AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

JSS 3
2023/2024 SESSION
SECOND TERM

NWEKE EMMANUEL
WEEK TOPIC
1 Revision of last term work
2 Farm Records
3 Book keeping
4 Agriculture in Stock market
5 Export promotion in Nigeria
6 Nigerian Vegetation
7 Definition and composition of soil
8 Characteristics of soil
9 Revision
10 Examination
 WEEK 1
TOPIC: FARM RECORDS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define farm records
2. Mention the purpose of keeping farm records
3. Mention types of farm records

Reference Texts:
• Basics of Agricultural Science for High Schools and Colleges (JSS1-3) By
Efunkanbi et al
• Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian schools JSS2 By Anthony
Youdeowei et al

Key words

CONTENT
MEANING OF FARM RECORD
Farm record is the documentation of various events which happens on a farm.
Purpose of Keeping Record
1. It is useful for future planning
2. It can be used as part of collateral for loan
3. It helps the farmer to know whether he is making a profit or loss
4. It helps the farmer to know the state of things on the farm
5. It helps to detect fraudulent acts
6. It help in farm management decision taking.

TYPES OF FARM RECORDS

The types of farm records include; farm dairy, farm inventory, input records,
production records, sales record, and consumption records etc.

1. The Farm Diary

This contains the record of day-to-day events on the farm. It includes the records
of the important events that happen in the farm. This includes the dates of
planting, germination, flowering, the amount of farm input such as pesticides,
fertilizer and so on, the date of birth of the young animals etc.
 2. The Farm Inventory
This is the record of all the property and resources in the farm which are owned
by the farmer. It reveals the state or condition of each asset. these includes the
building, livestock, machines, equipment and so on.

3. Input Records
This is the record of all inputs used for production in the farm during the year;
these includes the cost of seeds, cost of feeds, cost of drugs, cost of tools, cost of
equipment etc.
 4. Production Records
This is the record of all items produced on the farm. It shows the type of produce,
the quantity harvested or obtained and the monetary value. This record can be
kept daily, weekly or monthly depending on the nature of the produce. Examples
include number of eggs laid daily, quantity of maize produced, number of yam
tubers produced, liters of milk produced etc., below is an example of production
record

5. Consumption Records
This is the record of all farm products consumed by the owner of the farm and his
family as well as farm products given out as gifts. The cost of the items consumed
or given away must be made at the current market price. Consumption record is
helpful when preparing the profit and loss account. It is normally placed at the
right-hand side which is the credit side.
 6. Sales Records
This is the record of the sales on the farm; it enables the farmer to know whether
he is making profit or loss.
 EVALUATION
1. What is farm record?
2. List two purpose of keeping farm records
3. List three purpose of keeping farm records
4. List five types of farm records
5. State the uses of the following farm records:
(i) Inventory (ii) Farm diary (iii) Input (iv) Production record (v) Sales
record

ASSIGNMENT
1. The record of all assets of the farm are kept in _____(a) Register (b) Diary
(c) Note (d) Inventory
2. Food Items used by the farm owners are recorded in ___ record (a) Sales
(b) Consumption (c) Inventory (d) Cash
3. The documentation of farm events is called ___ (a) Revenue (b) diaries (c)
Inventory (d) farm record
4. Day to day events on a farm are written in ___ (a) Sales record (b) Farm
dairy (c) Production record (d) Input record
5. Materials used on the farm are recorded in the ___ (a) Output record (b)
Input record (c) Sale record (d) Production
 WEEK 2
TOPIC: BOOK KEEPING
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define Book keeping
2. Mention the importance of book keeping
3. Explain source documents
4. List types of source documents
Reference Texts:
• Basics of Agricultural Science for High Schools and Colleges (JSS1-3) By
Efunkanbi et al
• Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian schools JSS2 By Anthony
Youdeowei et al

Key words

BOOK KEEPING
This is the act of recording business transaction in a systematic manner so that
the books will show at any time the exact state of their owners affairs.
In an agricultural business which has to do with buying and selling, it is essential
to document properly every process of giving and receiving in order to avoid
confusion between the two parties involved.

IMPORTANCE OF BOOK KEEPING

➢ Book keeping enables an organization to keep accurate records of income
and expenditure.
➢ It helps to determine the profitability of the business concerned
➢ It provides data to be able to work out accounting transactions.
➢ It helps the businessman to plan ahead on the basis of data recorded
➢ The records are used by the tax department for tax assessment

SOURCE DOCUMENT
Source documents are written documents that provide details of transactions and
the evidence that the transections had taken place.

TYPES OF SOURCE DOCUMENTS

1. Sales Invoice: These are out going invoice.
2. Purchase Invoice: These are incoming invoice issued by the creditors or
suppliers.
3. Receipt: This is evidence of cash payment.
4. Voucher: This is the evidence of payment or receipt with a brief detail in
respect of the transaction.
5. Credit note: This is sent to inform the receiver that this account is credited
as a result of an overcharge.
6. Debit note: It shows that the receiver’s account is debited as a result of
undercharge etc.
7. Petty cash voucher: This serves as a source document for petty cash
account. It is issued by the petty cashier for petty expenses.
 JOURNALS
These are the books of original entry, that is, where transactions are first recorded
before they are transferred to the ledger. They are also called the subsidiary books
or books of prime entry.
TYPES OF JOURNALS
1. General journal: This is a journal that covers many entries inside a single
book of account. It consists of columns like date, particulars, journal number,
debit and credit.
2. Special journal: This is used to record only one type of transaction. Example
are listed below
1. Cash book/Cash account
2. Sales book / Sales day book/Sales Journal
3. Purchases book/purchases day book/Purchase journal
4. Return inward book / Sales return book / Sales return journal
5. Purchases returns book/return outward book/Return outward journal
6. General journal /Principal journal / Journal proper

EVALUATION

1. What is Book Keeping?

2. Mention 3 importance of book keeping
3. What are source documents?
4. List five examples of source document.

ASIGNMENT
1. Text messages can be used to advertise on ____. (a) radio (b) television (c)
mobile phones (d) bill boards
2. Facebook is a/an ____ (a) handset (b) newspaper (c) handbill (d)
social media
3. Advertisement is done to create _____ about a new Agricultural produce.
(a) income (b) awareness (c) service (d) education
4. Day to day events on a farm are written in ____ (a) Sales record (b) Farm
dairy (c) Production record (d) Input record
5. Materials used on the farm are recorded in the ____ (a) Output record (b)
Input record (c) Sale record (d) Production
 WEEK 3
TOPIC: AGRICULTURE IN STOCK EXCHANGE
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define stock exchange
2. Mention terms used in stock exchange
3. Mention privilege to rights of stockholders
Reference Texts:
• Basics of Agricultural Science for High Schools and Colleges (JSS1-3) By
Efunkanbi et al
• Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian schools JSS2 By Anthony
Youdeowei et al

Key words

CONTENT
A stock exchange could simply be defined as an organized and regulated
financial market where securities, bonds, notes, shares are bought and sold at
prices governed by the forces of demand and supply.
 TERMS USED IN STOCK EXCHANGE

TERMS MEANING
Shares This is a unit of stock.it is an
indivisible unit of capital that
expresses the ownership between
the company and holder.

Stock This is the money called capital raised

by corporations or organizations
through the sale and distribution of
parts or all of the enterprise to
several part owners

Stockholders or shareholders They are potential buyers who legally

own one or more shares of stocks of
a joint stock company

Stock Brokers These are the representatives of

individual shareholders who are
licensed to buy and sell of company
shares

Dividends Dividends is a distribution of profits

by a corporation to its shareholders

PRIVILEGE TO RIGHT OF STOCKHOLDERS

1. They are entitled to vote during election of the board of directors
2. They are entitled to share in the distribution of the company’s profit
3. Stockholders are entitled to purchase new shares of the company.
4. They are entitled to purchase the company assets when it becomes
financially unviable
EXAMPLES OF AGRICULTURAL BUISNESS ENTERPRISES ON THE NIGERIAN
STOCK EXCHAGE
 WEEK 4
TOPIC: EXPORT PROMOTION IN AGRICULTURE
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define Export
2. Mention Agricultural goods exported from Nigeria
3. Mention Importance of Export Promotion.
Reference Texts:
• Basics of Agricultural Science for High Schools and Colleges (JSS1-3) By
Efunkanbi et al
• Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian schools JSS2 By Anthony
Youdeowei et al

Key words

CONTENT

EXPORT PROMOTION IN AGRICULTURE

Export promotion comes about when the government of a country

deliberately encourages the sale of the country’s produce in other
countries.
Exporting products or goods is the primary way through which any
country can earn income from outside its boundaries.
 THE NIGERIAN EXPORT PROMOTION COUNCIL
The Nigerian Export Promotion council was established to carry out the
following functions
i. promote Nigerian goods abroad
ii. enforce government policies on exportation of goods
iii. Encourage the sale of Nigerian produce
iv. Coordinate export goods
v. Encourage foreign investors to invest in farming activities

IMPORTANCE OF EXPORT PROMOTION

 By promoting export, useful foreign technologies can be introduced into
the country as an exchange for participating in foreign trade.
 Promotion of export helps to develop the local industries, as some of the
produce will also be used as raw materials for our local industries.
 EVALUATION
1. what is Export promotion
2. Mention 5 agricultural products that can be exported
3. Mention 2 importance of export promotion
 WEEK 5
TOPIC: Nigerian Vegetation
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define forests
2. List the types of vegetation

Reference Texts:
• Basics of Agricultural Science for High Schools and Colleges (JSS1-3) By
Efunkanbi et al
• Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian schools JSS2 By Anthony
Youdeowei et al

Key words

FORESTRY
A forest can be defined as a community of plants dominated by trees,
shrubs and other forest products such as bush animals. The scientific study of
the forest and its resources for the benefit of man, animals and the environment
are known as Forestry
 TYPES OF VEGETATION IN NIGERIA

In Nigeria we have the forest and savanna regions, which are further sub-
divided into zones with different features.
Under the forest zones we have:
1. Rain forests
2. Mangrove or Swamp forests
Under the savanna zones we have
1. Sahel savanna
2. Sudan savanna
3. Northern guinea savanna
4. Southern guinea savanna
The forest zones: these are found in the southern part of Nigeria. they are
generally characterized by a long period of heavy rainfall (about 8 months) and
tall trees. Forest zone can be divided into mangrove swamp and rain forests
respectively.
1. Mangrove swamp forest: This is found along the coastal areas in the
extreme southern part of Nigeria. It is characterized by heavy rainfall, high
humidity and waterlogged often muddy soils. Trees common in this area include
raffia palms, palm trees, red and white mangroves and animals such as snakes,
crocodiles, alligators etc

2. Rain forest: This is found in southern Nigeria around the areas of ondo,
Oyo, ogun, edo states etc. It is characterized by heavy rainfall, high humidity,
wet, loamy and thick soil rich in organic matter. economic trees such as iroko,
obeche, mahogany are very predominant in the rain forest.
 SAVANNA ZONE
This covers a large area of the country, usually about 70-80%.it stretches from
the northern part of the rain forest region to the southern part of the Sahara. this
zone is divided into 4 types.
A, Sahel savanna: this is found in the northern part of Nigeria, it’s an arid land,
has fewer, shorter and grasses. There is scanty rainfall

B, Sudan savanna: in this region are widely spaced short tree interspaced by
short grasses. It has rainfall period of only 2-3 months. common trees found in
the Sudan savanna are shea butter, baobab tree, gum Arabic.

C, northern guinea savanna: This is an open woodland the period of rainfall is

about 4 months. It has few scattered trees and short grasses. Cereal crops such
as rice, maize, guinea corn and millet are grown in this area. Cowpea and millet
are grown in this area too

D, southern guinea savanna: This is a region of open natural grassland. It has

lighter rainfall, lower relative humidity. It supports the growth of grasses and
fewer trees such as locust bean, shea butter etc

EVALUATION
1 what is a forest?
2 list the different types of savanna we have in Nigeria
ASSIGNMENT
List and explain 4 uses of forest and forest products
 WEEK 6
TOPIC: SOIL
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define soil
2. List the factors affecting soil formation
3. List and explain the composition of soil

CONTENT
Soil is the loose material that covers the land surface of earth
and supports the growth of plants as well as sustains human and
animal life.

Factors affecting soil formation

(a) Parent material
(b) Climate
(c) Topography
(d) Vegetation
(e Time
 COMPOSITION OF SOIL

The soil is made up of the following components

(i) Mineral matter
(ii) Organic matter
(iii) Soil water
(iv) soil air
(v) Living organism

MINERAL OR INORGANIC MATTER (45%)

In most soils the mineral matter accounts for the majority of the
solids present in it. These soil minerals exist in form of clay, sand and
salt. Many of these minerals contain chemical elements needed by
plant for their growth. These chemicals are called Nutrients.
A soil having more than 80% of the solid as mineral is termed a
mineral soil.
ORGANIC MATTER (5%)
Organic matter is made up of decomposed plant and animal
materials and this makes up the remaining parts of solids in the soil.
Total and complete decomposition of these plants and animals
materials will lead to the formation of a dark – coloured material
called humus.
SOIL WATER (25%)
As rain falls, part of it enters into the soil. Also part of the water that
exit from lakes, streams, rivers ponds, oceans, and seas enter into
the surrounding soil. This makes water available in the soil.
SOIL AIR (25%)
The soil particles are arranged in such a way that there are pore or
air spaces among them. These tiny pore spaces are occupied by
water, air, plant, root and small soil organisms. As water in the pore
space of the soil drains away, the pores are then filled with air

EVALUATION.
1. The uppermost layer of the earth crust which supports plants growth is
the _____ (a) soil (b) water (c) air (d) manure
2. Factors affecting soil formation the following EXCEPT_________
(a) topography (b) parent material (c) vegetation (d) rocks
3. organic matter consists of _______% of the soil (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 25 (d) 30
4. one of the following climatic factors does not affect soil formation
(a) wind (b) temperature (c) sunshine (d) mulching
5. The degree of slope of a land is described as (a) morphology (b) habitat
(c) topography (d) demography
6 A soil having more than 80% of the solid as mineral is termed
 (a) organic matter (b) inorganic matter (c) soil water (d) soil air
7. Vegetation cover incidentally affects soil formation since it adds____ to
the soil (a) organic matter (b) inorganic matter (c) soil water (d) soil air
8. soil water occupies _______% of the soil (a) 25 (b) 35 (c) 45 (d) 50
9 An example of a parent material is (a) limestone (b) gravel (c) stone (d)
sand
10. Humus is found in ______ (a) soil water (b) soil air (c) organic matter
(d) mineral matter
 WEEK 7
TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. List the types of soil
2. Mention the characteristics of sandy soil
3. Mention the characteristics of clay soil
4. Mention the characteristics of loamy soil

TYPES OF SOIL.

There are 3 major types of soil described according to the relative

proportion of the different particles of mineral matter within them. They
are:
1. Sand (sandy soil)
2. Clay (clay soil)
3. Loam (Loamy soil)
CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDY SOIL.

1. It has coarse or fairly large particles which are single grained and are
visible to the naked eyes.
2. It has loose structure.
3. Highly porous: That is, it has large pore spaces.
4. It is well drained because water moves down in it rapidly due to large
pore spaces. It does not retain water easily.
5. Capillarity is low. Capillarity is the movement of water up through the
soil.
6. It heats up rapidly during the day and cools down rapidly during the
night.
7. It is grey in colour.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY SOIL

Clay soil contains more than 40 of clay particles and the remaining mainly 5,4
and fine sand.
CHARATERISTICS OF CLAY SOIL.
1. It is sticky in nature, plastic and can be moulded easily into shape when
wet.
2. It has smooth and fine texture.
3. It is poorly aerated (air does not move in easily) due to the tiny spaces.
4. It has high capillary action.
 LOAMY SOIL.

This is a soil that made up of a balanced mixture of sand, silt and clay particles
with an adequate amount of humus.
CHARACTERISICS OF LOAMY SOIL.
1. It has the best and most productive soil in agriculture because it
combines the good physical properties of sandy soil with the good
chemical properties of clay soil.
2. It has good content of humus.
3. It has a stable crumb of humus.
4. It has adequate amount of water and nutrient.
5. It is easy to cultivate.

EVALUATION.

1. State 4 characteristics of clay soil.

2. State 4 characteristics of sandy soil.
3. State 4 characteristics of loamy soil