“DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN SCIENCE 8”

“HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION OF TRAITS”

STUDENT DATE OF
CHARLENE P. MAQUIÑANA April 15-17, 2024
TEACHER IMPLEMENTATION

SCHOOL Pangasinan National High School CLASS Grade 8

I. OBJECTIVES

The learners demonstrate an understanding of how cells divide to produce new

CONTENT STANDARDS cells: and

The learners should be able to:

PERFORMANCE  Report on the importance of variation in plant and animal breeding
STANDARDS

The learners should be able to:

 Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-division cycle;
S8LT-IVd16
 Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome
number: S8LT-IVe17
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to do the following with at
LEARNING COMPETENCIES/
least 80% level of success:
OBJECTIVES
 Differentiate mitosis and meiosis;
 Identify and describe the different steps in cell division; and
 Label the different stages in the mitosis
 Differentiate Meiosis I from Meiosis II

II. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. Content STAGES OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
 Information and Communication Technologies (PPT)
B. Instructional Materials  Worksheet

C. Reference Books Science 8 Learner’s Materials Campo, P. et. al. 2013, pp. 317-326

 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/
Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/07%3A_Cell_Reproduction
 https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:9ae8a2eb-1fc1-
D. Other Learning Resources
3378-82dd-051644b0b863:html:1
 https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/intro/summary/

E. Science Processes Explaining, Describing, Interpreting, Observing, Comparing and Inferring

Keen observer, Open-Mindedness, Active Participation, Decision-Making and

F. Values Integration
Curiosity

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY STUDENT’S ACTIVITY

Greetings:
“Good morning/afternoon Grade 8!”
“Good morning, ma’am”
 Prayers:
Preliminaries “Before we begin our class, let us have our prayer
first. Who will lead the prayer?”
(The student’s will volunteer to lead
 the prayer
 Checking of Attendance
“Class monitor, do we have any absences in this
(The student will answer)
class?”
“Now, who can still remember our lesson last
meeting?”
“We discussed about the Digestive
system, ma’am!”
“Kindly enumerate the different organs on digestive
system?”
“Ma’am, the different organs on the
A. Reviewing
digestive system are
Previous lesson or
mouth,esophagus, liver, stomach,
Presenting a new
gallbladder, large intestines, small
lesson (ELICIT)
intestine, rectum and anus”
“How about the 5 processes on the Digestive
system?”
“Those are the Ingestion, digestion,
absorption,and elimination”
“Very good! I think you are ready now for our next
lesson”
“Before we will start our lesson let us have an
activity called Puzzle-Solving. Locate ten (10) words
that are associated to the topic. They can be read
horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Write your
answer on the worksheet provided.”

“Are you ready class?”

“Yes, ma’am!”

B. Establishing a
purpose (Engage)

“Did you find all the words class?”

“Okay, you did a great job class!” “Yes, ma’am!”

C. Presenting
examples/instances
of the new lesson
(Engage)

“All these words are related to our topic for today

which is the cellular reproduction”

“When you look at your parents, you can see features

that you share with the, such as the shape of the eye,
the presence of dimples, or even the hand you use
when you write. The sharing of features can be
explained by what we called heredity, where traits
are passed on from parents to offspring.”

“Yet when you look at your brothers and sisters, even

if you share the same parents, each one of you can be
considered unique based on the combination of traits
each possesses. That is what we called variation,
which demonstrates differences among individuals.”
 “Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. It
aims to understand how traits can be passed on to the
next generation and how variations arises”

“This module will differentiate the two types of cell

division, mitosis and meiosis as well as correlate
heredity with the behavior of he chromosomes in the
cell during meiosis.”
D. Discussing new “But before that let us define first what Cell Cycle “A cell cycle is a series of events
concepts and is. Please read!” that takes place in a cell as it grows
practicing new skills and divides.”
#1 (Explore) “In other words, it is a series of growth and
development steps a cell undergoes between its
“birth” which is the formation by the division of a
mother cell and reproduction to make two new
daughter cells”

“All living things contain a self-replicating genetic

material that directs the activities and functions of the
cells.”

“What does DNA stand for? Anyone?”

“Deoxyribonucleic acid, ma’am!”
“And what is exactly a DNA?”

“Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated

DNA) is the molecule that carries
genetic information for the
“Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the genetic development and functioning of an
material located inside a chromosome in the nucleus organism. DNA is made of two
of the cell” linked strands that wind around each
other to resemble a twisted ladder —
“In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is a shape known as a double helix.”
packaged into thread-like structures called
Chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of
DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins
called histones that support its structure”

“Since we’re talking about the chromosomes let’s

discuss about the parts of the chromosome. The first
part is:”

1.CHROMATID -two identical halves of a

replicated chromosome after the synthesis phase
or the S phase of the cell cycle.
2.CENTROMERE - the attachment points of the
two chromatids of a chromosomes. It is also
described as the construction point which
divides the chromosomes into two section, or
“arms”
3. SHORT/P ARM - upper arms of the chromosome
which is usually longer
4.Q ARM - lower arms of the chromosome which is
usually longer.
5.TELOMERE - Telomeres are structures made
from DNA sequences and proteins found at the
ends of chromosomes. They cap and protect the
 end of a chromosome like the end of a shoelace.

“Do you understand, class?” “Yes, ma’am!”

“As what I have said a while ago, cell cycle is “The two general periods of stages
divided into two periods or stages: and what are of a cell cycle are interphase and the
those? Anyone?” cell division or M phase”

“Very good! The two general period or stages of a

cell cycle are interphase and M phase which is the
period of cell division”

“Let us discuss first the Interphase. Kindly read!” “Interphase – a stage where cell
grows in size, carries on metabolism
and duplicates chromosomes in
“As what I have said a while ago, interphase is the preparation for the period of cell
first period of cell cycle where the long strands of division.”
DNA also known as chromatin is being found. In this
stage, chromatins are being shorten and coiled.”

“During this stage, the

cell is constantly
synthesizing RNA,
producing protein and
growing in size. By
studying molecular
events in cells, we
determined that
interphase can be
divided into 3 sub
stages which are the
G1 stage, S stage and G2 stage.”

“Anyone who wants to read the definition of G1 “The stage from the formation of a
stage?” new cell until it begins to replicate
its DNA is during which time the
cell grows initially. This stage is
characterized by protein and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA,
“G1 stage or the first gap period characterized by which is synthesized based on the
RNA synthesis in preparation for the replication of DNA, is then used to synthesized
DNA. It also synthesizes protein as cell in this stage proteins”
is producing new organelles slowly growing and
developing. Am I clear class?”
“Yes, ma’am!”

“Then let’s proceed to the next stage which is the S

stage. Kindly read!” “It is the period of DNA synthesis or
replication. The chromosomes are
duplicated in preparation for the next
“During S stage, the cell replicates its DNA. The “S” cell division”
stands for synthesis – referring to the synthesis of
new chromosomes from raw materials. Production of
other substances and organelles is slowed greatly
during this time as the cell focuses on replicating its
entire genome.”

“When the S stage is completed, the cell will have

two complete sets of its generic material. This is
crucial for cell division, as it ensures the both
daughter cells can receive a copy of the “blueprint”
they need to survive and reproduce.
“Yes, ma’am!”
“Do you understand class?”
“It falls between the S period and the
“Then let’s proceed to the third stage which is g2 next cell division or M Phase. G2
stage. Please read.” represents a period of rapid cell
growth to prepare for cell division”

“During the second gap stage, or g2 stage, the cell

grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and
begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for
mitosis. It is the checkpoint of the interphase where it
makes sure that both copies of their DNA are correct
and intact to avoid errors during the M phase.”
“Yes, ma’am!”
“Am I clear class?”

“Then let’s proceed to the

second period
of cell cycle which is the M
phase or also called cell “M phase - a phase where cell
division stage. Anyone who division occurs to produce daughter
wants to read?” cells.”

“During M phase, the cells are being divided to

produce daughter cells which are responsible for the
growth and development of a living organism. There “Mitosis – a cell division that
are two types of M phase theses are the Mitosis and produces two identical cells with the
Meiosis. Kindly read!” same number of chromosomes.”

“Meiosis – is where the cell

“How about the Meiosis?” undergoes two rounds of cell
division to produce four daughter
cells, each with half the chromosome
number as the original parent cell.

“Mitosis is different from meiosis since meiosis

undergoes two cell divisions while mitosis does not.
These division are called as Meiosis I and Meiosis
II.”

“Let’s discuss first the Mitosis. Mitosis is a type of

cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself.”

“Mitosis is divided into four stages namely:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.”

“First, we discuss what is prophase?

Please read!”

“Prophase is the first phase of

mitosis, the process that separates “PROPHASE - The chromosomes
the duplicated genetic material are thicker and shorter and each
 carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two
identical daughter cells. During prophase, the
complex of DNA and proteins contained in the
nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.”

“Next stage is the

METAPHASE, kindly read”

“Metaphase stage -
Chromosomes align at the
chromosome is make up of two
equatorial plane. -Each spindle
identical sister chromatids as a
fiber from both centrosomes
consequence of replication of DNA
connects to each chromosome
during the S phase. The two
through its kinetochore”
chromatids produced from one
chromosome ate still attached at one
point, called centromere. The
“ANAPHASE is the third phase
nuclear membrane and nucleoli may
of mitosis. Kindly please read
still be visible”
what is happening in the
anaphase stage.”

“Nuclear membrane has disappeared

“Anaphase stage – spindle fibers
while chromosomes align at the
begin to contract and become
metaphase plate. The spindle fibers
shorter. Continued contraction causes the separation
formed and each fiber binds to a
of the genetically identical sister chromatids.
protein called the Kinetochore at the
- Centromeres divide.
centromere of each sister chromatid
- The single chromatids move towards the opposite
of the chromosome”
poles.

“Telophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis.

Kindly read!”

“Anaphase - paired centromeres of

“Telophase stage – the chromosomes are now at
each chromosome separate towards
the opposing poles of the spindle. The microtubules
the opposite poles of the cells
disappear.
because they are pulled by the
- Two sets of chromosomes are surrounded by new
spindle fibers through their
nuclear membranes, completing the nuclear division
kinetochores. Each chromatid is now
process known as karyokinesis.
regarded as a full-pledged
- Cytoplasmic division called cytokinesis occurs
chromosome and is only made up of
concurrently, splitting the cell into two.
one sister chromatid”
“What happens after telophase?”

“Two new nuclear membranes are formed, and two

“Telophase - Chromosome are at the
new nuclei are seen. There are two new daughter cell
opposite poles of the spindle. A new
that are produced from one dividing parent cell.
nuclear membrane forms around
Thus, mitosis has come to an end.
them while the spindle fibers
disappear. There is also cytokinesis
or the division of the cytoplasm to
“MITOSIS FACTS TO REMEMBER:”
form two separate daughter cells
a)It is for the division of body or somatic cells such
right after mitosis”
as; skin cells, cone cells, and blood cells, (all
cells of the body except egg and sperm cell)
b) The purpose of mitosis is for body growth and
repair.
c)In mitosis, one parent cell produces two daughter
cells identical to the parent cell.
d) The parent cell in mitosis has a diploid number
(2N) of chromosomes as well as each daughter
cell. The chromosome number will not change.

“Do you understand class?”

E. Discussing new
concepts and “Okay, now let’s proceed to Meiosis. But first, let's
practicing new skills define meiosis and what's happening in here. Who
#2 (Explore) would like to read?” “MEIOSIS, Greek word which
means “to make smaller”.In this
division, it reduces the chromosomes
“Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides number in half. It usually takes place
twice to produce four cells containing half the in plants and animals whenever
original amount of genetic information.” gametes or sex cells are formed
through the process called
“These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs gametogenesis”
in females. During meiosis one cell, divides twice to
form four daughter cells”

“Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I and

Meiosis II. Each follows similar stages as mitosis
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase).”

“first discuss Meiosis I. Who would like to read?” “The first meiotic division, also
known as Meiosis I, is a reduction
division phase (diploid - haploid).”
“There are two daughter cells produced after Meiosis
1, each daughter cell is carrying haploid number of
chromosomes. This consists of four stages, namely,
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.”

“First, we discuss PROPHASE I STAGE. Meiosis

starts with this stage and includes the following
substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene,
and diakinesis.

“Let’s proceed to Substage 1: Leptotene. Kindly “LEPTONENE - Each chromosome

read!” is made up of two long threads of
sister chromatids as a result of
“Each chromosome is made up of sister chromatids. replication during the S phase of the
These are long threadlike structures which result cell cycle”
from the replication of DNA during the Synthesis or
S phase of the cell cycle.”
“Zygotene- the chromosomes begin
“Next is Substage 2: ZYGOTENE. Please read!” to pair off. Airs of chromosomes are
called homologous chromosomes,
and this pairing process is exact,”
“The homologous chromosomes start to pair off
through the process known as synapsis. Pairs of
chromosomes that are similar in size and shape are
called homologous chromosomes or tetrads”
“Pachytene - the chromosomes
“Third Substage: PACHYTENE. Please read!” contract due to repeated coiling”

“The repeated coiling of chromosomes occurs

resulting to its contraction and thickening making the
homologous pair of chromosomes to be very close to
each other”

“Fourth Substage is DIPLOTENE. Kindly read!” “Diplotene - the chromosomes begin

to uncoil”
“The two homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad
begin to repel one another and move apart. They are
held only by the chiasma.”
“And last substage is DIAKINESIS. Who wants to
read?” “Diakinesis - the paired chromosoms
diperse in the nucleus”
“This is the last stage of meiosis prophase 1.
Diakinesis stage is characterized by chiasmata
terminalization. After diakinesis, the dividing cell
enters metaphase.”

“At this stage, bivalents or homologous pair

chromosomes distribute them evenly in the nucleus.
The nuclear membrane breaks down and the
nucleolus disappears. Chiasma moves towards the
end, which is called terminalisation. Do you “Yes, ma’am!”
understand class?”

“Okay now let’s proceed to second Stage which is

Metaphase I. Who would like to read?
“The paired chromosomes arrange
“Spindle fibers from the centrosomes of each pole themselves along the equatorial
connect to bivalents or tetrads through the plate”
kinetochores.”

“Next is ANAPHASE I.”

“Anaphase I - Spindle fibers form

“Spindle fibers begin to contract and separate the and attach to the centromeres of the
bivalent or tetrads. Homologous chromosomes chromosomes. The homologous
separate and migrate to each pole of the cell” chromosomes separate from each
other completely and start their
movement toward the poles of the
cells as they are pulled by the spindle
fibers. As the centromere of each
“And the last stage for Meiosis I is TELOPHASE chromosome does not divide, the
I.” sister chromatids remain together”

“Telophase I - The chromosomes

reachteir respective poles.
Cytokinesis follows and two
daughter cells are formed. Each cell
now has only half the chromosome
number because only one
chromosome from each pair goes to
“Do you understand class?” the daughter cell. This is called
haploid condition, in contrasts to the
diploid condition at the beginning of
meiosis I where each chromosome
pair is intact.”

“Then, let’s proceed to Meiosis II. The second “Yes, ma’am!”

meiotic division forms four daughter cells, each
carrying haploid number of chromosomes. This
consists of the following stages, namely, prophase II,
metaphase II, Anaphase II, and telophase II.”

“First stage in meiosis II is PROPHASE II. The

chromosomes (chromatids) condense to form
 metaphase chromosomes. The nuclear
membrane dissolves and nucleolus
disappears and the centrosomes move
towards each pole of the cell”

“Next stage in Meiosis II is

METAPHASE II wherein spindle
fibers attach to chromatids at the
kinetochores”

“Third stage is ANAPHASE II in

this stage the Spindle fibers
shortened and separated the sister
chromatids and these Chromatids
that are now called chromosomes
move towards each pole of the
cell”

“And lastly, the TELOPHASE

II wherein the Single-stranded
chromosomes decondense and
the Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus reforms and there are
Four haploid (n) daughter cells
are formed.”

“Remember, In meiosis I, the two homologous

chromosomes separate which results to two haploid
(n) daughter cells with chromosomes with two
chromatids each. In meiosis II, four haploid (n)
daughter cells are formed. Each cell is carrying
haploid number of chromosomes.”

“Do you understand class? Do you have any question

or additional information about our lesson today?”

“None, ma’am!”
F. Developing ACTIVITY: MITOSIS
mastery (leads to Direction: Label the four stages of mitosis. Describe
Formative each stage by matching Column A with Column B.
Assessment) Write only the letter of your answer.
(EXPLAIN)
A B
A. ______1. Two daughter
cells were formed.

B. ______2. chromosomes
are duplicated and
visible

C. _______3.
chromosomes are align
 at the equatorial plate

D. _______4. sister
chromatids separate and
moved toward the
opposite poles.

ACTIVITY: MEIOSIS I vs MEIOSIS II

DIRECTION: Explain how Meiosis I differ from
Meiosis II.

G. Finding practical
(The teacher will let the students watch a video about
applications of
cellular reproduction to broaden their knowledge)
concepts and skill in
daily living
https://youtu.be/XKZhcYetvsc?feature=shared
(ELABORATE)
 The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events.
Cells on the path to cell division proceed
through a series of precisely timed and carefully
regulated stages.
 In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of a long
preparatory period, called interphase, during
H. Making which chromosomes are replicated. Interphase is
Generalizing and divided into G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic
abstractions about phase begins with karyokinesis (mitosis), which
the lesson consists of five stages: prophase, prometaphase,
(ELABORATE) metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The final
stage of the cell division process, and sometimes
viewed as the final stage of the mitotic phase, is
cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasmic
components of the daughter cells are separated
either by an actin ring (animal cells) or by cell
plate formation (plant cells).
I. Evaluating
Learning Direction: answer the following question:
(EVALUATE) 1. Which of the following is not correct about
the Interphase?
A. It has 3 sub-stages; G1, S, and G2
B. It is also called the cell’s resting place
C. It is the actual phase where the cell divides
D. It is the pahse that prepares the cell for
division
2. Which of the following describes the cell
during the G1 Phase?
A. Cell quaruples
B. Chromosomes are tripled
C. The cell is divided into two new cells
D. The cell continuously produces molecules
3. Choose the correct sequence of events in a
cell in mitotic phase.
I. Sister chromatids will separate and will move
toward the opposite pole of the cell.
II. The chromosomes become visible as they
are duplicated
III. The chromosomes will align at the center of
 the cell
IV. Two daughter cells will form.
A. I, II, III, IV
B. IV, II, II, I
C. IV, I, III, II
D. II, III, I, IV

4. Which of the following cells will NOT divide

during Mitosis?
A. Blood cell
B. Skin cell
C. Sperm cell
D. Bone cell
5. Which of the following BEST describes
Meiosis?
A. It involves the division of body cells
B. It involves the division of sperm cell and egg
cell
C. It is the division of sex cells to produce
haploid daughter cells
D. It is the division of sex cells to produce diploid
daughter cells
6. What do you call the exchange of genetic
material between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes at Prophase I?
A. Variation
B. Synapsis
C. Cytokinesis
D. Crossing over
7. In what stage of cell cycle does the cell
increase in size in preparation for the cell
division?
A. G1
B. Interphase
C. M phase
D. S phase
8. Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA
replication occur?
A. G1 phase
B. G2 phase
C. S phase
D. M phase
9. Which stage in the life of a cell is spent
most?
A. cytokinesis phase
B. Interphase
C. mitotic phase
D. synthesis phase
10. Which stage of your development as a
human being when you were just one cell?
A. Baby
B. Fetus
C. Infant
D. Zygote

III. REMARKS

IV. REFLECTIONS
 A. No. of learners who earned 80% in the evaluation
B. No. of Learners who require additional activities for
remediation
C. Did the Remedial lessons work? No. of learners who
have caught up with the lesson
D. No. of Learners who continue to require remediation
E. Which of my teaching strategies work well? Why did
these work?
F. What difficulties did I encounter which my principal or
supervisor can help me solve?
G. what innovation or localized materials did I use/discover
which I wish to share with other teachers?

Prepared by: Checked by: Noted by:

CHARLENE P. MAQUIÑANA RONILYN R. BENITEZ MARIELA N. CALIMA, EDD.

Practice Teacher T-III, Cooperating Teacher Principal IV