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Tutorial 5

This document provides tutorial problems on solving second order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It includes finding solutions to initial value problems, determining if functions are linearly dependent or independent, using methods like undetermined coefficients to find particular solutions, and using variation of parameters to solve nonhomogeneous ODEs.

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ranaaditay783
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27 views

Tutorial 5

This document provides tutorial problems on solving second order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It includes finding solutions to initial value problems, determining if functions are linearly dependent or independent, using methods like undetermined coefficients to find particular solutions, and using variation of parameters to solve nonhomogeneous ODEs.

Uploaded by

ranaaditay783
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial Sheet 5::: MTL101::: Second order ODE

(1) Find the solutions of the following initial value problems:


(a) y �� − 2y � − 3y = 0, y(0) = 0, y � (0) = 1 (b) y �� + 10y = 0, y(0) = π, y � (0) = π 2 .
(2) Find a function φ which has a continuous derivative on 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 which satisfies φ(0) = 0,
φ� (0) = 1, and y �� − y = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and y �� − 9y = 0 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
(3) Consider the constant coefficient equation L(y) = y �� + a1 y � + a2 y = 0. Let φ1 be the solution
satisfying φ1 (x0 ) = 1, φ�1 (x0 ) = 0, and φ2 be the solution satisfying φ2 (x0 ) = 0, φ�2 (x0 ) = 1. If
φ is a solution satisfying φ(x0 ) = α, φ� (x0 ) = β, show that φ(x) = αφ1 (x) + βφ2 (x) for all x.
(4) Let φ1 , φ2 be two differentiable functions on an interval I, which are not necessarily solutions
of an equation L(y) = 0. Prove the following:
(a) If φ1 , φ2 are linearly dependent on I, then W (φ1 , φ2 )(x) = 0 for all x in I.
(b) If W (φ1 , φ2 )(x0 ) �= 0 for some x0 in I, then φ1 , φ2 are linearly independent on I.
(c) W (φ1 , φ2 )(x) = 0 for all x in I does not imply that φ1 , φ2 are linearly dependent on I.
(d) W (φ1 , φ2 )(x) = 0 for all x in I, and φ2 (x) �= 0 on I, imply that φ1 , φ2 are linearly
dependent on I.
(5) Find all solutions of the following equations:
(a) 4y �� − y = ex (b) y �� + 4y = cos x (c) y �� + 9y = sin 3x.
(6) Let L(y) = y �� + a1 y � + a2 y = 0, where a1 , a2 are constants, and let p be the characteristic
equation p(r) = r 2 + a1 r + a2 .
(a) If A, α are constants and p(α) �= 0, show that there is a solution φ of L(y) = Aeαx of the
form φ(x) = Beαx , where B is a constant.
(b) Compute a particular solution of L(y) = Aeαx in case p(α) = 0.
(7) Are the following set of functions defined on −∞ < x < ∞ linearly dependent or independent
there? Why?
(a) φ1 (x) = 1, φ2 (x) = x, φ3 (x) = x3
(c) φ1 (x) = x, φ2 (x) = e2x , φ3 (x) = |x|.
(8) Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find a particular solution of each of the following
equations:
(a) y �� + 4y = cos x (b) y �� + 4y = sin 2x
(c) y �� − y � − 2y = x2 + cos x (d) y �� + 9y = x2 e3x .
(9) Find a real solution.
(a) x2 y �� − 4xy � + 6y = 0, (b) 4x2 y �� + 12xy � + 3y = 0, (c) x2 y �� + 7xy � + 9y = 0,
(d) x2 y �� − 2.5xy � − 2y = 0, (e) x2 y �� + 7xy � + 13y = 0.
(10) Solve the initial value problems.
(a) x2 y �� − 2xy � + 2y = 0, y(1) = 1.5, y � (1) = 1.
(b) x2 y �� + 3xy � + y = 0, y(1) = 3, y � (1) = −4.
(c) x2 y �� − 3xy � + 4y = 0, y(1) = 0, y � (1) = 3.
(11) Find all solutions of the following equations:
(a) y ��� − 8y = 0 (b) y (4) + 16y = 0
(c) y (100) + 100y = 0 (e) y (4) − 16y = 0
(12) Use the variation of parameters method to solve the following equations:
(a) y ��� − y � = x, (b) y (4) + 16y = cos x, (c) y (4) − 4y (3) + 6y �� − 4y � + y = ex .

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