Solution

Class 12 - Chemistry

Solid state
1. (d) Ionic
Explanation: In solid state the ions are not free to move about, hence they are electrical insulators.
However, in molten state or when dissolved in water, the ions become free to move about and they
conduct electricity.
√3a
2. (a)
4

Explanation: The length of the body diagonal c is equal to 4r

–
Therefore, √3a = 4r
4r
a=
√3

√3a
r= 4

3. (d) Ferromagnetic substances cannot be magnetized permanently.

Explanation: Ferromagnetic substances can be magnetized permanently by applying a magnetic field to it
and magnetic property persists within it even after removal of the magnetic field. When the substance is
placed in the magnetic field all the domains get oriented in the direction of the magnetic field. and a strong
magnetic effect is produced.
4. (b) In this arrangement spheres of the fourth layer are exactly aligned with those of the first layer.
Explanation:
Hexagonal close-packing can be arranged as two layers A and B as one over another which can be
diagrammatically represented as follows:

In this case, spheres of the third layer are exactly aligned with the first layer, and the sphere of 4th payer is
aligned with the second layer. Thus the pattern of spheres is repeated in alternate layers.
5. (c) Frenkel
Explanation: ZnS shows Frenkel defect due to small size of zinc ion.
6. (d) AB3
1
Explanation: [Link] elements of A in 1 unit cell = 8
× 8 =1
1
No. of elements of B in face centre= 2
× 6 =3
So, formula of the compound is: AB3

7. (d) Ferromagnetic
Explanation: Ferromagnetic substance get permanently magnetised in applied Magnetic Field.
8. (b) Interstitials defect
Explanation: Because ionic solids must maintain electrical [Link], Non ionic solids shows vacancy
and interstitial defect.
9. (a) Frenkel defect
Explanation: Smaller atoms can easily occupy interstitial position showing Frenkel Defect.
10. (c) ionic solid
Explanation: Graphite can't be classified as ionic solid as graphite is not made up of ions. It is made up of
carbon atoms covalently bonded to three of its neighbouring carbon atoms in the same layer so, it is a
covalent solid. Since the formation of a covalent bond occurs throughout the crystal therefore, it is a type
of network solid. Due to the presence of free electron graphite is also classified as conductor solid.
11. (b) london forces
Explanation: Iodine molecule is a nonpolar covalent molecule. Thes molecules are electrically

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 symmetrical and have no dipole moment. The molecules are in a crystal lattice of iodine are, therefore,
attracted together by weak dispersed forces or weak London forces.
12. (a) 4
Explanation: Two-dimension close-packed structures, where rows of identical spherical molecules are
stacked on top of each other, can be done in two ways, square and hexagonal. In a square close-packed
structure, the second row is stacked just above the first row, and the spheres are aligned horizontally and
vertically as the way mentioned above. If we observe a sphere in this arrangement, it is surrounded by
four spheres that are in direct contact with it. Joining the centers of the four spheres also forms a square,
thus giving the term square close-packed structure in two- dimension. Thus by definition of coordination
number, a sphere in close-packed structure is 4.

13. (a) 7.64 × 1020

Explanation: 1 mole of gold = 197 g = 6.02 × 10
23

23
6.02×10
Hence, the number of atoms present in 1g of gold = 197

As face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cells contains 4 atoms,

23
6.02×10 20
Therefore, in 1g of gold number of unit cells present = 197×4
= 7.64 × 10

14. (d) Zero dimensional defect

Explanation: Point defect is zero dimensional defect. Point defects are the irregularities or deviations from
ideal arrangement around a point or an atom in a crystalline substance.
15. (c) 8
Explanation:
We know that, if n be the number of atoms in a crystal, then the number of tetrahedral voids must
be 2n.
And for a face-centred unit cell -
There are 8 Corner atoms i.e. (8 × 1/8) atoms per unit cell = 1atom and for face-centred unit cell atom
number is 6 i.e.( 6 × 1/2) atoms per unit cell = 3 atom (because each atom at the face centre is used by to
adjacent unit cells)
Hence no. of tetrahedral voids for face-centred unit cell = 2(3+1) = 2(4) = 8.

16. (d) They are electrical conductors in solid-state.

Explanation: Ionic solids ions are not free to move so they act as electrical insulators in solid-state. So, the
given statement is incorrect while ionic solids are anisotropic and brittle linked with a very strong force of
interactions.
17. (c) Quartz glass (SiO2)
Explanation:
Quartz glass is an amorphous or non-crystalline solid because it lacks in a long-range order i.e. a
regular long pattern of constituent particles in three dimensions which periodically repeats itself
throughout the whole crystal and have a definite geometrical shape which is the case for other 3

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 options (i) Graphite (C), (iii) Chrome alum and (iv) Silicon carbide (SiC).

Instead of that quartz glass has a short-range order i.e. the repetitive pattern falls through a short
distance only and the regular pattern is scattered and they are disarrayed in nature (resemblances
that of a liquid) unlike quartz itself which is a crystalline solid has long-range order and have
regular pattern arrangement.
18. (a) 12
Explanation: For hcp packing Z(no. of atoms per unit cell is 6) and no. of Td voids are 2Z (2 × 6=12).
19. (c) kmetals >> kinsulators< ksemiconductors
Explanation: Solids have a wide range of electrical conductivities extending over 27 orders of magnitude
ranging and can be categorized into metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Metals are solids with
conductivities between 104 and 107 ohm-1 m-1, with metals having conductivity in the order of 107 ohm-
1 m-1 being good conductors. Insulators are solids with very low conductivities and their conductivities
range from 10-20 ohm-1 m-1 to 10-10 ohm-1 m-1. Semiconductors are solids with conductivities in the
intermediate range, between 10-6 and 104 ohm-1 m-1. The conductivity of metals is many degrees higher
than insulators, while semiconductors have higher conductivity than insulators but lower than metals.
20. (c) 1 unit cell
Explanation: In body centered cubic cell, an atom at the body-centre is shared by 1 unit cell.
Thus, this atom contributes one atom to the unit cell.
21. (b) hcp and ccp
Explanation: Packing efficiency is the percentage of total filled space by particles i.e.,
Volume occupied by fow spheres inthe unit cell
=
Total volume of unit cell

Since packing efficiency for hcp or ccp is calculated to be 74% which is maximum among all type of
crystals while that of bcc has 68% and scc has 52%
22. (d) metallic crystal
Explanation: Brass shows all the characteristics of Metallic Crystal.
23. (a) Isotropic nature.
Explanation:
Isotropicity (equal values of physical properties) or anisotropicity (unequal values of symmetrical
properties) is the property that deals with the distribution of inherent physical property( eg. -
mechanical strength, refractive index) of any substance to the different molecular axes in
accordance with the symmetry of the molecules of that substance.
Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature i.e. they show different values of physical properties like
electrical resistance or refractive index when measuring along with different directions, unlike the
amorphous solids. This is primarily because of their uneven arrangement of particles in different
directions (x, y, and z axes). It depends upon the symmetry of the molecules which are arranged in a
different way in all the planes (3-dimensional x, y, and z planes ) while amorphous solid are
isotropic.
24. (d) London forces
Explanation: In carbon dioxide molecules in solids state, the atoms or molecules are held by weak

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 dispersion forces or London forces. These solids are soft and non-conductors of electricity. They have low
melting points and are usually in a liquid or gaseous state at room temperature and pressure.
25. (b) Metal excess defect
Explanation: The metal excess defect is due to anionic vacancies alkali halides like NaCl and KCl show this
type of defect.
26. (c)

Explanation:
Antiferromagnetism in the case where the magnetic moment of the atoms or molecules occur in
accordance with spins of their electrons (usually in low temperatures) align themselves with a regular
pattern with the neighboring spins oriented in opposite directions canceling each other’s magnetic
moments substance like MnO.

27. (d) Co
Explanation: Co is attracted very strongly by a magnetic field and can be permanently magnetized.
28. (b) fcc > bcc > simple cubic
Explanation: Packing efficiency (is the percentage of total space filled by the particle) in different types of
unit cells can be tabulated as
Unit Cell Packing Efficiency

fcc 74%

bcc 68%

Simple Cubic 52.4%

Hence, correct order is fcc (74%) > bcc (68%) > simple cubic (52.4%)
29. (d) C
Explanation: Carbon is network solid due to its tendency to form covalent bonds between adjacent atoms
throughout the crystal.
30. (d) Diamond
Explanation:
Diamond is a giant molecule in which constituent atoms are held together by a covalent bond between
adjacent atoms throughout the crystal. Hence, this is a network solid.

31. (a) They do not show long range order

Explanation: Crystalline solids have regular pattern of arrangement of particles (atoms, molecules or ions)
which repeat itself periodically over the entire crystal which means they have long range orders.
32. (c) 2
Explanation: 8 corners × 1 per corner atom = 8×
1
= 1 atom
8 8

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 1 body centre atom= 1atom
So total no. of atoms per unit cell is 2.
33. (c) Frenkel defect
Explanation:
When smaller ion (usually cation) is dislocated from its normal site in crystal and move to the interstitial
site is known as Frenkel defect. It creates a vacancy defect at its original site and interstitial defect at its
new site as shown below.

34. (b) Diamagnetic

Explanation: Diamagnetism is shown by those substances in which all the electrons are paired and there
are no unpaired electrons. Pairing of electrons cancels their magnetic moments and they lose their
magnetic character.
35. (d) a regular arrangement of constituent particles observed over a long distance in the crystal lattice.
Explanation: A solid is said to be crystalline if the various constituent structural units (atoms, ions or
molecules) of which the solid is made, are arranged in a definite geometrical pattern within the solid.
The type of forces in crystalline solids are of long-range order which means there is regular pattern
arrangement due to which they have a sharp melting point.
36. (d) Pseudo solids
Explanation: Amorphous solids are also known as pseudo solid. They have a tendency to flow, though very
slowly. Therefore, they are also known as supercooled liquids.
37. (a) 4
Explanation: 8 corners atoms × 1 atom per unit cell =1 atom
8
1
6 face centred atoms × 2 atom per unit cell = 3 atoms
Total no. of atoms per unit cell= 1 atom + 3 atoms = 4 atoms
38. (a) 12
Explanation: In hcp and ccp lattice, each atom is surrounded by 12 other atoms. Therefore, hcp and ccp
lattice have coordination no. 12.
39. (c) 0.732 to 1.00
Explanation: The radius ratio of body centred cubic structure is 0.732-1.00.
40. (d) electron
Explanation: Each point in a lattice is known as lattice point which is either atom or molecule or ion
which are joined together by a straight line to bring out the geometry of lattice in pure crystal constituents
are arranged in fixed stoichiometric ratio. Hence, the existence of free electrons are not possible in the
stoichiometric ratio, it is possible only in case of imperfection in solid.
41. (c) Low temperature
Explanation: The stability and existence of solid-state favours lower temperatures as it depends on 2 rival
forces.
When the temperature is low, under these circumstances the thermal energy of molecules (energy which
tends to move molecule faster and makes them apart; sometimes results in a change of state) is sufficiently
low and intermolecular forces (forces between molecules, ions, atoms that tend to keep them closer) are
high enough to make molecules bring in a closer contact that they attach oneself tightly to another or cling
one another and occupy fixed position (in solid-state) but they can still oscillate about their mean position.
42. (a) 32%
Explanation: Packing efficiency for body centred cubic is 68% which represents total filled space in the

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 unit cells about 68%. Hence, empty space in a body centred arrangement is 100 - 68 = 32 %.
43. (c) They are anisotropic in nature.
Explanation: Amorphous solids are isotropic because they show thermal and optical properties, same in
all directions while crystalline solid are anisotropic.
44. (d) (A) and (B)
Explanation: AgBr shows both Schottky as well as Frenkel defect. In AgBr, both Ag+ and Br- ions are absent
from the lattice causing Schottky defect. However, Ag+ions are mobile so they have a tendency to move
aside the lattice and trapped in interstitial site hence, causing dislocation defect (Frenkel defect).
45. (c) 74.65
3
dNA a
Explanation: M =
Z
23 −23
1.984×6.02×10 ×25.0×10
=
4

= 74.65 g mol-1
46. (d) Glass
Explanation: Glass shows all features of amorphous solids.
47. (c) AB
1
Explanation: Contribution of A = 8×
8
= 1

Contribution of B = 1.
Therefore, Formula is AB.
– 4r
48. (d) 2√2r, , 2r
√3

Explanation: Edge length for different types of unit cells can be tabulated as:
Types of Unit Cell Edge Length
−−
fcc 2√2r

4r
bcc where r is the radius of the sphere
√3

scc 2r

49. (b) Frenkel defect

Explanation: Frenkel defect is also known as dislocation defect because in Frenkel defect atom present in
the crystal lattice is dislocated to an interstitial site. In Frenkel defect density of solid does not change.
50. (c) All of these
Explanation: All these can be used to detect defects in solid.
51. (b) equal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice.
Explanation:
The Schottky defect is basically a kind of vacancy defect with the tendency to maintain electrical neutrality,
therefore the same no.s of cations are anions are missing from the crystal lattice Schottky defect also
decrease the density of the substance.

52. (c) 2
1 1
Explanation: 8 corners × ( 8 ) per corner atom = 8× (
8
) = 1 atom

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 1 body centre atom = 1 × 1 = 1 atom
The number of atoms per unit cell in a body-centered cubic structure = 1 atom + 1 atom = 2 atoms
53. (d) 12, 12
Explanation: A CCP arrangement has a total of 4 spheres per unit cell and an HCP arrangement has 8
spheres per unit cell. However, both configurations have a coordination number of 12.
54. (d) They imparts colour to the crystal
Explanation: The paired electron can get excited and on returning back to ground state it emits light thus
imparts colour.
55. (a) 26%
Explanation: 74% space in crystal is filled.
Therefore, empty space = (100-74)% = 26%
56. (c) F-center
Explanation: It is metal excess defect due to anionic vacancies.
57. (c) Electronic defects
Explanation: When electron-rich or electron-deficient impurity is added to a perfect crystal it introduces
electronic defect in that crystal. The conductivity is also increased by doping.
58. (d) Orthorhombic
Explanation: The four orthorhombic lattices have unequal sides, angle between all faces is 90°.
59. (b) Same in all directions
Explanation: Since quartz glass in an amorphous solid having short-range order of constituents in which
the regular and periodically repeating pattern is observed over a short distance. Hence the value of the
refractive index is the same in all directions, can be measured and not be equal to zero.
60. (a) Quartz
Explanation: Quartz is not amorphous solids because unlike amorphous solids it has long range order.
Quartz is a crystalline solid.

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