CS 112 Programming 2

Lecture 02
Objects and Classes (1)
Chapter 9 Objects and Classes

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 Objectives
q To describe objects and classes, and use classes to model objects (§9.2).
q To use UML graphical notation to describe classes and objects (§9.2).
q To demonstrate how to define classes and create objects (§9.3).
q To create objects using constructors (§9.4).
q To access objects via object reference variables (§9.5).
q To define a reference variable using a reference type (§9.5.1).
q To access an object’s data and methods using the object member access operator (.) (§9.5.2).
q To define data fields of reference types and assign default values for an object’s data fields (§9.5.3).
q To distinguish between object reference variables and primitive data type variables (§9.5.4).
q To use the Java library classes Date, Random, and Point2D (§9.6).
q To distinguish between instance and static variables and methods (§9.7).
q To define private data fields with appropriate get and set methods (§9.8).
q To encapsulate data fields to make classes easy to maintain (§9.9).
q To develop methods with object arguments and differentiate between primitive-type arguments and
object-type arguments (§9.10).
q To store and process objects in arrays (§9.11).
q To create immutable objects from immutable classes to protect the contents of objects (§9.12).
q To determine the scope of variables in the context of a class (§9.13).
q To use the keyword this to refer to the calling object itself (§9.14).
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Object-Oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
involves programming using objects

An object represents an entity in the real world that can

be distinctly identified
Examples: A student, a desk, a circle, and even a loan can
all be viewed as objects

Each object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors:

State of an object consists of a set of data fields (also
known as properties) with their current values
Behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods
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 Classes
Classes are constructs that
define objects of the same type

§ A Java class uses variables to define data

fields and methods to define behaviors

§ Additionally, a class provides a special type

of methods, known as constructors, which are
invoked to construct objects from that class

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 A Java Class
class SimpleCircle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0; Data field
/** Construct a circle object */
SimpleCircle() {
}
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */
SimpleCircle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}

/** Return the area of this circle */

double getArea() { Method
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}
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UML Notation for Classes & Objects
UML Class Diagram SimpleCircle Class name

radius: double Data fields

Circle() Constructors and

Circle(newRadius: double) methods
getArea(): double
getPerimeter(): double
setRadius(newRadius:
double): void

circle2: SimpleCircle circle3: SimpleCircle UML notation

circle1: SimpleCircle
for objects
radius = 1.0 radius = 25 radius = 125

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Example 1: Defining Classes & Creating Objects

Objective: Demonstrate creating objects, accessing data,

and invoking methods of the SimpleCircle class

TestSimpleCircle Run

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 Example 2: Defining Classes & Creating Objects
TV
channel: int The current channel (1 to 120) of this TV.
volumeLevel: int The current volume level (1 to 7) of this TV.
on: boolean Indicates whether this TV is on/off.

The + sign indicates Constructs a default TV object.

+TV()
a public modifier.
+turnOn(): void Turns on this TV.
+turnOff(): void Turns off this TV.
+setChannel(newChannel: int): void Sets a new channel for this TV.

+setVolume(newVolumeLevel: int): void Sets a new volume level for this TV.

+channelUp(): void Increases the channel number by 1.

Decreases the channel number by 1.
+channelDown(): void
Increases the volume level by 1.
+volumeUp(): void
Decreases the volume level by 1.
+volumeDown(): void

TV

TestTV Run

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 Constructors
What are They are a special kind of methods that are invoked to
they? construct and initialize objects

How do They must have Circle() {

we define the same name as }
them? the class itself.
They do not have Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
a return type -
}
not even void

How do They are invoked new Circle();

we invoke using the new
new Circle(5.0);
them? operator
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Default & No-Args Constructors
§ A constructor without parameters is called a
no-args constructor
Example: Circle() { }

§ A class may be defined without constructors

§ In that case, a no-arg constructor with an empty

body is implicitly defined in the class

§ This constructor, called the default constructor,

is provided automatically only if no
constructors are explicitly defined in the class
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Declaring Object Reference Variables
§ To reference an object, assign the object to a
reference variable

§ To declare a reference variable, use the syntax:

ClassName objectRefVar;

Example:
Circle myCircle;

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Declaring & Constructing Objects in a Single Step

ClassName objectRefVar = new ClassName();

Assign object reference Create an object

Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();

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 Accessing Object’s Members
Referencing the object’s data:
objectRefVar.data
Example: myCircle.radius

Invoking the object’s method:

objectRefVar.methodName(arguments)
Example: myCircle.getArea()

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animation
Trace Code
Declare myCircle

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

myCircle
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100;

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animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

myCircle
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

Create a circle

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animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; Assign object reference : Circle

to myCircle
radius: 5.0

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animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle no value

Declare yourCircle

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animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle no value

: Circle
Create a new radius: 1.0
Circle object

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animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle reference value

Assign object reference

to yourCircle : Circle

radius: 1.0

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animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle reference value

: Circle
Change radius in radius: 100.0
yourCircle

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 Caution
Recall that, to invoke a method in the Math class, we use
Math.methodName(arguments) (e.g., Math.pow(3, 2.5))

Can we invoke getArea() using SimpleCircle.getArea()?

The answer is no. All the methods used before this chapter were static
methods, which are defined using the static keyword. However,
getArea() is not static. It must be invoked from an object using
objectRefVar.methodName(arguments)
Example: myCircle.getArea()

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 Reference Data Fields
The data fields can be of primitive type or reference type

Example: The following Student class contains a data

field name of the String type, which is a reference type

public class Student {

String name; // name has default value null
int age; // age has default value 0
boolean isMathMajor; // isMathMajor default value is false
char gender; // gender has default value '\u0000'
}
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 Default Value for a Data Field
Type Default Value
Numeric 0 If a data field of a reference
boolean false type does not reference any
object, the data field holds
char '\u0000' a special literal value, null
Reference null
name? null
Example: age? 0
public class Test { isMathMajor? false
public static void main(String[] args) { gender?
Student student = new Student();
System.out.println("name? " + student.name);
System.out.println("age? " + student.age);
System.out.println("isMathMajor? " + student.isMathMajor);
System.out.println("gender? " + student.gender);
}
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Example: Local Variables inside Methods
Java assigns no default value to local variables inside
methods

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x; // x has no default value
String y; // y has no default value
System.out.println("x is " + x);
System.out.println("y is " + y);
}
}
Compile-time error:
variable not initialized
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 Differences between Variables of
Primitive Data Types & Object Types
Created using new Circle()
Primitive type int i = 1 i 1

Object type Circle c c reference c: Circle

radius = 1

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Copying Variables of Primitive Data
Types & Object Types
Primitive type assignment i = j

Before: After:

i 1 i 2

j 2 j 2

Object type assignment c1 = c2

Before: After:

c1 c1

c2 c2

c1: Circle c2: Circle c1: Circle c2: Circle

radius = 5 radius = 9 radius = 5 radius = 9

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 Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous figure, after the assignment
statement c1 = c2, c1 points to the same object
referenced by c2. The object previously referenced by
c1 is no longer referenced. That object is now garbage

Garbage is automatically collected by JVM

TIP: If you know that an object is no longer needed,

you can explicitly assign null to its reference variable.
The JVM will automatically collect the space if the
object is not referenced by any variable
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CS 112 Programming 2

Lecture 03
Objects and Classes (2)

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Instance and Static Variables, Constants & Methods

Instance Static
Variables belong to a shared by all the instances of
specific instance the class
Methods are invoked by an not tied to a specific instance
instance of a class
Constants are final variables shared by
all the instances of the class
To declare static variables,
constants, and methods, use
the static modifier
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Static Variables, Constants, and Methods

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Example: Using Instance & Class Variables & Methods

Objective: Demonstrate the roles of instance and class

variables and their uses. This example adds a class variable
numberOfObjects to track the number of Circle objects
created

CircleWithStaticMembers
TestCircleWithStaticMembers Run

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Visibility Modifiers & Accessor/Mutator Methods

By default, the class, variable, or method can be

accessed by any class in the same package
public: The class, data, or method is visible to any class
in any package

private: The data or methods can be accessed only by

the declaring class

The get() and set() methods (called accessor and

mutator methods, respectively) are used to read and
modify private properties
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 Visibility Modifiers Example #1

private modifier restricts access to within a class

default modifier restricts access to within a package
public modifier enables unrestricted access
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 Visibility Modifiers Example #2

default modifier restricts access to within a package

public modifier enables unrestricted access

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 NOTE
§ An object cannot access its private members, as shown in (b)
§ It is OK, however, if the object is declared in its own class, as
shown in (a)

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Why Data Fields Should Be private?

1. To protect data

2. To make code easy to maintain

The practice of preventing direct

access to data from outside the class
is called data field encapsulation

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 Data Field Encapsulation
For data field encapsulation, we make the data fields in a class
private and provide access to them via public methods

Circle
The - sign indicates
private modifier -radius: double The radius of this circle (default: 1.0).
-numberOfObjects: int The number of circle objects created.

+Circle() Constructs a default circle object.

+Circle(radius: double) Constructs a circle object with the specified radius.
+getRadius(): double Returns the radius of this circle.
+setRadius(radius: double): void Sets a new radius for this circle.
+getNumberOfObjects(): int Returns the number of circle objects created.
+getArea(): double Returns the area of this circle.

CircleWithPrivateDataFields

TestCircleWithPrivateDataFields Run
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 Passing Objects to Methods
§ Passing by value for primitive type value (the
value is passed to the parameter)
§ Passing by value for reference type value (the
value is the reference to the object)

TestPassObject Run

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Passing Objects to Methods, cont.

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 Array of Objects
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

An array of objects is actually an array of reference variables.

So invoking circleArray[1].getArea() involves two
levels of referencing as shown in the next figure

circleArray references to the entire array

circleArray[1] references to a Circle object

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 Array of Objects, cont.
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

Example: Summarizing the areas of the circles TotalArea Run

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 Immutable Objects and Classes
If the contents of an object cannot be changed once the object
is created, the object is called an immutable object and its class
is called an immutable class
Example: If you delete the set method in the Circle class in
Listing 8.10, the class would be immutable because radius is
private and cannot be changed without a set() method.

A class with all private data fields and without mutators is not
necessarily immutable. For example, the following class
Student has all private data fields and no mutators, but it
is mutable

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Example public class BirthDate {
private int year;
public class Student { private int month;
private int id; private int day;
private BirthDate birthDate;
public BirthDate(int newYear,
public Student(int ssn, int newMonth, int newDay) {
int year, int month, int day) { year = newYear;
id = ssn;
month = newMonth;
birthDate = new BirthDate(year,
day = newDay;
month, day);
}
}
public int getId() { public void setYear(int newYear) {
return id; year = newYear;
} }
}
public BirthDate getBirthDate() {
return birthDate;
}
} public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student = new Student(111223333, 1970, 5, 3);
BirthDate date = student.getBirthDate();
date.setYear(2010); // Now the student birth year is changed!
}
}
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 What Class is Immutable?

For a class to be immutable, it must:

§ mark all data fields private

§ provide no mutator methods and no accessor

methods that would return a reference to a
mutable data field object

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 Scope of Variables
The scope of a variable is the region of
code within which a variable is visible
§ The scope of instance and static variables is the
entire class. They can be declared anywhere
inside a class
§ The scope of a local variable starts from its
declaration and continues to the end of the block
that contains the variable
• A local variable must be initialized explicitly
before it can be used

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 The this Keyword
§ The this keyword is the name of a reference
that refers to an object itself

§ One common use of the this keyword is

reference a class’s hidden data fields

§ Another common use of the this keyword to

enable a constructor to invoke another
constructor of the same class

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this Example: Reference the Hidden Data Fields
public class F { Suppose that f1 and f2 are two objects of F.
private int i = 5; F f1 = new F(); F f2 = new F();
private static double k = 0;
Invoking f1.setI(10) is to execute
void setI(int i) { this.i = 10, where this refers f1
this.i = i;
} Invoking f2.setI(45) is to execute
static void setK(double k) { this.i = 45, where this refers f2
F.k = k;
}
}

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this Example: Calling Overloaded Constructor
public class Circle {
private double radius;

public Circle(double radius) {

this.radius = radius;
} this must be explicitly used to reference the data
field radius of the object being constructed
public Circle() {
this(1.0);
} this is used to invoke another constructor

public double getArea() {

return this.radius * this.radius * Math.PI;
}
} Every instance variable belongs to an instance represented by this,
which is normally omitted
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 The Date Class
§ Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of
date and time in the java.util.Date class
§ You can use the Date class to create an instance for
the current date and time and use its toString
method to return the date and time as a string
java.util.Date
The + sign indicates
public modifer +Date() Constructs a Date object for the current time.
+Date(elapseTime: long) Constructs a Date object for a given time in
milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970, GMT.
+toString(): String Returns a string representing the date and time.
+getTime(): long Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1,
1970, GMT.
+setTime(elapseTime: long): void Sets a new elapse time in the object.

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 Date Class Example
The following code
java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();
System.out.println(date.toString());

displays a string like:

Sun Mar 09 13:50:19 EST 2003

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 The Random Class
We have used Math.random() to obtain a random
double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (excluding 1.0).
A more useful random number generator is
provided in the java.util.Random class
java.util.Random
+Random() Constructs a Random object with the current time as its seed.
+Random(seed: long) Constructs a Random object with a specified seed.
+nextInt(): int Returns a random int value.
+nextInt(n: int): int Returns a random int value between 0 and n (exclusive).
+nextLong(): long Returns a random long value.
+nextDouble(): double Returns a random double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (exclusive).
+nextFloat(): float Returns a random float value between 0.0F and 1.0F (exclusive).
+nextBoolean(): boolean Returns a random boolean value.
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 Random Class Example
If two Random objects have the same seed, they will generate
identical sequences of numbers. For example, the following
code creates two Random objects with the same seed 3.
Random random1 = new Random(3);
System.out.print("From random1: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(random1.nextInt(1000) + " ");
Random random2 = new Random(3);
System.out.print("\nFrom random2: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(random2.nextInt(1000) + " ");

From random1: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961
From random2: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961
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 The Point2D Class
Java API has a convenient Point2D class in the
javafx.geometry package for representing a
point in a two-dimensional plane

TestPoint2D Run

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