 0 1
−2
12. If A =[ 4 ] and B = [1 3 −6] verify (AB)1 = B1A1
5
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃
13. If A = [ ] Prove that An = [ ]
−sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝑛𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
********
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Solutions
One mark questions (VSA)
1. The numbers arranged in rectangular array of rows and columns by the brockets is
called matrix
2. A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if all non diagonals elements are zeros
3. A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar marics if it’s diagonal elements are equal
4. If a square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑚 is said to be symmetric if and only if A1 = A
5. If a square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑚 is said to be skew-symmetric if and only if A1 = -A
5
6. 1) order of the matrix is 3 × 4 2) 19, -2, -5 , 12,
2
7. Possible orders are (1,8) (8,1) (2,4) (4,2) is 1X8 , 8X 1 , 2X 4 , 4X 2
8. Possible orders are (1,18) (18,1) (3,6) (6,3) (2,9) (9,2) is 1 X18 , 18X1 , 3X6 , 6X3 ,
2X9, 9X2 ,
9
4 9 2
2
9. 1) [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = [ ] 2) [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = [ 9 ]
9 16 8
2
0 1 2
10. [ ]
1 0 2
1
1
2
11. [ 2 1]
3
3
2
12. X= 1 Y=4 Z= 3
13. X = 2 Y=4 Z=0
2 −4 3 −2 −1 −2
14. X = -2A - B = [ ]-[ ]=[ ]
−6 −8 1 5 −7 −13
−1 5 3
15. 2A –B = [ ]
5 6 0
−1 −1
16. By solving X = [ ]
−2 −1
5 0 2 0
17. By solving above matrix X = [ ] and Y = [ ]
1 4 1 1
1 0
18. By multiplying we get the answer [ ]=I
0 1
19. 2+Y = 5 implies Y = 3 and 2x+2 = 8 implies x =3
2 5
20. A + A1 = [ ]
5 8
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3 −2 19
21. 3 A +2 B = [ ]
12 −3 14
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 −cos 𝜃 1 0
22. A A1 = [ ][ ]=[ ] = I after multiplying
−cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 0 1
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 1 0
23. BB 1 = [ ][ ]=[ ]= I after multiplying
−sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0 1
0 1 2
24. (AB) = [0 5 10]
1
0 7 14
−3 −4 1 14 −6
25. 1) [ ] 2) [ ] after multiplying
8 13 3 4 5
26. 3 |𝐴| = K |𝐴| implies K = 3
27. Y = 0, X = 3 by solving
28. The square matrix of order 3X3 = 9 and 2 entries
Then possible entries is 29 = 512
5 − 𝑥 2𝑦 − 8 3 0
29. [ ]= [ ] then X = 2 Y = 4
0 3 0 3
4 𝑥+2 4 2𝑥 − 3
30. [ ] = [ ] implies X = 5
2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1 𝑥+2 𝑥+1
Solutions : Two mark and Three marks questions (SA)
1. books pens
15 6
15 10 13
Radha : 15 6 this can be expressed as [10 2] or [ ]
6 2 5
13 5
Fauzia : 10 2
Simran: 13 5
5
1
2
1
2. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2
2
3
[0 2]
3. X+ Y + Z = 9 X +Z = 5 Y+Z=7
7+Z=9 X+2=5 Y+2=7
Z= 2 X=3 Y=5
4. By solving equality a =1 , b= 2, c =3 and d = 4
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10
−2 −
3
14
5. X = 4
3
31 −7
[− 3 3 ]
6. compare two matrices X = 2, Y = 9
7. by solving we get X = 3 , Y = -4
8. by solving and compare we get X = 2 , Y = 4, Z = 1, w=3
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 sin 𝑦 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) sin(x + 𝑦)
9. 𝐴𝑋 𝐴𝑌 = [ ] [ ] =[ ] = 𝐴𝑋+𝑌
−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 −sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
10. A2 = KA – 2I
1 −2 3𝑘 − 2 −2𝑘
[ ] =[ ]
4 −4 4𝑘 −2𝑘 − 2
Then 4K = 4
K =1
5 5 5 5
11. ( A+B) = [√3 − 1 4] and A + B = [√3 − 1
1 1 1
4]
4 4 4 4
Hence ( A+B)1 = A1 + B 1
12. B = A + A1 , B1 = (A + A1 )1 = A1+A = B ∴ B = A +A1 is symmetric
C = A –A 1 , C 1 = (A -A1 )1 = A1-A = -(A- A1) = - C ∴ C = A – A1 is skew- symmetric
1 5 1 6 2 11
13. Z = A + A1 = [ ] +[ ]=[ ] = Z1 ∴ Z = Z1 = A + A1 is symmetric
6 7 5 7 11 14
1 5 1 6 1 0 −1 1
14. Z1 = (A - A1)1 = ([ ] − [ ]) = ([ ] ) = -Z ∴ Z1 = - Z, A –A1
6 7 5 7 1 0
skew- symmetric
15. (AB) (AB)-1 = I
A-1(AB) (AB)-1 = A-1I IA=A
B(AB)-1 = A-1 IA-1 = A-1
B-1B(AB)-1 = B-1A-1 AA-1 = I
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1 BB-1 I
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1 2
16. A=[ ]
2 −1
A = IA
1 2 1 0
[ ]=[ ]A 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
2 −1 0 1
1 2 1 0 1
[ ]=[ ]A 𝑅2 = − 𝑅2
0 −5 −2 1 5
1 2 1 0
[ ] = [ 2 − 1] A 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2
0 1 5 5
1 2
1 0
[ ] = [52 5 1] A
0 1 −
5 5
1 2
∴ A -1 = [52 5
1]
−
5 5
7 −3
17. By above process ∴A -1 = [ ]
−2 1
1 2
5 5
18. By above prose’s ∴A -1 = [−2 1]
5 5
10 −2
19. P = [ ]
−5 1
P = IP
10 −2 1 0
[ ] =[ ] P
−5 1 0 1
By elementary operation
1
1 −
1 0
10
[ 5] = [ 1 ]p
0 0 1
2
p-1 does not exists
8 5 15 5 7 0 0 0
20. A2 -5A +7I = [ ]-[ ]+[ ]= [ ]=0
−5 3 −5 10 0 7 0 0
21. By mathematical induction we get the solution
22. If A=A1 , B = B1 , (AB)1 = AB
(AB)1 = B1 A1 = BA ∴ AB = BA AB Is symmetric
2
23. A = A A By product of two matrix get the solution
8 −8
24. (AB)1 =[ ]
10 0
8 −8
B1A1 = [ ]
10 0
∴ (AB)1 = B1A1
25. By solving x = 2 , y = 4 , z = 3
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Solutions : Five mark questions (LA)
2 1 4 4 4 −7
1.AB =[−1 18] (AB) C = [35 −2 −39 22]
1 5 31 2 −27 11
7 2 −3 −1 4 4 4 −7
BC = [4 0 −4 2] A(BC) = [35 −2 −39 22]
7 −2 −11 8 31 2 −27 11
Hence (AB) C = A(BC)
10 9 1 10
2. (A +B) C = [20] AC = [12] BC = [ 8 ] AC + BC = [20]
28 30 −2 28
Hence (A +B) C = AC + BC
1 2 3 19 4 8 63 46 69
3. A = [3 −2 1] A = [ 1 12 8 ]
2
A = [60 −6 23]
3
4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63
LHS = A3 – 23A – 40 I = 0 By simplification
0 0 −3 0 0 −3
4. A + (B – C) = [9 −1 5 ] and (A+B) –C = [9 −1 5 ]
2 1 1 2 1 1
Hence A + (B – C) = (A+B) –C
2 3 5 2 3 5 0 0 0
5. 3A -5B = [1 2 4] - [ 1 2 4] = [ 0 0 0] = 0
7 6 2 7 6 2 0 0 0
1 −1 −3
6. A – 5A + 6I = [−1
2
−1 −10] by simplification
−5 4 4
1 0 2
7. If A = [0 2 1] by calculating A2 , A3 take LHS = RHS
2 0 3
2 −2 −4
8. B = [−1 3 4 ] by theorem number 2
1 −2 −3
1 1
B = (B +B 1) + (B -B 1) hence they are equal
2 2
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6 −2 2
9. B = [−2 3 −1] by theorem number 2
2 −1 3
1 1
B = (B +B 1) + (B -B 1) hence they are equal
2 2
4 6 5 7 9 13
11. If AB = [ ] AC = [ ] A(B+C) = [ ] = AB + AC
5 3 4 5 9 8
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 0 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 0
12. F(x).F(y) = [ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 0] [ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 0]
0 0 1 0 0 1
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) 0
= [ sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) 0] = F(x+y)
0 0 1
−2 4 5
13. LHS = (AB) = [−6 12
1
15 ] = B1A1 = RHS
12 −24 −30
14. By mathematical induction we get the solution
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QUESTION BANK II PUC SCIENCE
I. Very Short answer questions. (1x19=19)
1. Define Symmetric relation.
Ans: A relation „R‟ on the set „A‟ is said to be symmetric if for all a, b, A, aRb Implies
bRa. i.e. (a, b) R (b, a) R
2. Let A = {4, 6, 8, 20} R = {(a, b); a + b = 25, a, b A} Show that the relation „R‟ Is
empty.
Ans: This is an empty set, as no pair (a, b) satisfies the condition a + b = 25.
3. Give an example of a relation defined on a suitable set which is
i. reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
ii. reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
iii. reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
iv. symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
vi. symmetric, but not reflexive and not transitive.
vii. not reflexive, not symmetric, and not transitive.
Solution: Consider a Set A = {a, b, c}
i. Define a relation R, on „A‟ as.
R1 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)}. Clearly R1 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
ii. Consider the relation R2 on A as.
R2 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, a), (a, c), (c, a)}.
R2 is symmetric, reflexive
But R2 is not transitive – for (b, a) R2 and (a, c) R2 but (b, c) R2.
iii. Consider the relation R3 on A as
R3 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b)}
R3 is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric for (a, b) R3 but (b, a) R3
iv. Consider the relation R4 on A as
R4 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (b, a)} is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
Since (c, c) R4.
v. Consider the relation R5 on A as
R5 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (c, a)}
R5 is reflexive. R5 is not symmetric because (a, b) R5 but (b, a) R5 Also R5 is
not transitive because (c, a) R5, (a, b) R5 but (c, b) R5.
vi. Consider the relation R6 on A by
R6 = {(a, a), (c, c), (a, b), (b, a)}
R6 is Symmetric but R6 is not reflexive because (b, b) R6 . Also R6 is not transitive
for (b, a) R6 , (a, b) R6 but (b, b) R6.
vii. The relation R7 defined on A as
R7 = {(a, b), (b, c) } is not reflexive, not symmetric and not transitive.
* FUNCTION * (One mark question and answers)
4. Let A = {1, 2, 3} B = {4, 5, 6, 7,} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function from
„A‟ to „B‟. show that „f‟ is not onto.
Ans: 7 B has no pre image in A. so „f‟ is not onto.
5. If, f : R R is defined by f(x) = 4x-1 x R prove that „f‟ is one-one.
Solution: For any two elements x1, x2 R such that f(x1) = f (x2)
we have 4x1–1 = 4x2–1 4x1 = 4x2
x1 = x2 Hence „f‟ is one – one.
6. Define transitive relation.
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Ans: A relation R on the set “S” is said to be transitive relation if aRb and bRc aRc.
i.e. if (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R.
1
7. Let f : R R be the function defined by f (x) = 2x-3 x R . write f
1
Ans; y = f(x) = 2x–3 x = (y + 3)
2
–1 1 –1 1
f ( y) = (y+3) i.e. f ( y) = (x+3)
2 2
8. Define a binary operation on a set.
Ans: Let S be a non-empty set. The function *: S X S S which associates each ordered
pair (a, b) of the elements of S to a unique element of S denotes by a*b is called a
binary operation or a binary composition on S.
9. Determine whether or not each of the definition defined below is a binary operation
justify.
a) on Z+ defined by a*b = | a-b |
b) on Z+ defined by a*b = a
Solution: a) We have for a, b, Z+ a*b = | a – b |. We know the
| a – b | is always positive. a, b Z+ , a*b = | a–b | is a positive integer.
Hence * is a binary operation on Z+
b) Cleary a*b = a Z for all a, b Z
Thus * is a binary operation on Z+
* SHORT ANSINER QUESTIONS* (Answers to two marks questions)
10. Define an equivalence relation. Give on example of a relation which is transitive but
not reflexive.
Solution: A relation “R” on a Set S is called on equivalence relations. if „R‟ is reflexive,
symmetric, and transitive.
Ex. The relation “<” (less than) defined on the set R of all real numbers is transitive,
but not reflexive.
11. Show that the signum function f : R R
1 if x > 0
defined by f ( x) 0 if x = 0
–1 if x < 0
is neither one-one nor onto.
Solution: From the graph of the function we have
f(2) = 1 and f(3) = 1, i.e. f(2) = f(3) = 1 but 2 3
„f‟ is not one-one
Again for 4 R (co domain) there exists no x R (domain)
Such that f(x) = 4 because f(x) = 1 or –1 for x 0.
„f‟ is not onto.
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12. State whether the function f : R defined by f(x) = 1 + x2 x R is one-one, onto
or objective justify your answer.
Solution: We have f(x) = 1 + x2 for all x R .
clearly we observe that f(x) = 1 + 22 = 5 and f(–2) = 1 + (–2)2 = 5 i.e, f(2) = f(–2)
but 2 –2 „f‟ is not one-one.
Again for y –2 there exist no real number x, such that f(x) = –2 because if f(x) = –2
1 + x2 = –2 x2 = –3
x = –3 R
„f‟ is not onto.
13. Show that the greatest integer function f : R R defined by f(x) = [x] is neither one-
one nor onto.
Solution: We have f(x) = [x] = greatest integer less than or equal to x.
i.e. [2.3] = 2, [2] = 2 but 2.3 2.
Now we have [x] = 2 for all x [2, 3]
„f‟ is not one-one.
3
Again R (codomain), but there existing no x R (domain) such that f(x) = 3
2 2
because [x] is always an integer x R
„f‟ is not onto.
14. Cheek the injectivity and surjectivity of the function f : Z Z defined by f(x) = x3
x Z
Solution: We have f(x1) = f(x2) x13 x23 x1 x2
„f‟ is injective.
Now 7 Z (codomain) and it has no pre-image in Z because if f(x) = 7 then
x3 7 x 3 7 Z
„f‟ is not surjective.
15. If f(x) = | x | and g(x) = | 5x – 2 | then find (i) got and (ii) fog.
Solution: We have f(x) = | x | and g(x) = | 5x–2 |
consider go f(x) = g( | x | ) = 5 | x | – 2
| 5x – 2 | x 0
=
| –5 x – 2 | x 0
Now fog(x) = f [g(x)] = f( |5x–2 | )
= | 5x–2 |
If f ; R R be given by f ( x) 3 – x3 find fo f(x).
1
3
16.
Solution: We have f ( x) 3 – x3
1
3
Now to fof ( x) f f ( x) f 3 – x3 = f(y)
1
3
where y = (3 – x3
1
3
3 – y
1
fof ( x) f ( y) 3 3
1
1 3 3
= 3 – 3 – x 3 3
1
= (x 3 ) 3
x.
Hence fo f(x) = x.
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–1
17. Consider f : {1, 2, 3} {a, b, c} given by f(1) = a, f(2) = b f(3) = C find f and
–1
show that f f
–1
Solution: Consider f : {1, 2, 3} {a, b, c} given by
f(1) = a, f(2) = b and f(3) = C
f (1) a, f (2) b and f(3)=4
1 1 1
f (a) 1, f (b) 2 and f (c) 3
–1
f a,1 , b, 2 , c,3 g ( say)
we observe that ‟g‟ is also objective.
–1
g 1, a , 2, b , 3, c f
–1
–1
–1
g f f f
4x 3
18. If f(x) = , x 2 show that
6x – 4 3
(fof) (x) = x for all x 2 . what is the inverse f ?
3
4x 3
4 3
4 f ( x) 3
Solution: fof x f f ( x) = 6 x – 4
6 f ( x) – 4 6. 4 x 3 – 4
6x – 4
4 (4 x 3) 3(6 x – 4) 34 x
x
6 (4 x 3) – 4( x – 4) 34
–1
fof I f f
19. Let f : R R be defined by f(x) = 10x+7, Find the function g : R R such that
gof = fog = Ig
Solution: We have f(x) = 10x+7
By data, gof(x) = Ig(x) g [f(x)] = x.
g [10x+7] = x.
y–7
Let y = 10x+7 x
10
y–7
Then g(10x+7) = g 10 7 y
10
20. Consider a function f : f : 0, R given by f(x) = Sinx. and
2
g : f : 0, R given by g(x) = cosx. Show that „f‟ and „g‟ are one-one but
2
(f + g) is not one-one.
Solution: Since for any two distinct elements x1 and x2 in 0, , sin x1 sin x2
2
and cos x1 cos x2
Both „f‟ and g are one-one
But (f + g) (o) = f(o) + g(o) = 1 and
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f g 2 = f 2 g 2 sin 2 cos 2 1
Therefore (f + g) is not one – one
21. Examine whether the binary operation * defined below are commutative, associative
a. On Q defined loy a * b = ab + 1
b. On Z+ defined loy a * b = ab
c. On Q defined loy a * b = ab/2
Solution: a) For every a, b, Q we have
i) a * b = ab + 1 Q
Now a * b = ab + 1 = ba + 1 (Usual multiplication is commutative)
=b*a
* is commutative in Q.
ii) consider 4, 5, 6 Q.
4 * ( 5 * 6) = 4 * (30 + 1) = 4 * 31)
= 4 (31) + 1 = 124 + 1 = 125
and (4*5) * 6 = 21 * 6 = (21 x 6) + 1 = 157
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c is not true for all a, b, c, Q. Hence * is not associative.
b) For all a, b, * Z+, clearly a * b = ab Z+
i.e. * is a binary operation in Z+
i) If a then ab ba
i.e. a * b b * a for a b.
Thus * is not commutative in Z+
ii) Consider 2, 3, 4, Z+
(2 * 3) * 4 = 23 * 4 = 8 * 4 = 84 = 212
and 2 * (3 * 4) = 2 * 34 = (2)34 = 281
( 2 * 3) * 4 2 * ( 3 * 4)
Thus (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) is not true a, b, c, Z
Hence * is not associative in Z+.
C. We have a * b = ab a,b Q
2
i) Now a * b = ab = ba = b * a
2 2
(Usual multiplication is commutative)
* is commutative in Q.
bc
ii. Now consider a * (b * c) = a *
2
bc
a
abc
2
2 4
ab abc
(a * b)* c * c
2 4
(a * b) * c = a * (b * c) for all a, b, c, Q.
Hence * is associative in Q.
22. Write the multiplicative modulo 12 table for the set A = {1, 5, 7, 11}. Find the
identity element w.r .t X12 X12 1 5 7 11
Solution: The elements in the row corresponding 1 1 5 7 11
to the element 1, coincides with the elements 5 5 1 11 7
of a above the horizontal line in the same order. 7 7 11 1 5
Thus 1 acts as an identify element. 11 11 7 5 1
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* ANSIEWERS TO THREE MARKS QUESTIONS*
23. The relation R defined on the Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by R = {(a, b) ; | a–b | is even}.
Show that the relation „R‟ is on equivalence relation. (consider „O‟ as an even num
ber)
Proof: For any a A we have a–a = o considered as even i.e. (a, a,) R for all a A
Thus R is reflexive relation.
Let (a, b) R |a–b | is even
|b–a | is also even (b, a ) R.
Thus the relation R is symmetric.
Let (a, b) R and (b, c) R.
| a–b | is even and | b–c | even 1a b1 2k and | b – c | =2l for k, l Z.
| a–b | + | b–c | = 2k + 2 l = 2 (k + l)
a–b + b–c = 2 (n) where n = (k+l)
a–c = 2n
| a–c | = even (a, c) R
„R‟ Is transitive.
Hence „R‟ Is an equivalence relation.
24. Let A = R–{3} and B = R–{1}. Consider the function f : A B defined by f(x) =
x2 Is „f‟ is one-one and onto ? Justify your answer.
x 3
x2
Solution: We have f(x) = for all x R
x 3
x 2 x2 2
Now let f(x1) = f(x2) 1
x2 3 x2 3
x1 x2 2 x2 3x1 6 x1 x2 2 x1 3x2 6
x1 x2
Thus f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2 i.e. „f‟ is one-one.
Let y B thus y l.
x2
Now f ( x) y y x 2 y ( x 3)
x 3
3y 2
3 y 2 x ( y 1) x ( y 1).
y 1
2 3y 2 3y
Also 3 for if 3
1 y 1 y
2 3 y 3 3 y 2 3 which is not true.
Thus for every y B there exists
2 3y
x A such that f ( x) y
y 1
i.e. „f‟ is onto.
Hence „f‟ is bijective function.
25. If „f‟ and g are two functions defined by f(x) = 2x + 5 and g(x) = x 2 + 1 find 1 gof(2),
ii) fog(2) and iii) gog(2).
Solution: We have f ( x) 2 x 5, g ( x) x 2 1.
Now gof ( x) g[ f ( x)] g (2 x 5)
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gof ( x) (2 x 5)2 1
4 x2 25 20 x 1
4 x2 20 x 26
gof (2) 4(2)2 20(2) 26
16 40 26 82
ii) fog ( x) f ( x2 1) 2( x 2 1) 5
fog ( x) 2 x 2 7
fog (2) 2(2)2 7 8 7 15
iii) gog ( x) g ( x 2 1)
( x2 1)2 1 x4 2 x2 2
gog (2) 16 8 2 26
26. Let * be the binary operation on N given by a * b = l.c.m of „a‟ and „b‟ Is *
commutative? Is * associative? Find the identify in N w.r.t *.
Solution: We have a * b = l.c.m. of „a‟ and „b‟ a, b N clearly l.c.m of two positive
integers is a positive integer. Thus N is closed under the operation *.
i) Clearly l.c.m of „a‟ and b = l.c.m. of „b‟ and „a‟
a*b = b*a for all a, b, N
Thus * is commutative.
ii) Let a, b, c, N be arbitrary.
Now a*(b * c) = a*(l.c.m. of b and c)
= l.c.m. of [„a‟ and (l.c.m of b and c)]
= l.c.m of (a,b,c) ................ (1)
Again, (a * b) * c
= (l.c.m of „a‟ and b) * c
= l.c.m of [(l.c.m. of „a‟ and b) and c]
= l.c.m of (a,b,c)................(2)
Thus (a * b) *c = a* (b * c) a, b, c N
Hence * is associative.
iii) Let e be the identify element in N. Then for all a N, we have
a*e=e*a=a
a * e = l.c.m of a and e = a
e * a = l.c.m. of e and a = a
l.c.m of a and e = l.c.m. of e and a = a
for all a N. implies e = 1.
Thus 1 acts as identify element in N.
* FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS*
27. Consider f : R [5, ) defined by f ( x) 9 x 2 6 x 5 show that „f‟ is invertible
–1 y 6 1
with f ( y )
3
Solution: We have f : R [5, ) by f ( x) 9 x 2 6 x 5
Let a1 , a R Such that f(a1) = f(a2)
9a12 6a1 5 9a22 6a2 5
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9a12 9a22 6a1 6a2 0
9 a1 a2 a1 a2 6 a1 a2 0
a1 a2 9a12 9a22 6 0
a1 a2 0 9a1 9a2 6 o as a1 , a2 R
a1 a2 Thus „f‟ is one-one.
Let y f ( x) 9 x2 6 x 5
9 x2 6 x 5 y 0
6 36 36( y 5)
x
18
1 1 y 5 1 y 6
x
3 3
1 1 y 6
f ( y)
3
For every element y B, there exists a pre-Image x in [5, . So „f‟ is onto Thus „f‟
is one-one and onto and therefore invertible Hence inverse function of „f‟ is given by
1 1 y 6
f ( y)
3
28. If f : A A defined by f ( x)
4x 3
6x 4
where A R 2 . show that „f‟ is
3
1
invertible and f f
4x 3
Solution: We have f ( x) with x 2
6x 4 3
4 x 3 4 x2 3
Now f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) 1
6 x1 4 6 x2 4
24 x1 x2 16 x1 18x2 12 24 x1 x2 18x1 16 x2 12
34 x2 34 x1 x1 x2
Thus „f‟ is one-one.
Now let y A and f(x) f ( x) y
4x 3
y A and y
6x 4
4y 3
y A and x
6x 3
Thus for every y A , there exists
x
4y 3
6y 3
A y 2 such that
3
f ( x) y. That is „f‟ is onto.
Hence „f‟ is bijective.
1
Now f ( x) y f ( y) x
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4y 3 4x 3
x y
6x 4 6x 4
1 1 4x 3
Thus f : A A is defined by f ( x)
6x 4
1
Clearly f f .
29. Let f; w f : w w be defined by
n 1 n is odd
f ( n)
n 1 if 'n' iseven
Show that „f‟ is invertible and find
The inverse of „f‟. Hence w is the set of all whole numbers.
Solution: Let x1, x2 w be arbitrary
Let x1 and x2 are even.
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) 1 x 1 1 x2 x1 x2
Let x1 and x2 are odd
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 1 x2 1 x1 x2
Let x1 and x2 are odd f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 1 x2 1
x1 x2
In both the cases, f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2
Supposing x1 is odd and x2 is even
then x1 x2 . Now f ( x1 ) x1 1and f ( x2 ) x2 1
Also x1 1 x2 1
i.e. x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
Hence „f‟ is one-one
Let m 0 w (co domain) and f(n) = m
n 1 m if 'n' is odd
Now f (n) m f (n)
n 1 m if 'n' is even.
n m 1 if 'n' is odd
f ( n)
n m 1 if 'n' is even.
Thus for every m w (co domain)
there exists n w (= m+1 or m–1)
Such that f(n) = m.
Also (considering O as even)
1
f (o) 0 1 1 i.e. f (1) 0
Thus „f‟ is onto
Hence „f‟ is a bijection.
1
Let f (n) m f (m) n.
m 1 n m is odd
f (m)
m 1 n m is even
m n 1 n is even
f (m)
m n 1 n is odd
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1 n 1
n is even
Thus f (n)
n 1 n is odd
Is inverse function.
10
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MATHEMATICS
II PUC
VECTOR ALGEBRA
QUESTIONS & ANSWER
I One Mark Question
1) Find the unit vector in the direction of 2i + 3j + k.
r
Let a = 2i + 3j + k
r
a = 2 2 + 32 + 12 = 4 + 9 + 1 = 14
r
rˆ a 2i + 3 j + k
\a = r =
a 14
r 2 3 1
\aˆ = i+ j+ k
14 14 14
r r r r r r
2) Let a = i + 2j & b = 2i + j. If a = b . Are the vectors a & b equal?
r r
a = a 2 + 22 = 5, b = 22 + a 2 = 5
r r
\a=b
But vectors are not equal since the corresponding components are distinct i.e. directions
are different.
3) Find the values of x & y so that vectors 2i+3j and xi+4j are equal.
r r
a = 2i + 3 j b = xi + yj
r r
Given a = b \2i + 3 j = xi + yi
\ x = 2, y = 3
4) Find the scalar or dot product of vectors i + 2j - 3k & 2i - j + k.
(i + 2j - 3k ) . (2i - j + k ) = 1(2 ) + 2(- 1) - 3(1) = 2 - 2 - 3 = -3
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i- j
5) Show that is a unit vector.
2
r i- j 1 1
a= = i- j
2 2 2
2 2
r æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 1 1
a= ç ÷ +ç- ÷ = + = 1
è 2ø è 2ø 2 2
r r
\ a =1 \ a is a unit vector.
II Two Marks Questions:
1) Find the vector parallel to the vector i - 2j and has magnitude 10 units.
r
Let a = i - 2 j
r
a = 12 + (- 2)
2
r
\a = 5
r
rˆ a i - 2 j
\a = r =
a 5
r r
Let b be the vectors parallel to a having magnitude 10 units
r
\ b = 10 Q If vectors are parallel then unit
r r r vector along & parallel vectors are
Now b = b aˆ
same
i-2j
=10 .
5
r 10i 20 j
\Reqd vector b = -
5 5
r
2) Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the vector a = i + j - 2k .
r
a = i + j - 2k
r
a = 12 + 12 + (- 2 )
2
r
\a = 6
r
rˆ a i + j - 2k
a= r =
a 6
r 1 1 2
\aˆ = i+ j- k
6 6 6
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r
Here direction ratios are components of a i.e.(1, 1, - 2 )
r æ 1 1 -2 ö
direction cosines are components of â i.e. çç , , ÷÷
è 6 6 6 ø
3) Show the vectors 2i-3j+4k and -4i+6j-8k are collinear.
r
a = 2i - 3 j + 4k
r r
b = -4i + 6 j - 8k = - 2(2i - 3 j + 4k ) = -2a
\One vector can be expressed interms of another
r r
\a & b are collinear.
r r r r r r
4) Find x , if for a unit vector a, (x - a ) . (x + a ) = 12
r
Given a = 1
(xr - ar ) . (xr + ar ) = 12
r2 r2
x - a = 12
r2
x - 12 = 12
r2
x = 13
r
\ x = 13
r r r r r r r r
5) Find a - b , if two vectors a and b are such that a = 2, b = 3 and a .b = 4
r r r r
Given a = 2, b = 3 and a .b = 4
r r2 r2
( )
r r r2
w.k .t. a - b = a - 2 a . b + b
= 2 2 - 2(4 ) + 32 = 4 - 8 + 9
r r2
a -b = 5
r r
\ a -b = 5
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r r r r r r
6) For any two vectors a and b prove that a · b £ a · b
r r
a .b
w.k .t. cos q = r r
a b
r r
a. b
r r = cosq for all values of q , - 1 £ cosq £ 1
a b
\ cosq £ 1
r r
a. b
\ r r £1
a b
r r r r
\ a. b £ a b
r r r r r r
7) For any two vectors a and b prove that a + b £ a + b (Triangle in equality )
r r2 r
( )
r r r2
a + b = a 2 + 2 a. b + b
r r r r2 rr r r
£ a 2 + 2 a. b + b Qa.b £ a . b
r r r r2 r r r r
£ a 2+ 2 a b + b From previous properties a . b £ a b
{
r r 2
£ a+b }
r r r r
\ a +b £ a + b
( )(
r r r r
8) Evaluate 3a - 5b . 2a + 7b )
(r r r r
)( ) r r r r
( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r
3a - 5b . 2a + 7b = 6 a . a + 21 a . b - 10 b . a - 35 b . b
r r r
( ) ( ) r r r
= 6a 2 + 21 a . b - 10 a . b - 35b 2
r r r r
= 6a 2 + 11a . b - 35b 2
r2 r r r
= 6 a + 11a . b - 35b 2
r r r r r r
9) If a = i - 7j + 7k & b = 3i - 2j + 2k find a ´ b and a ´ b
i j k
r r
a´b = 1 - 7 7
3 -2 2
= i{- 7(2) - (- 2)(7 )}- j{2 - 21} + k {- 2 + 21}
= i (- 14 + 14) - j{- 19}+ k (19)
r r
\a ´ b = 19 j + 19k
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r
10) Find l & m if (2i + 6j + 27k )´ (i + lj + mk ) = o
r
Given (2i + 6j + 27k )´ (i + lj + mk ) = o
i j k
r
\ 2 6 27 = o
1 l m
r
i(6 m - 27l ) - j (2 m - 27 ) + k (2l - 6) = o
Equating cofficient s
6m - 27l = 0, 2 m - 27 = 0 2l - 6 = 0
27
\m = and l = 3
2
r r r r r r
11) Show that ( a - b ) ´ ( a + b ) = 2( a ´ b )
r r r r
Consider LHS ( a - b ) ´ ( a + b )
r r r r r r r r
= a ´ a + a ´b - b ´ a - b ´b
r r r r r r
= o + (a ´ b ) + ( a ´ b ) - o
r r r r r r
\ ( a - b ) ´ ( a + b ) = 2( a ´ b )
12) Find the scalar triple product of vectors i + 2j + 3k, - i - j + k and i + j + k
1 2 3
Scalar triple product = - 1 - 1 1
1 1 1
= 1 (- 1 - 1) - 2 (- 1 - 1) + 3(- 1 + 1)
=-2+4+0 = 2
13) Find l if the vectors i + j + 2k, l i - j + k & 3i - 2j - k are coplanar.
Given that vectors are coplanar
1 1 2
\ l -1 1 = 0
3 - 2 -1
= 1(1 + 2) - 1(- l - 3) + 2(- 2l + 3) = 0
= 3 + l + 3 - 4l + 6 = 0
= -3l + 12 = 0
\l = 4
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III Three Marks Questions:
r r r r
1) Consider t he points P and Q with position v ectors OP = 3a - 2b and OQ = a + b .
Find the position vector of a point R which divides line joining
the points P and Q in the ratio 2 : 1 internally and externally respectively.
Solution
r r r r
given OP = 3a - 2b , OQ = a + b m : n = 2 :1
Internally,
mOQ + nOP
OR =
m+n
=
(
r r
) ( r
2 a + b + 1 3a - 2b
r
)
2 +1
r r
2a + 3a + 2b - 2b
=
2 +1
r
5a
OR =
3
mOQ - nOP
externally OR =
m-n
=
(
r r
) (r
2 a + b - 1 3a - 2b
r
)
2 -1
r r
2a - 3a + 2b + 2b
=
1
r r
OR = 4b - a
3) Find the vector joining the points P(2, 3, 0) and Q(- 1, - 2, 4) and also direction cosines of PQ
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Given P º (2, 3, 0) Q º (- 1, - 2, 4 )
Let i, j, k be unit vectors along axes
then OP = 2i + 3 j
OQ = -i - 2 j + 4k
PQ = OQ - OP
= -i - 2 j + 4k - (2i + 3 j )
= - i - 2i + 4 j - 2i - 3 j
\PQ = -3i - 5 j + 4k
PQ = (- 3)2 + (- 5)2 + (4 )2 = 9 + 25 + 16 = 50
\ PQ = 5 2
- 3i - 5 j + 4k
^
PQ
PQ = =
PQ 5 2
-3 5/
^
4
\PQ = i- j+ k
5 2 5/ 2 5 2
æ -3 1 4 ö
\ direction cosines are ç , , ÷
è5 2 2 5 2 ø
4) Show that points A(1, 2, 7) , B(2, 6,3) & C(3, 10, -1) are collinear OR
Show that the points with position vectors i+2j+7k, 2i+6j+3k and 3i+10j-k are
collinear.
OA = (1, 2, 7 ) OB = (2, 6, 3) OC = (3,10, - 1)
AB = OB - OA = (2 - 1, 6 - 2, 3 - 7 ) = (1, 4, - 4 )
BC = OC - OB = (3,10, - 1) - (2, 6, 3) = (1, 4, - 4 )
AC = OC - OA = (3,10, - 1) - (1, 2, 7 ) = (2, 8, - 8)
AB = 33 BC = 33 AC = 132
\ AC = 2 33
Here AB + BC = AC
\ Collinear condition is satisfied.
\A, B, C are collinear.
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5) Find the angle between the vectors i - 2j + 3k & 3i - 2j + k.
r r
Let a = i - 2j + 3k b = 3i - 2j + k
r r
a . b = (i - 2j + 3k ) . (3i - 2j + k ) = 3 + 4 + 3 = 10
r
a = 12 + (- 2 ) + 32 = 14
2
r
b = 32 + 22 + 12 = 14
r r
r r a.b 10 10
Let q be angle between a & b then cosq = r r = =
a b 14 14 14
5 7
cosq = q = cos-1
7 5
6) Show that the vectors
1
(2i + 3 j + 6k ), 1 (3i - 6 j + 2k ) and 1 (6i + 2 j + 3k )
7 7 7
are mutually perpendicu lar.
r 1
Let a = (2i + 3 j + 6k )
7
r 1
b = (3i - 6 j + 2k )
7
r 1
c = (6i + 2 j + 3k )
7
r r 1
consider a . b = (2i + 3 j + 6k ) . (3i - 6 j + 2k )
1
7 7
= {(2i + 3 j + 6k ) . (3i - 6 j + 2k )}
1
49
= {6 - 18 + 12} = {0}
1 1
49 49
r r r r
\a . b = 0 \ a is perpendicu lar to b
r r r r
/// ly We can show that b . c = 0 & c . a = 0
rr r
\ a, b, c are mutually perpendicular vectors.
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r r r r r r
7) If a = 5i - j - 3k , b = i + 3 j - 5k then show that the vectors a + b & a - b are perpendicu lar.
r r
a + b = 5i - j - 3k + i + 3 j - 5k = 6i + 2 j - 8k
r r
a - b = 5i - j - 3k - (i + 3 j - 5k ) = 4i - 4 j + 2k
r r
(
) (
r r
)
consider a + b . a - b = (6i + 2 j - 8k ). (4i - 4 j + 2k ) = 24 - 8 - 16 = 0
(
r r
\ a+b . a-b =0
r r
) ( ) r r r r
\ a + b is perpendicu lar to a - b
r r r r r
8) If a = 2i + 2 j + 3k , b = -i + 2 j + k and c = 3i + j and such that a + lb is
r
perpendicu lar to c then find l .
r r
a + lb = 2i + 2 j + 3k + l (- i + 2 j + k )
r r
\ a + lb = (2 - l )i + (2 + 2l ) j + (3 + l )k
r r r
Given a + lb is ^ r c.
( )
r r r
a + lb . c = 0
{(2 - l )i + (2 + 2l ) j + (3 + l )k } . {3i + j} = 0
6 - 3l + 2 + 2l = 0 Þ -l + 8 = 0 \l = 8
r r r r r r r r r rr r r
9) If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a + b + c = o then find a . b + b . c + c . a
r r r
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
(
r r r r rr
a . a + b + c = a. o )
r r r r r
a 2 + a .b + a . c = 0
r r rr r
a . b + a .c = - a 2
r r r r r
/// ly b . c + c . a = -b 2
r r r r r
c . a + a . b = -c 2
(
rr rr rr
)
r r r
Adding 2 a.b + b .c + c .a = - a 2 - b 2 - c 2 = -12 - 12 - 12
( r r r r r r
)
2 a . b + b . c + c . a = -3
rr rr rr
Q a.b + b .c + c .a = - 3 2
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r r r r
10) Find a vector and unit vector perpendicu lar to each of the vector a + b and a - b
r r
where a = 3i + 2j + 2k & b = i + 2j - 2k
r r
a + b = 3i + 2j + 2k + i + 2j - 2k
r r
\ a + b = 4i + 4 j
r r
a - b = 3i + 2j + 2k - i - 2j + 2k
r r
\ a - b = 2i + 4k
r
(
r r
) (r r
) (
r r r r r
) (
Let c be the vector perpendicu lar to a + b and a - b then c = a + b ´ a - b )
+ - +
i j k
r
c = 4 4 0 = i (16 - 0 ) - j (16 - 0 ) + k (0 - 8)
2 0 4
r
\ c = 16i - 16 j - 8k
r
c = 16 2 + 16 2 + (- 8) = 256 + 256 + 64 = 576 = 24
2
r
(
r r
)
r r
Let ĉ be the unit vector perpendicu lar to a + b and a - b
r
r c
then cˆ = r
c
r 16i -16j - 8k 2i 2 j k
cˆ = = - -
24 3 3 3
10
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r
11) If a unit vector a makes angles p 3 with i, p 4 with j and and acute angle
r
q with k then find q and hence components of a.
r
Let a , b , g be the angles made by a with i, j, k then
a = p 3 , b = p 4, g = q
r
Let a = a1i + a2 j + a3k
r
Given a = 1
a1
then cosa =
a1
a1
cos p 3 =
1
\a1 = 1 2
a
cos b = r2
a
a2
cos p 4 =
1
\a2 = 1 2
a
cos g = r3
a
cosq = a3
a3 = cosq
r 1 1
\a = i + j + cosq k
2 2
2 2
r æ1ö æ 1 ö
a = ç ÷ +ç ÷ + (cosq )
2
è2ø è 2 ø
1 1
1= + + cos 2 q
4 2
3
\1 = + cos 2 q
4
cos q = 1 4
2
cosq = ± 1 2
q = 600 or 1200
r 1 1 1 r 1 1 1
\a = i + j+ k or a = i+ j- k
2 2 2 2 2 2
11
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12) Find the area of triangle with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5), C (1, 5, 5)
A º (1, 1, 2) OA = i + j + 2k
B º (2, 3, 5) OB = 2i + 3 j + 5k
C º (1, 5, 5) OC = i + 5 j + 5k
AB = OB - OA
= 2i + 3 j + 5k - i - j - 2k
AB = i + 2 j + 3k
AC = OC - OA
= i + 5 j + 5k - i - j - 2k
AC = 4 j + 3k
i j k
AB ´ AC = 1 2 3
0 4 3
= i(6 - 12 ) - j (3 - 0) + k (4 - 0) = -6i - 3 j + 4k
AB ´ AC = (- 6 )2 + (- 3)2 + 4 2 = 36 + 9 + 16 = 51
1 1
Area of triangle ABC = AB ´ AC = 51 sq units
2 2
12
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13) Find the area of parallelog ram whose adjecent sides are 2i - 4j + 5k and
i - 2j - 3k. Also find unit vector parallel to its diagonal.
r r
a = 2i - 4j + 5k b = i - 2j - 3k
i j k
r r
a´b = 2 -4 5 = i{12 + 10} - j{- 6 - 5}+ k {- 4 + 4 } = 22i + 11 j
1 -2 -3
r r
a´b = (22)2 + (11)2 + 0 =
242 + 121 + 0 = 363
r r
Area of parallelog ram ABCD = a ´ b = 363 sq.units
r r
Diagonal AC = a + b
= 2i - 4j + 5k + i - 2j - 3k
AC = 3i - 6 j + 2k
AC = 32 + (- 6 ) + 2 2 = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7
2
3i - 6 j + 2k
^
AC
Unit vector along AC, AC = =
AC 7
3i - 6 j + 2k
Unit vector parallel to AC = Unit vector along AC =
7
r r
14) Show that the points A, B, C with position v ectors a = 3i - 4j - 4k, b = 2i - j + k
r
& c = i - 3j - 5k respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Given A º (3, - 4, - 4) B º (2, - 1,1) C º (1, - 3, - 5)
Given OA = 3i - 4 j - 4k
13
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OB = 2i - j + k
OC = i - 3 j - 5k
AB = OB - OA
= 2i - j + k - 3i + 4 j + 4k
\ AB = -i + 3 j + 5k
BC = OC - OB
= i - 3 j - 5k - 2i + j - k
\BC = -i - 2 j - 6k
CA = OA - OC
= 3i - 4 j - 4k - i + 3 j + 5k = 2i - j + k
AB + BC + CA = -i + 3 j + 5k - i - 2 j - 6k + 2i - j + k
r
\ AB + BC + CA = O
\Dle law is satisfied
r r r
\ a , b , c form a Dle
(- 1)2 + 32 + 5 2
2
AB = = 35 AB = 35
(- 1)2 + (2)2 + 6 2
2
BC = = 41 BC = 41
CA = 2 2 + (- 1) + (- 1) = 6
2
CA = 6
2 2
2 2 2
We can see that AB + AC = 35 + 6 = 41 = BC
2 2 2
\ AB + AC = BC
\Pythagrous theorem is satified.
r r r
i.e. a, b, c form a right angled triangle
14
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[
r r r r r r
] [ ] rrr
14 ) Prove that a + b , b + c , c + a = 2 a b c
r r
( ) {( ) }
r r r r
LHS = a + b . b + c ´ (c + a )
( ){
r r r r r r r r r r
= a + b . b´c + b´a +c´c + c´a}
( ){
r r r r r r r r
= a + b . b´c- a´b+ c´a }
r r r
( ) ( )
r r r
( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r r r r
= a . b ´ c - a . a ´ b + a .(c ´ a ) + b b ´ c - b a ´ b + b .(c ´ a )
r r r
( ) r r r
= a . b ´ c - 0 + 0 + 0 - 0 + b .(c ´ a )
r r r
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
r r r r r r r r r
= a. b ´ c + a b ´ c = 2a. b ´ c = 2 a , b , c
14) Show that the vectors 4i - j + k, 3i - 2j - k and i + j + 2k are coplanar
r
Let a = 4i - j + k
r
b = 3i - 2j - k
r
c = i + j + 2k
4 -1 1
r r r
( )
consider a. b ´ c = 3 - 2 - 1
1 1 2
= 4{- 4 + 1} + 1{ 6 + 1 }+ 1{3 + 2}
= -12 + 7 + 5
( )
r r r
\a. b ´ c = 0
\vectors are coplanar
Scalar Triple Product of vectors
r r r r r r
(r r r
If a, b, c are non zero vectors then a. b ´ c or a ´ b .c) ( )
is called scalar triple product of vectors.
r r r r r r
[
r r r
The scalar triple product of a, b, c is denoted by a b c or a, b, c ] [ ]
a1 a2 a3
r r r
(
Then a. b ´ c = b1 ) b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
since scalar triple product is a determinen t , all determinen t
properties are satisfied.
Properties
15
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( )
r r r
1) a. b ´ c is a scalar.
( )
r r r r r r r r r
2) a. b ´ c = b.(c ´ a ) = c . a ´ b ( )
[ ][ ] [
rrr r r r
abc = b c a = c ab
rrr
]
( )
r r r
3) a. a ´ b = 0 ,
r r r
(
a. b ´ b = 0 )
[ ]
rr r
aa b = 0 [
r r r
a b b =0 ]
( ) (
r r r r r r
4 ) a. b ´ c = - a . c ´ b )
[ ] [ ]
rrr rr r
a b c = - a c b etc.
5) Dot and cross can be interchanged
(
r r r
) (
r r r
a. b ´ c = a ´ b . c )
( )
r r r r r r
b ´ c . a = b . (c . a ) etc.
Coplanar vector:
The vectors are said to be coplanar if they lie on same plane
or parallel planes.
r r r
The condition for the vectors to be coplanar is a. b ´ c = 0 ( )
Problems:
1) Find the scalar triple product of vectors i + 2j + 3k, - i - j + k and i + j + k
1 2 3
Scalar triple product = - 1 - 1 1
1 1 1
= 1 (- 1 - 1) - 2 (- 1 - 1) + 3(- 1 + 1)
=- 2+ 4+0 = 2
16
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[
r r r r r r rrr
2) Prove that a + b, b + c, c + a = 2 a b c ] [ ]
r r
( ) {( ) }
r r r r
LHS = a + b . b + c ´ (c + a )
( ){ }
r r r r r r r r r r
= a + b . b´ c + b´a + c ´ c + c ´a
( ){ }
r r r r r r r r
= a + b . b´ c - a ´ b + c´a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r rr r rr r r r r
= a. b ´ c - a. a ´ b + a.(c ´ a ) + b b ´ c - b a ´ b + b.(c ´ a )
( )
r r r r r r
= a. b ´ c - 0 + 0 + 0 - 0 + b.(c ´ a )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
r r r rr r r r r r r r
= a. b ´ c + a b ´ c = 2a. b ´ c = 2 a, b , c
3 ) Show that the vectors 4i - j + k, 3i - 2j - k
and i + j + 2k are coplanar
r
Let a = 4i - j + k
r
b = 3i - 2j - k
r
c = i + j + 2k
4 -1 1
( )
r r r
consider a . b ´ c = 3 -2 -1
1 1 2
= 4{- 4 + 1} + 1{ 6 + 1 }+ 1{3 + 2}
= - 12 + 7 + 5
r r r
(
\ a. b ´ c = 0 )
\ vectors are coplanar
4 ) Find l if the vectors i + j + 2k, l i - j + k & 3i - 2j - k are coplanar.
17
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Given that vectors are coplanar
1 1 2
\ l -1 1 =0
3 - 2 -1
= 1(1 + 2 ) - 1(- l - 3) + 2(- 2l + 3) = 0
= 3 + l + 3 - 4l + 6 = 0
= -3l + 12 = 0
\l = 4
18
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY.
One mark questions:
1) If a line makes angles 900, 1350 and 450 with the x, y and z axes respectively.
Find its direction cosines.
Solution:
Let = 900, = 135, = 450
Let l, m, n are the direction cosines of a line
l = cos =cos 900 = 0
m=cos = cos 1350 = 1 ,
2
n = cos = cos 450 1
2
2) If a line has direction ratio’s -18, 12, -4. Then what are its direction cosines.
Solution:
x = - 18 y = 12 z = -4
r x2 y 2 z 2 18 12 4 324 144 16 484 22
2 2 2
x 18 9
Direction cosines are l
r 22 11
y 12 6
m and
r 22 11
z 4 2
n
r 22 11
3) Find the direction cosines of x, y and z axis.
Solution:
The x – axis makes angles 00, 900, 900 with the positive direction of
x, y and z – axis.
Direction cosines of x – axis are cos 00, cos 900, cos 900 i.e. 1, 0, 0.
Similarly direction cosines of y axis are cos 900, cos 00, cos 900 i.e. 0, 1, 0
and direction cosines of z – axis are cos 900, cos 900, cos 00, i.e. 0, 0, 1
4) Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the co-
ordinate axes.
Solution:
Let , , be the angles made by the line with the positive direction of x-axis,
y –axis and z – axis
Also = = and cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
1 1
3 cos2 = 1 cos2 = cos =
3 3
1 1 1
The direction cosines are , ,
3 3 3
5) Find the equation of the plane having intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to
ZOX plane
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Solution:
Y – intercept = b = 3
Any plane parallel to ZOX is y = b
The equation of the plane is y = 3
6) Find the distance of the plane 2x – 3y + 4z - 6 = 0 from the origin.
Solution:
Consider 2x – 3y + 4z – 6 = 0
2x – 3y + 4z = 6 – (1)
The Direction ratios are (2, -3, 4) = (x1, y1, z1)
r 22 3 42 4 9 16 29
2
x1
The Direction cosines are l 2
r 29
m 1 3
y
r 29
z
n 1 4
r 29
Divide equation (1) by 29
2 x 3 y y z 6
29 29 29 29
and is of the form lx + my + nz = d
6
The distance of the plane from origin is d
29
7) Find the equation of the plane which makes intercepts 1, -1 and 2 on the x, y and
z axes respectively.
Solution:
a = x – intercept = 1, b = y – intercept = -1 and c = z – intercept = 2
The equation of the line is
x y z 1 i.e. x y z 1
a b c 1 1 2
8) Determine the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and the distance from
the origin is x + y + z = 1
Solution:
Consider x + y + z = 1 - (1)
Direction ratio’s of the plane are 1, 1, 1
r 12 12 12 111 3 l 1 m 1 n 1
3 3 3
Divide equation (1) by 3 x y z 1
3 3 3 3
It is of the form lx + my + nz = p
P = distance from origin = 1
3
9) Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x + y – z = 5
Solution:
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Consider 2x + y – z = 5
2x y z 1 i.e. x y z 1
5 5 5 5/ 2 5 5
a = x– intercept = 5/2 b = y – intercept = 5 c = z – intercept = -5
10) Show that the planes 2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0 are perpendicular.
Solution:
Consider 2x + y + 3z - 2 = 0 i.e. 2x + y + 3z = 2
And x – 2y + 5 = 0 i.e. x – 2y + 0.z = - 5
The normals to the plane are
P1 2i j 3k and P2 i 2 j
P1. P2 2 1 1 2 30 2 2 0 0
The planes P1 and P2 are perpendicular
11) Show that the planes 2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0 are parallel.
Solution:
Consider 2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 i.e. 2x – y + 3z = 1
And 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0 i.e. 2x – y + 3z = -3
The normals to the plane are
P1 2i j 3k and P2 2i j 3k
1, 1 1 1 and 1 3 1
a1 2 b c
a1 2 b1 1 c2 3
a1 b1 c1
1
a2 b2 c2
The planes P1 and P2 are parallel.
12) Find the equation of the plane parallel to x – axis and passing through the origin.
Solution:
The direction ratio’s of x-axis is 1, 0, 0
The equation of the line through origin and parallel to x-axis
x0 y0 z 0 x y z
is i.e.
1 0 0 1 0 0
13) Find the vector equation of the straight line passing through (1.2.3) and
perpendicular to the plane r. i 2 j 5k 9 0
Solution:
The required line passes through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the plane
r. i 2 j 5k 9 0 is
r i 2 j 3k i 2 j 5k
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14) Find the equation of the plane passing through (a, b, c) and parallel to the plane
r. i j k 2
Solution:
Consider r. i j k 2 x y z 2
Any plane parallel to the given plane is x + y + z =
and is pass through (a, b, c) a+b+c=
Hence the equation of the plane parallel to the given plane is
x+y+z=a+b+c
15) Find the distance between the two planes 2x+3y+4z=4 and 4x+6y+8z= 12.
Solution:
Consider 2x + 3y + 4z = 4 - (1)
And 4x + 6y + 8z = 12
i.e. 2x + 3y + 4z – 6 = 0 - (2)
Distance from the point to the plane (2) =
2x 3 y 4z 6
22 32 42
4 6 2 2
4 9 16 29 29
Two mark questions:
1) Show that the points (2, 3, 4) (-1, -2, 1) and (5, 8, 7) are collinear.
Solution:
A = (2, 3, 4) B = (-1, -2, 1) and C = (5, 8, 7)
Direction ratio’s of the line joining A & B are, 2+1, 3+2, 4-1, i.e. 3, 5, 3
Direction ratio’s of the line joining B & C are -1-5, -2-8, 1-7, i.e. -6, -10, -6
The direction ratio’s of AB & BC are proportional & B is the common point
of AB & BC
The points A, B, C are collinear
2) Show that the line through the points (1, -1, 2) (3, 4, -2) is perpendicular to the
line through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6)
Solution:
Let A = (1, -1, 2) B = (3, 4, -2) C = (0, 3, 2) and D = (3, 5, 6)
Direction ratio’s of AB are, a1 = 3-1=2, b1 = 4- (-1) = 4+1=5 & C1 = -2-2 = -4
Direction ratio’s of CD are a2 = 3-0=3, b2 = 5-3=2, C2 = 6-2=4
Now a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 (3) + 5 (2) + (-4) 4
= 6+10 - 16 = 0
AB is perpendicular to CD
3) Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line
through the points (-1, -2, 1) (1, 2, 5).
Solution:
Let A = (4, 7, 8) B = (2, 3, 4) C = (-1, -2, 1) D = (1, 2, 5)
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Direction ratio’s of AB are a1 = 2 – 4 = -2, b1 = 3-7=-4, c1 = 4 – 8 = -4
Direction ratio’s of CD are a2 = 1- (-1) =1+1=2, b2 = 2-(-2) = 2+2=4, c2 = 5-1 =4
a1 2 b1 4 c1 4
1, 1, 1
a2 2 b2 4 c2 2
a1 b1 c1
Hence AB is parallel to CD
a2 b2 c2
4) The Cartesian equation of a line is
x 5 y 4 z 6 . Write its equation in
3 7 2
vector form.
Solution:
Consider
x 5 y 4 z 6
3 7 2
a = (5, -4, 6) and b = (3, 7, 2) are the direction ratio’s
Vector equation of the line is r ab
r 5i 4 j 6k 3i 7 j 2k
5) Find the distance of the point (2, 3, -5) from the plane r i 2 j 2k 9
Solution:
Consider r. i 2 j 2k 9 and a 2i 3 j 5k
and N i 2 j 2k and d 9
a.N 2 1 3 2 5 2 2 6 10 18
N 12 22 2 1 4 4 9 3
2
a.N d
Distance of a point from the plane = d = 18 9 9 3
N 3 3
6) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the
plane x + y + z = 6 and 2x + 3y + 4z – 5 = 0 and the point (1, 1, 1)
Solution:
Consider x + y + z = 6 x + y + z -6 = 0 and 2x + 3y + 4z – 5 = 0
The equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the two planes
is x + y + z – 6 + (2x + 3y + 4z – 5) = 0 and is pass through (1, 1, 1)
1 + 1 + 1 – 6 + (2+3+4-5) = 0
- 3 + 4 = 0 4 = 3 =¾
3
The equation is (x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z – 5) = 0 (multiply by 4)
4
4x + 4y + 4z – 24 + 3 (2x + 3y + 4z – 5) = 0
4x + 4y + 4z – 24 + 6x + 9y + 12z – 15 = 0
10x + 13y + 16z – 39 = 0
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7) Derive the direction cosine of a line passing through two points.
Solution:
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of a line PQ and the line PQ makes ,
and with positive directions of x, y and z axes respectively. Draw the
perpendiculars from P and Q to xy – plane to meet at R & S and draw PN
perpendicular to QS.
From the le PNQ, PQN ˆ
QN ON OQ Z2 Z1
cos
PQ PQ PQ
x x y y
Similarly cos 2 1 and cos 2 1
PQ PQ
Where PQ x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
2 2 2
8) The Cartesian equation of a line is
x 3 y 5 z 6
2 4 2
Find the vector equation of the line
Solution:
Consider
x 3 y 5 z 6
2 4 2
x 3 y 5 z 6
2 4 2
x1 = -3 y1 = 5 z1 = -6 and a = 2 b = 4 and c = 2
a x1, y1, z1 3, 5, 6
b a, b, c 2, 4, 2 are direction ratio’s
The vector equation of a line is r a b
r 3i 5 j 6k 2i 4 j 2k
9) Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the
origin and normal to the vector 3i + 5j – 6k
Solution:
and n 32 52 6 9 25 36 70
2
let n 3i 5 j 6k
n 3i 5 j 6k 3 5 6
and nˆ i j k
n 70 70 70 70
The equation of the plane r .nˆ d and d 7
3 5 6
r. i j k7
70 70 70
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10) Find the distance of the point (3, -2, 1) from the plane 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0
Solution:
Consider 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0
ax1 by1 cz1 d 2 3 1 2 2 1 3
d
a 2 b2 c 2 22 1 22
2
6 2 2 3 13
4 1 4 3
Three mark questions
1) Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line that passes through the
points (3, -2, -5) and (3, -2, 6)
Solution:
Let A = (3, -2, -5) B = (3, -2, 6)
Direction ratio’s of AB are, a = 3 – 3 = 0
b = -2 – (-2) = - 2+2 = 0
c = 6 – (-5) = 6 + 5 = 11
b ai bj ck 0.i 0. j 11k 11k and a 3, 2, 5 = 3i – 2j – 5k
Vector equation of a line passing through two points is r a b
r 3i 2 j 5k 11k
x x1 y y1 z z1
Cartesian equation of a line is
a b c
x 3 y 2 z 5 x 3 y 2 z 5
i.e.
0 0 11 0 0 11
12 3 4 4 12 3 3 4 12
2) Show that three lines with direction cosine , , ; , , ; , ,
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
are mutually perpendicular.
Solution:
L1, L2, L3 are three lines.
12 3 4
The direction cosine of the line L1 , ,
l1, m1, n1
13 13 13
4 12
3
Direction cosines of the line L2 l2 , m2 , n2
, ,
13 13 13
3 4 12
Direction cosines of the line L3 , , l3 , m3 , n3
13 13 13
12 4 3 12 4 3 48 36 12
l1 l2 m1m2 n1n2 0
13 13 13
13 13 13 169
L1 is perpendicular to L2
4 3 12 4 3 12 12 48 36 48 48
l2 l3 m2m3 n2n3 . . 0
13 13 13 13 13 13 169 169
L2 is perpendicular to L3
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3 12 4 3 12 4 36 12 48 48 48
l3 l1 m3m1 n3n1 . 0
13 13 13
13 13 13 169 169
L3 is perpendicular to L1
Hence the three lines are mutually perpendicular
3) Find the angle between the pair of lines r 3i 5 j k i j k and
r 7i 4k 2i 2 j 2k
Solution:
Consider r 3i 5 j k i j k b1 i j k
r 7i 4k 2i 2 j 2k b2 2i 2 j 2k
b1.b2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 6
b1 12 12 12 3 b2 4 4 4 12 2 3
b1.b2 6 6 6
cos 1 cos00
b1 b2 2 3. 3 2 3 6
00
4) Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and is
parallel to the vector 3i + 2j – 2k, both in vector form and Cartesian form.
Solution:
Let a 1, 2, 3 i 2 j 3k and b 3i 2 j 2k
The vector equation of the line is r a b
r i 2 j 3k 3i 2 j 2k
Let r be the position vector of the point and r xi yj zk
xi yj zk i 2 j 3k 3i 2 j 2k
i 2 j 3k 3 i 2 j 2k
1 3 i 2 2 j 3 2 k
x 1 3 2 2 y and z 3 2
x 1 3 2 y 2 z 3 2
x 1 y2 z 3
3 2 2
x 1 y 2 z 3
is the equation of the line in Cartesian form.
3 2 2
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5) Find the distance between parallel lines r i 2 j 4k 2i 3 j 6k and
r 3i 3 j 5k 2i 3 j 6k
Solution:
Consider r i 2 j 4k 2i 3 j 6k
And r 3i 3 j 5k 2i 3 j 6k
a1 i 2 j 4k b1 2i 3 j 6k
and a2 3i 3 j 5k b2 2i 3 j 6k
b1 b2 The lines are parallel
b b1 b2 2i 3 j 6k and b 22 32 62
a2 a1 2i j 10k 4 9 36 49 7
i j k
b a 2 a1 2 3 6 i 3 6 j 2 12 k 2 6 9i 14 j 4k
2 1 1
b a2 a1 9 4 4
2 2 2
81 196 16 293
Distance between parallel lines = d =
b a 2 a1 293
b 7
x 3 y 1 z 3
6) Find the angle between the pair of lines
3 5 4
x 1 y 4 z 5
and
1 1 2
Solution:
x 3 y 1 z 3
Consider 1 Direction ratios of b1 3, 5, 4
3 5 4
x 1 y 4 z 5
and 2 Direction ratio ' s of b2 1, 1, 2
1 1 2
b1.b2 3 1 5 1 4 2 3 5 8 16
b1 32 52 42 9 25 16 50 25 2 5 2
b 2 12 12 22 1 1 4 6
b1.b 2 16 16 16 16 8
cos
b1 b 2 5 2 6 5 12 5 4 3 5 2 3 5 3
8
cos 1
5 3
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7) Find the shortest distance between the lines
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y 5 z 7
and
7 6 1 1 2 1
Solution:
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y 5 z 7
Consider and
7 6 1 1 2 1
x 1 y 1 z 1
i.e. a 2 3i 5 j 7k
7 6 1
a1 i j k b2 i 2 j k
b1 7i 6 j k
a2 a1 3i 5 j 7k i j k 4i 6 j 8k
i j k
b1 b 2 7 6 1 i 6 2 j 7 1 k 14 6
1 2 1
4i 6 j 8k
b1 b2 4 6 8 16 36 64 116
2 2 2
Shortest distance = d
b b . a
1 2 2 a1 16 36 64
b1 b 2 116
116
116 4 29 2 29
116
8) Find the equation of the planes passing through three points (1, 1, 0)
(1, 2, 1) and (-2, 2, -1)
Solution:
Let a = (1, 1, 0) b = (1, 2, 1) and c = (-2, 2, -1) and r xi yj zk
r a x 1 i y 1 j z 0 k
AB b a 0, 1, 1 and AC c a 3, 1, 1
The vector equation of the plane is r a . AB AC 0
x 1 y 1 z
0 1 1 0
3 1 1
(x-1) (-1-1) – (y-1) (0+3) + z (0 + 3) = 0
-2(x-1) -3 (y-1) + 3z = 0
-2x + 2 – 3y + 3 + 3z = 0
-2x – 3y + 3z + 5 = 0
2x + 3y - 3z - 5 = 0
2x + 3y – 3z = 5 is the equation of the plane
9) Find the angle between the pair of lines given by r 3i 2 j 4k i 2 j 2k
and r 5i 2 j 3i 2 j 6k .
Solution: b1 i 2 j 2k b2 3i 2 j 6k
b1.b 2 3 4 12 19 19
cos cos 1
b1 b 2 9 49 21 21
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10) Prove that if a plane has intercepts a, b, c and is at a distance of p units from the
1 1 1 1
origin then 2
a2 b2 c2 p
Solution:
Let a, b, c, are the intercepts of the plane
x y z
And the equation is 1 1
a b c
P = The distance of the plane (1) from (0, 0, 0)
0 0 0 1 1 1
P
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
a 2 b2 c 2 2
a b c a 2 b2 c2
1 1 1 1 1
P2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 p a b c
a 2 b2 c 2
Five mark questions:
1) Derive the equation of the line in space passing through a point and parallel to a
vector, both in the vector form and Cartesian form.
Solution:
Let a be the position vector of the given point A. w.r. to
the origin O of the rectangular co-ordinate system. Let l
be the line which passes through the point A and is
parallel to the given vector b . Let r be the position
vector of an arbitrary point P on the line. Then AP is
parallel to b .
i.e. AP b where is a real number
OP OA b
r a b
r a b is the vector equation of the line
Let A = (x1, y1, z1) be the co-ordinates of the given point and the direction ratio’s of the
line are a, b, c.
Let P = (x, y, z) be the co-ordinate of any point
Then r xi yj zk and a x1i y1 j z1k and b ai bj ck and r a b
xi + yj + zk = (x1i + y1j + z1k) + (ai + bj + ck)
= x1i + y1j + z1k + ai + bj + ck
= (x1 + a) i + (y1 + b) j + (z1 + c) k
Equating the coefficients of i, j and k we get
x = x1 + a y = y1 + b and z = z1 + c
these are the parametric equations of a line
x – x1 = a y – y1 = b and z – z1 = c
x x1 y y1 z z1
a b c
x x1 y y1 z z1
. This is the Cartesian equation of the line.
a b c
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2) Derive the equation of a line in space passing through two given points both
invector form and Cartesian form.
Solution:
Let a & b & r are the position vectors of the two
points A (x1, y1, z1) is (x2, y2, z2) and p (x, y, z)
respectively.
AP OP OA r a and AB OB OA b a
If the point p lien on the line AB if and only if
AP and AB are collinear.
AP AB i.e. r a ba
r a b a is the vector equation of the line passing through two points.
Let r xi yj zk , a x1i y1 j z1k b x2i y2 j z2k & r a b a
xi yj 2k x1i y1 j z1k x2 x1 i y2 y1 j z2 z1 k
x1 x2 x1 i y1 y2 y1 j z1 z2 z1 k
x x1 x2 x1 , y y1 y2 y1 & z z1 z2 z1
x x1 x2 x1 y y1 y2 y1 z z1 z2 z1
x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
x x1 y y1 z z1
is the Cartesian equation of the line passing through
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
two points.
3) Derive the shortest distance between two skew lines both in vector form and
Cartesian form.
Proof:
Let l1 and l2 be the skew lines
Let r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 be the skew lines. Let s and T are any two points
on l1 and l2 with position vectors a1 and a 2 respectively.
Then the magnitude of the shortest distance is equal to the projection of ST along the
direction of a line.
If PQ is the shortest distance between the lines l1 and l2 then it is perpendicular to
both b1 and b2 and n̂ is the unit vector along PQ .
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b1 b 2
nˆ let be the angle between ST and PQ
b1 b 2
PQ . ST
Then PQ ST cos and cos but PQ d and ST a2 a1
PQ ST
cos
d nˆ a 2 a1
d . ST
ST cos
b b a
1 2 2 a1
b1 b 2
Shortest distance is d = PQ = ST cos
b b a
1 2 2 a1
b1 b 2
is the Shortest distance of skew lines in vector form.
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y2 z z2
Let l1 : and l2 be the equations of two
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
skew lines in Cartesian form.
The shortest distance between two skew lines is
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
d where a1 b1 c1
b1c2 b2c1 c1a2 c2a1 a1b2 a2b1
2 2 2
a2 b2 c2
4) Derive the equation of the plane in normal form both in the vector form and
Cartesian form.
Solution:
Consider a plane whose perpendicular distance from the origin is d. If ON is the
normal from the origin to the plane and n̂ is the unit normal vector ON
Then ON d .nˆ
Let P be any point on the plane then NP is perpendicular to ON
NP.ON 0 1
Let r be the position vector of the point P
Then NP OP ON r d .nˆ
From equation (1) r d .nˆ .d .nˆ 0 But d 0
r d .nˆ nˆ 0
r.nˆ d . nˆ .nˆ 0 But nˆ.nˆ 1.1 1
r.nˆ d 0
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r.nˆ d is the equation of the plane vector form
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of n̂
Then n̂ li mj nk and OP r xi yj zk
r.nˆ d
xi yj zk . li mj nk d
Therefore lx + my + nz = d is the Cartesian equation of the plane in normal form
5) Derive the condition for the coplanarity of two lines in space both in the vector
form and Cartesian form.
Solution:
Let the given lines be r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 2
The line (1) passes through the point A with the position vector a1 and parallel to b1
and the line (2) passes through the point B with the position vector a 2 and parallel to
b2
Thus AB B A a2 a1
The given lines are coplanar if and only if AB is perpendicular to b1 b2
i.e. AB. b1 b2 0
a 2
a1 . b1 b2 0 is condition for the coplanarity of two lines in vector form.
Let A = (x1, y1, z1) and B = (x2, y2, z2) be the co-ordinates of the points A and B
respectively. Let a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 be the direction ratio’s of b1 and b2
respectively.
Then AB B A x2 x1 i y2 y1 j z2 z1 k
b1 a1i b1 j c1k and b2 a2i b2 j c2k
The given lines are coplanar if AB. b1 b2 0
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2
is condition for coplanarity of two lines in cartestion form.
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