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The document discusses various statistical concepts including data interpretation, primary and secondary data, the gamma distribution, and probability sampling methods. It provides details on four main types of probability sampling: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Precautions for using secondary data are also outlined.

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kameshsureshkams
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21 views

TSP Ans

The document discusses various statistical concepts including data interpretation, primary and secondary data, the gamma distribution, and probability sampling methods. It provides details on four main types of probability sampling: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Precautions for using secondary data are also outlined.

Uploaded by

kameshsureshkams
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Paper 1

1.2.1 interpretation of data


Data interpretation refers to the process of using diverse analytical methods to
review data and arrive at relevant conclusions. The interpretation of data helps
researchers to categorise, manipulate, and summarise the information in order to
answer critical questions.
Example: Based on bar charts or pie charts, they can either: develop a marketing
strategy to make their product more appealing to non-involved groups

1.2.2 Primary data and secondary data

1.2.3 gamma distribution


In probability theory and statistics, the gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of
continuous probability distributions. The exponential distribution, Erlang distribution, and
chi-square distribution are special cases of the gamma distribution.

1.2.4 Find the MGF of exponential equation

1.5.1 Precautions to be Taken while Using Secondary Data


Meaning of Secondary Data
Secondary data refers to the data that is gathered by a secondary party (other than the user).
Common sources of secondary data for social sciences include statements, data collected by
government agencies, organisational documents, and the data that was collected for other
research objectives. However, primary data, by difference, is gathered by the investigator
conducting the research.

Precautions to be Taken while Using Secondary Data


The investigator must take precautions before using secondary data. In this juncture, the
following precautions should be taken into consideration.
1. Suitable purpose of investigation
2. Inadequate data
3. Definition of units
4. Degree of accuracy
5. Time and condition of collection of facts
6. Homogeneous conditions
7. Comparison

What Precautions Should Be Taken before Using Secondary Data?

The following are the main precautions that should be taken before using
secondary data.

(1) Reliable agency ● We must ensure the agency that has published
the data should be reliable.

(2) Suitability for the ● The Investigator must ensure that the data is
purpose of an enquiry suitable for the purpose of the present enquiry.

● The suitability of the data is determined by


investigating the nature, objectives, time of collection,
etc. of the secondary data.

(3) Adequacy and accuracy ● It is necessary to use adequate data to avoid


to avoid the impact of bias biases and prejudices leading to incorrect
conclusions.

(4) Method of collecting ● The investigator should also ascertain as to


the data used what method was used in collecting the data.

● Sampling methods may be biased depending


upon the mode of selection of samples.

● All these should be ascertained before making


use of the secondary data.
1.10.1 Probability sampling methods
Probability sampling means that every member of the population has a chance of
being selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research. If you want to produce
results that are representative of the whole population, probability sampling
techniques are the most valid choice.

There are four main types of probability sample.

1. Simple random sampling


In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population.

To conduct this type of sampling, you can use tools like random number generators
or other techniques that are based entirely on chance.

Example: Simple random samplingYou want to select a simple random sample of


1000 employees of a social media marketing company. You assign a number to
every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000, and use a random number
generator to select 100 numbers.

2. Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly
easier to conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but
instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
Example: Systematic samplingAll employees of the company are listed in
alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a starting point:
number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is selected (6, 16,
26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.
If you use this technique, it is important to make sure that there is no hidden pattern
in the list that might skew the sample. For example, if the HR database groups
employees by team, and team members are listed in order of seniority, there is a risk
that your interval might skip over people in junior roles, resulting in a sample that is
skewed towards senior employees.

3. Stratified sampling
Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may
differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring
that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample.

To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata)
based on the relevant characteristic (e.g., gender identity, age range, income
bracket, job role).

Based on the overall proportions of the population, you calculate how many people
should be sampled from each subgroup. Then you use random or systematic
sampling to select a sample from each subgroup.

Example: Stratified samplingThe company has 800 female employees and 200 male
employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects the gender balance of the
company, so you sort the population into two strata based on gender. Then you use
random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you
a representative sample of 100 people.

4. Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each
subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of
sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.

If it is practically possible, you might include every individual from each sampled
cluster. If the clusters themselves are large, you can also sample individuals from
within each cluster using one of the techniques above. This is called multistage
sampling.

This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed populations, but there is
more risk of error in the sample, as there could be substantial differences between
clusters. It’s difficult to guarantee that the sampled clusters are really representative
of the whole population.

Example: Cluster samplingThe company has offices in 10 cities across the country
(all with roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You don’t have the
capacity to travel to every office to collect your data, so you use random sampling to
select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

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