})" |) i HHH WW ay il id a i a awd ae a tall inl kk skh | 4 day dy iy * Disbabutel System: callection of sindupendiauck computens thot appeous to be a atngle coherent system JO dks Used. Highex leul-layer: Uses $ applications unkeract with Ds. Middtewau layer: services, psotocls § tools 7 abshachen Lower Leut- Layer! 05 and communicahion fadlities , content dietiveuy eboork distrbuted databares (Mouyo Ds ) Examples * WWW, cloud computing malkiplayex ganes online, > Goals of 05: | Makfng susounces accessible Inbercopercabil ty. Disturbrition dheans parenay Consintenuy. Dogue of dranspasen Flext bidity (+/- nodes) Fault Tolewance = Resowiee Pharirg | A valability Bequsity + Data Security, Pox feaman cé d c Aveess Conbyol ed Peropeuties of DS: Hebeogenetty aoa. 2 atordoxds i Gon opeieney | sing sunchuonivation.smedaauieias Shovel jae dived ux sruislenay paratocals, aeplication$ D. 18 3 4 ‘ | No global clocks: 29 4 chock aunt nontzation | $nbeudependencios: > Tye of 09: | 3D. Computing Ays: Cluster $ Guid Computing Sys. a ®. Snfeamnation Ayp: Transaction Pacceasiva Sys., Enterprise App. Sat 3 D. Powvasiue ys: Senses Netcool, Ce, Healt Come ys, Come Sys.4 > Communeation -bekzoees snodles* _ pOveway Metwout® Viikuat | hogiall mekioonk on top of an extug physical mebioonk , indipendent of undolyy © yaeteooede topology, Fs Rug Overlar, Nekvoose: . Advantage’ Simplicity, Low teukency, Paediclable passing” Disadvantage: Séatablily esuss, less faube. tpeuoast Slax Overlay Network PE Adynuitoge Disod veorkoge Bottleneck J central mocle Pails $ sys. alps, Mote fault totevart if mode fails Mocs fou Dihuibuted Alqarcithms: 4. Topolayy * Reng, Stow 8. Communication Shared naan, 8. Nature? Oy uch 4, Failte mocltls: Fail Stop Cha passion, 13s “ Complaaity Meaawues : Nessage Complexity, of Comme / Bit Complixity © m0. of Vine Compixity Sync’ 06 Asyne doa Disdoabuted aystery are Computer DS mucus coordination of multiple andepencient | erctities working vhowods COTE? qort $ iz Computer mretcoacekes pecoufels> infradleuchuce F comm, 1% Ynechantams cthak enables dwar eutiticn do collaborate 1 its Offectively. Neteooeek ti = PRURUEPER eed a lalercy: time until message ausiues (rns) ‘Bonduridih : dota velume pes unit Hme ( Moitis) > Cknt - Server Moca) : Client: end-user dauice /ecft. app suquuts 2 uses semis on susowices fom aewver. Chitome, Sofant, Tuufor on davice Sereléug sequeste do wetivor, scecuiug § olBplaytng Suu susponses § dolerocting with user Bower: pasofid comp. / sopl. app. puouiding Serutes, stusources, dala un sasponse Utd tuquests. —udeb semuee Lislen sthoomipg sequus, puocess suquusts, sind usqueited Xnforimation /adions, Sewn) vieb pra, database quatuts le > Wb Riquust Rapome cyl: 4 Client Sends Request * using URL wn web browser % Suwa Processes Requutt! ferhing dato, execubing Siside code 3. Auuuc Sends Ruaponae * genoralts susponiein HIME doe 4 Client Receiues Response * 5. Rinduning Response (Cc) * aplaying wed page Jo winu Puctocols datas Bow message ara doomatled £ tonsnattad odes dient 4 Sener, HTTP, HITRS | Statelessneas * cach auquust fem clink tp seuer & inlkpendint cexeuor docont settaro info, about clients perculinus creaqueals ent proceos cRipring senasive puocos aaquusting euice be om dfferout machin | Lov aqurot 3 ma> Using RE/TP: befou etaut af comem., conneckon establah aud 4 trettocen lwo hosts. 5 Com ponents 4. Puotred 4, Deshinalion IP addsuoe 2 Bounce TP adds.oas 5. Destination part number, 3. Source Pout number ned > Rerocess: tnetance of a puogxam in execuhon Shas wis Own addsuss space, odo, cates, Neap, stack. ealabion enswus psuocans cari dvwelly acer, memory ametharr pstotoos, Pitocensen viun indepenchknity « uf Components > cam! Sek longuege that dafines 0 dequewce aad by compu dnshuvction wsithen vn pategscanery ab, opeuchions tobe og When a pseogram ws execute Gk becomes G pero Multiple inkances gf some patepram can WO concueestt 02 gparcte perociosed lode, data, Vaniables, sugisiow, Po, ato. tol ol ch hl th lid PRU 7 Messoge Rusat Syolems : puouldis a michanfam Jos altos purowave Jo communicalt § to xyachuomiee than ocKers wulthout hawing gore. addsuss apace. Nebo. Pastas wa Conmedtion Qufntel Puotoels: belts exchanging clatn, ender JN ond aecefver Seat expluitly eablub a connedtion decide % 1 purtool. Whan don, terminati connection E i Gnneckionless Protnole: mo adtpup fn advance nuded, % 4 ae condor duonsnds mag uthen as Hoag. E A file > Open System Interconnection Medel Lost Moclet)’ mT fone do allow opon uytleens ao communicats. St sa Ep that vs puspawed do communicate evth any die] S apenas. 9g awdord susie» dhak gouexn format, If a tonlents § meariung of meq sent/ wacefucd, ust 4. Physical Layer! deal» with dandandicing how © comp asu connecked § how Os § 49 au supresentel. 2.Dala (Enk Layer: means do detect ¥ corseedck tscansen erin, alo do herp onder § suceiver at sama pace 3 Netwoowky hayes puiotoccls fox are message shacgh comp. two and handling Congest = + Fronspant Layer prctocds fos sullable cermrmunieation 2 : Support suattimn wbeaming doko. 5. Seesfon, Loyen’ paoutdes suppouk fo Seasion bihvees app a 6 Piusentobion Layer: eastucing data uupucseniation ty pa suadoble Iroral, also tarslation, encryption 4 Conmprcosioh roe [es I a 3 ion 4. Appliation Layer: puouides noluouh. Services Ube, emaik, Hle Svonsfpr g smote Login. ie > Obucl Com munleation: each puscess Hhak words do Communi must explicttty mame wxcipiont ox wandae 4 corsmunticticn. send [B.mag) cend_may to prtess © ae secefve CO, meq) ueceive meq fone procens Naxiont pty cerion mama the sweiplent, sucieat is vaguiaed “4p mame sender. Big Fie sencl CP, 189) Send reg dd puccens © Res secure Cid, may) sucnive meq fuucm amy repens sek to name of prncens with cohidh comm has tala place. Using point ta point coramunicabion snechonBins. > Sndiwel Gmmunication : megs a sent do g succrisd! few mailbous a pote. Gach mailbox has unique idawheation, 7 Two pauocenaes cam communai cade only if process Faw chad mailbox sia send CA,mag) send msg do mailbor A va 7 ager ut (A, gg) steaceiue isa fiom meailben A Decoupling of procasee: B uuceiwa meq weithoud needing bs know intemal stete o location @& AL When done, comm. is cuccessfaully decoupled $ trey operate indupendeaty, St suppows 3-1, 4-%, X-x worm. patterns Smduack communication thicough pouts ey eS: procs enlscac osithout having dinect each otis icleutities gue fia A puocess sands a Jd 0 pedi pout 4 audtun peocod soceua shat omup fuer its clesigual pox, creating a foo of indiseck communication, ih ee Ut”d lassie crossed panes 4 Communicafion be Puccerse doles place Hough CoWls do cence) and wucefiued prcimifives. * Syochtuonous (Blocking Blocking Send: occurs when a pstoceas candle @ ray do améthox process 4 sencles us blockae) uahl msg 1 Succemfully delivaed oc seucefued by suedtpfent HY sucipenk & mot Heady Lo sective mag (lou s f dhe sending prrocess may be blocked uhl sucépient t Blocking Receive * ccours when @ putocess attemp to suciut ao mag & suceuing proces (6 blocked unkil a msg is awaildble. df the ; (buffer t& empty), sucefuiug process may be blochacl util @ omgg becomes tdi 2 ae 1 Non- blocking: onblecking Send! Sencing pseccess Gend® meq ancl Nt ely Tere eer eee eee vs m0 incoming ms eusumes Cporahon |. Nonblocking Ractive: weceiver rebicss cithen a valid msg ot nut EC Bupgentg : mage exchagyed by communicating purwcesses wueatde to temp quiue cabled buffing. > types? 4. too capadity buftering' Leer Capacity ehonnds) E no buffer do wor mags belwoen Sendet § auceiuen™ Uhon a sind, sends a mag, succiuoc must be i to sacra § proceas msg ox the mag is leche Blocking cod: 4} sucetuse is not swody in 268 ww iz cendiqg puncers Jo Locked wal duccetuc beter woe = a a a a ia = =] ly =a 4 2, Bounded Capacthy By ab moat m msi when 0. mow ffoung: 3k hom Pile sing £ Con uuoidr ta Ub. mig & dint, mag is placd th queus $ Sender can contmue exetuion without & full, senda omuat block unt apace & auailable. © Unbounded Copacty Buffering » Jt does net haw purdetorominnd cae m wo ¢} chinese tan Wald. St com gxovo dynamically. . > Remote Procedume Calle: A puotocol thak alleuss a Pucguom do caus 0 puocecl wet cd exceute in anethere acldsecas pace. 3 Y quae ah full Sf ink. A puogiam scan use RPC do tequsak o esnsice. Fron % prtcgram lecatid cin anothur computer. on a matuosck without hauing do understand nthurenie’s details, Grea Calling Galled prcocedime Js erecting on same mnechias ex diPferut ous. ps + Gfent Tritfates QF by calling Local punced une. &. Gient Stub: susponstble fea Rocking pararndex into a format dm be transmitted ouexe @ melwaste 3. REC Routine: secefues aq. fuom 0.9. § forwads vo 8.9., when ub veceiues susp. fuom ss dt fo. dp C8. 4. Sowut stub! secur uss} Rom RPC foutias unpacks pasiamebers Sean save pieced should atch bo cus of ubeee 3 a3 3, a Ss 6 A 6. q lo |. Client OS sends 5 Saver: executes puocatuse suquest by dick cahich & suceiued by SS and scclwins eecaponse fo 5.6 Cent proedwe calls CS CS. builda a meq 4 calls local 08 Client's 09 sends meq to wtemole 03 fumole 03 sends meq to Server slub SS unpacks paromder $ calls saiver Senex does wore and sutms susull 40 SS Sever shub.(ss) packs susult co meq4 calla its 08. The cewven 03. Sends msg fo dient OS omsgq to 6S CS unpacks vusult $ vechusins ait to diet ___ufent, Process Sever Raccess pee aS rETE sci Cha. 8 | je lerenta og eA ultaaoloneet i a pout of ays. is failing but i z a park sheuld eontinur do ane Pm, ae vA fan acceptable way cuhile supava ase ‘bein E iy Dependability fr DB: (Requine ment for DS) | E =A Availabili ly: preobabvlity that ays ds opesi cassacly, AS at any géuun moment fs awdilable dm ab eT fundlions on beh ds wes. % =| & Reliability: deptned co 4 time Potesxual. f | na do dbat con sun continuousl site acai a 3. Safety: seefexs to a vituation when 0 sup eonperasl fai to opsrate comedy, mo pea 4 Mointainabitiy: afore do how easily o Goiled aya con be sepaised. > Fault: Coe qf on cum gs cated a anita es game * Tuansfint faults: temp. disuuphions ox foilucss that ou = as shot duuation 4 or mot pestmanent. a Nel Gulftches, 40 -malfunckions, raorrentasy spikes 2. lood —= 2 Intermittent Sauls: occur spouadicaliy § asu mel — si _tonaBlentty pucoont ( come § go ous Hime) = Fluchiaing net. conn., iasues under specific condihions a 3 Poumanond faulls: peceblent feccu that exemain tn ays EE until ausclved § ortdsuaaed. | =a Rplacemont t dai = "placement, Bugs, Outoges vase —— | Ea> Types gf Fathou 4 Gash: Senex hails absuptly ( functioning coreedly ” unl point oh falow?, Gt becomes unsuspensiue ¢ ho tommunivation 3 adivihy 1S See. His sudden § severe cA 9. Omission Failure * u Receive. OF: Berner Falls 40 steceive Incoming me (Sener unawareness, Lack of Thread Listen mg) Send 0.F: cower has complekd ils proceosin supposed to send 9 ser but Jails 4o ( Sewes outer ovorftor Dus to Sftoan easy : mnernbsty nt, software. t 3. Timing Failusa : Hing of susponses pals outside Specified sum. irr Fates: Besponse. Too fanly > buffer ouaftoo data anniniay*s(asen ’ Too, ite mance, failure ce Failure : or ao Volus taal volue af reponse is Tncooreck Skate Transition Pailir: dauiake, from corect flow contsal ( State transitions 5, Byzantine Failure: CRobitoxy Failwas) where a onenk ®) Tern ye HH F Pek Goanpory cregense? 9 cthega orsam, > Folwu a om re Haldaaty Radon — 7 darcy: Snctuston oh extra Unformotion dp ensus cceneate 4 street tuonemiaiion dorop Ermecse Cleackrng code ~ check Salt 2. Time Radu —_— ae tome Lasky | epecetion Peer orate Comsuctrans ou dn daleck omens | hiccaated sg sckteageaie carwerastocaivem Taonsactions (ff fail + sted alts —ae 3. Physical Reclundan duplécating apie fe pucuide. sock me Gore of failwee | maifunchon. CHtondutams om Shine) ‘Dual power eupplion, Sadundont Cocke Suelo) > Tuouss ReatUence* abithy of fadildnal - ‘ays. > withstand § aurcouse ese: ~~ he dome qaccup an take Gunn ths * Urocess quoups Ore ie : alae of mT & gkeup dymamitatty, Pioces ae aire “roubtipl. guoup dimul) mu suquoud to i howd re omemberahip,o TOUR hs Sa ee a > Group Osganicadion : y 4. Flot Guioups: AL processes axe equal cuith no re Sy Uvadix. Decisions a rmods callactuely. No Leadon ~~ make group symmudsical. Guscup can function with AN leat member in case of Railune of pstocens. ee ‘Decison Making is complsr. vi 2. Hietasichio) Gycoups: One prowrs acordinaksr , othws Be axe upubers Cooudinatss susponsble for dedsion makings assigning asks. Geneseoled suquast is vent to conrdiiabsy, tk decétes ushiich wooker cu best wuited 4 ooaions the sugut occordingaly, y Jolroduces single pomk of feilune, Jf oaedlinats f cntbe qguoup & alfected. Lender elsclion algerie wed to clock mus covsdinatys i aw hal fucom — uoeteens. > Goup Management: Oxtake, delete, join, \eave gucup a. Centwabiced : dedicated quovp sewer handling suqust uladed Ho guoup. Management De Seis rain! compile dotabase of all Guoups and Hee memloeses, Bagy, Bright Reroornd buk semen acks ab aiggle ¥ point of Failuse e 2 Distetbuled = An cutsiden can send Treasoge to al guoup mambo expusing onlin te fefn gueup. leaving E gener Fnyplucs the cmumber saying a goodbye Mag to E— eoujons, Joining a group > proces mut clas E deceiving all rmsg Sent to that quoup. eae & rE E @ guoup > no longer suceive that geoup megs DOU other tembe musk xlip veceiving rensgs fom Ne are Rebuilding Gusoup to Case of Fathous A sufftctent anembex oh puocesses ge down, sending goee Tron -funchionod. dination madraniem cud os lealen clickon algo. soquisud > ensure o cohent § crdedy sab SL quoup, eapecialixy { multiple pucaases ottemst to © inihale ytbuilding ” purcccos b Sho, eusat of same pooces, O>b % tue Bp 0 is msg sent and bo is Msg receive x is mol fous. Nothing can be ex meed be scid about wheq aunt happend «x Ee which euerd happened fast = 3B Rules ee On same process: @°D — timetad veceive Cm) et Tuongitve « A3> $ b2C Hon ase eS Soi La | a | Timestamps * Each puocess ures 0 local counter Ci tidtial =o Ruroces trowment us counkex when send oe quent hopes Counkes is assigned fo eusnh Ga Hmestome. serdom) euank cases ibs Smestamp * secefua Cm) een countex ie updated, max (\ocalclock., message ta) +4 E41 €2 > 49et) < $5(E2) but SLED < t5(Eo) > {£1 >E24 ow 4&9 E2 corcmucd! Nectose Clocks: | a Prccess maintains a vedor € causal sulhor te events Gu caged by fncement cemespording. \eclow components. To feiquale vty a Combinahon of proces IDS locally focaemenct img, counter is used. “Sf dkeo local cunts ps $ p2 happened ok process P, Hhan cousal hishoy H(p2) ef 2 is Les, p2} > Ps causally puscedes p2 en contest of eusats ot P “ANIC. agsigns vecka €} $s to each enenk. Bach enby in vedzs covsesponds ta different process. ~ MBN processes, each VC. is 4 N countess. ~ Each puuoce i maintains veces VjC3--N]2 cum corer * eloment ef Vic. of pou £ ViG) & ib Knovoled ge ef Notak — cuents ok procers J. joe. |i ee ai yy Asefyring \lector Thmestamgs’ am 1 On fhshuchen os send cunt at process i, ut aa foctements only its i clerrent of fis VC Z 1 @. Each mag corucfes gend events Vi +8 Vinggt NI : I & On succiving 6 msg ak parocess t E Ay Vel tI = Wer : Z 4 Ve Lfd = max ( Umegtj3, Vij) for jst ras Causal Related : oak VT, = VT. iff VCD SVE for al (etn BY Vt SNTp iff NI ci SVQ fox oll ied) N ch Qncweent events: te TS NT 2 Vy Pe nor CVTEEV) and NOT (NT SVT, = VIp WENT, =" ie! I e—= a za bE ea I a eo a ot if — > Process Stote 1. New ee 4s being cwatsd ex {ritlalized Rescunces bbe >» Cc, data shuduxe ose allpcatd ita prepautd fer execution $ waiting fox cpu | 3. Running: proces ockuel: being executed on Cov +. Wailing: temp. stopped es Waiting fox specfic event ox wussounce (user input, TIO compleHon, Syslen ‘esoumce) 5. Terminaled : execution complied & termindlsd. &setce, Ox selead fuom proces 8 pee emp sumoutd from ment foo otfun proasses. May be brought back lbh a > Glcbal Sate: tombined ciate of, entice eyskm ak a parktfulax poitt in tims. Collective info. of individal ato a oll, nodes io DS simp bor rmonitenig i : Global Stake = ie alt eee ‘states ETP he + local states of all comm La ee: te face up pu sasumed ches G5 = 315, Joc, Lsg¥ us, Captures ‘instanteous state ef each process } each Communication charmed. Gj = channel fuer pt to ey > Sy > JS ie re My) > Msg Puom pero PF = Bend one sacelue (mi Ja eae = (ekote promrs sf Of) sequence - e all ereculel by py HU Hat instant.a 10 9048 Wf @ belongs to Gequurce of euonte ad-pi Vo Stodt St © ELE Ff © docs mod belongs do sequsnce y euonls ob Pp) to shale [57 Vandi: + dvanaid Cue, v5) *# rns) eC lB sendemy) CLS, A susctmy) d LS ) > EUS. , uyseys ae Union of ¥ SG Cibbal ata consislent iff 7 XOR. (A+ end nip) € Loe > My ESC) O owe ley) CLA) n LS of, Pe GC om meg vuelve toy Of Yd 19, emmy hy BA wecliniy) g L55 e094, nob 15.19. af Py > mag not in SC and Send amnsg 14 > 6H. In (9+ Bend (Ni) bend mag meetived by pF peanuts (40. that orawed oy rnaihple Pours Clase erenne 9 Gillttal Beotfon: A pawl of, erdusbus Gboers dp sha dala Conticknay. Ouical bedion ot a tine #8 y a tneondslency, Fnleclad by Io which axe eynctresnicdlaon Croonple! Orky ona ‘rortackon oteount bolance of o fm, ? Race Condition 4 occur when to ender orlticn) sechons cone Cosdrnation | ayockrwrucation. a os Ste Foe chond sesspysred can ca 3 funchons « ode Jy enor wsittca) seckon. Acceas Rurovsice) tv oun critical CASE) «ty exh Orityoad aa : ' Semaghane, Prasny sermoyhoves Ou sed nf eection of cods. Gun proass er ceraphorre < whin dk odlls Sf seraphosy ob. « ‘4 + Da Semaphore muber= $4 1 Process, wafl(imuberd; //Cuuheal Sechon, ‘ago ol (iquler) ,wyatt (9). < sugust evry to CS ow aque, cemaphor. iy ig O70 S=S-4 (documents £ pnccess enters CS) x ok process oa pul to Sleep E nal(s) + Seetsaar stmaghore, MAsouncs (teak cs) S wail unk\ you get token 3 exitl) poss on token to euccensos Jf suai tolun § nol avseutly tn enlext>, pos tokin to successes Poocas communica with rwighbours 4 ecquuté = curleaar Access 5 Central Solution: FU" Fe bier = +Eled 0 leadexé Celechon alcoscithus E “leaden keeps a queue of waiting vuaquests facom E puneaats Who wish to agcns 6S. f special token which allowa ils holden to access CS eNO 4 aesquust to masher wait for token from master t exit CY cord Jokan fo master l ae eS sas =) | Finn Pomme © PP PP PP PP PPP! Bi a UUu ue uuu pesic Model fos dishibuted envlmmen : tach pak. & woneded by suljable choontls ae 3 Msas ane deliurred to secipient in PIO Me do nol fail. : > a8