Cite this article Research Article Keywords: finite element methods/

Feng N, Wu C and Cao P Paper 1800328 reinforcement/structural analysis

Seismic performance of infilled RC frames with steel corrugated shear walls. Received 10/07/2018; Revised 07/11/2018;
Magazine of Concrete Research, Accepted 24/01/2019
https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.18.00328
ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

Magazine of Concrete Research

Seismic performance of infilled RC frames

with steel corrugated shear walls
Ningning Feng Pingzhou Cao
Associate Constructor, Department of Civil and Architecture Engineering, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Transportation Engineering,
Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China Hohai University, Nanjing, China
(corresponding author: [email protected])
Changsheng Wu
PhD graduate, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China

This paper presents experimental and analytical investigations of infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames with steel
corrugated shear walls. In the experimental study, two 1/3-scale, one-bay, two-storey specimens were constructed
and tested under cyclic load reversals. One specimen was bare, for comparison. Properties affecting seismic
performance, such as strength and stiffness of the two specimens, were investigated. However, owing to the
inherent complexity of the infilled RC frame and the unique features of the steel corrugated shear walls, the
experimental investigation was not sufficient to fully explain the influence of several parameters. Therefore, an
analytical investigation based on finite-element models using ANSYS was conducted. Validation of the finite-element
models against the experimental results showed good agreement. Critical parameters influencing the behaviour of
steel corrugated shear walls, such as thickness and orientation of corrugated sheets, were varied, and the effects on
seismic behaviour discussed.

Notation Introduction
E elastic modulus of profiled steel sheeting (N/mm2) Previous studies (Driver et al., 1998; Guo and Dong, 2005;
Ec elastic modulus of concrete (N/mm2) Wang and Yang, 2018; Wang et al., 2015) have demonstrated
Es elastic modulus of reinforcement (N/mm2) that the advantages of steel plate shear walls are improved
Ew elastic modulus of masonry (N/mm2) strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation of structures.
Fi peak load of each cycle (kN) Steel plate shear walls can form an effective tension field.
f fired common brick compressive strength (N/mm2) The bearing capacity of a reinforced concrete (RC) frame can
fc axial compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2) be improved by using the post-buckling strength. When a steel
fcu,k cube compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2) plate shear wall is included in a structure as a reinforcing
fu ultimate strength of steel (N/mm2) member, the seismic performance of the structure is improved
fy steel yield stress (N/mm2) greatly. Yet some disadvantages exist in frame structures with
Hinf height of infill walls (mm) steel plate shear walls, as follows.
h height of frame (mm)
Ic inertia moment of concrete column (mm4) & The buckling loads of ordinary steel plate shear walls are
Ki secant stiffness (N/mm) low under loading. Out-of-plane bending rigidities of steel
p lateral load (kN) plates are quite small, especially for thin plates. Hence,
rinf length of diagonal line (mm) they easily buckle when the steel plate shear walls are
t thickness of corrugated sheet (mm) subjected to lateral forces induced by earthquake or
tw thickness of infill walls (mm) wind effects.
we equivalent width (mm) & As a strengthening component, steel plate shear walls show
Xi peak displacement of each cycle (mm) poor stability under pressure. The deformation is large
ε strain (dimensionless) after buckling.
ε0 strain corresponding to the peak stress of concrete
(dimensionless) With those considerations, steel corrugated shear walls are
εc strain of concrete (dimensionless) chosen as strengthening members. Numerous scholars (Easley,
εcu ultimate compression strain of concrete (dimensionless) 1969; Essa et al., 2003; Fülöp and Dubina, 2004; Yi et al.,
εy yield strain (dimensionless) 2008) have conducted experimental studies and numerical
θ angle between diagonal line and horizontal (°) simulations of steel corrugated shear walls under cyclic loads.
λ stiffness coefficient of masonry (mm−1) Cao and Huang (2018) described experimental and numerical
σ stress (N/mm2) investigations of the hysteretic behaviour of steel corrugated
σc stress of concrete (N/mm2) shear walls. Two single-bay, two-storey specimens without

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

elastic buckling were cyclically tested. Cao and Huang (2018) It is necessary to find an efficient strengthening member to
showed that, through proper design of the corrugation par- reinforce existing buildings. Corrugated sheets are an environ-
ameters, elastic buckling in the steel corrugated shear walls mentally friendly and recyclable material. Steel corrugated
could be avoided. The steel corrugated shear walls had high shear walls can improve the lateral stiffness of a structure. The
initial stiffness buckling, strength, energy dissipation and duct- aim of the research is to study the seismic performance of
ility. Emami et al. (2013) carried out research on half-scale, infilled RC frames with steel corrugated shear walls, with the
one-storey, single-bay steel shear walls with unstiffened and tra- aim of enhancing the seismic performance of existing structures.
pezoidally corrugated panels. Their purpose was to compare
the stiffness, strength, ductility ratio and energy dissipation Test programme
capacity of three different steel shear walls: unstiffened, trape-
Details of specimens
zoidally vertically corrugated and trapezoidally horizontally
Dimensions and reinforcement details of the specimens are
corrugated. Emami et al. (2013) revealed that the specimens
given in Figure 1. Two specimens, labelled KJ-1 and KJ-2,
strengthened with corrugated steel shear walls had greatly
were tested. The dimensions and reinforcement were designed
improved ultimate strength, energy dissipation capacity, duct-
to be the same; for example, the storey height was 1·2 m and
ility ratio and initial stiffness. Berman and Bruneau (2005)
the clear span was 1·8 m. The beams were 120
200 mm and
tested three single-storey specimens, including two specimens
the cross-sections of columns were 200
200 mm. The speci-
with flat infill plates and a third using a corrugated infill plate.
mens were 1/3-scale, one-bay, two-storey loading under cyclic
Berman and Bruneau (2005) showed that specimens with cor-
load reversals. One specimen was bare for comparison. The
rugated infill plates provided significant energy dissipation.
other specimen was reinforced by steel corrugated shear walls.
Their experimental results were compared with monotonic
The details of the specimens are summarised in Table 1.
pushover predictions from computer analysis using a simple
model, and good agreement was observed. Ding et al. (2017)
The reinforcement designs of KJ-2 are shown in Figure 2. It
indicated that there was a lack of information regarding
can be seen that each of two steel plates was connected by two
the detailed seismic behaviour of corrugated steel plate shear
steel rods. The channel steel and steel plates were welded
walls, particularly walls with openings. Five full-scale steel
together in the frame. The infill walls were built in specimen
corrugated shear walls, with and without openings, were
KJ-2. Finally, steel corrugated shear walls (SCSWs) were con-
experimented on to evaluate their seismic performance. The
nected to the frame. In the process of construction, the
results of these investigations revealed that the ultimate
SCSWs, beams and columns were connected using tapping
strength and energy dissipation ratio were, on average, 14·4%
screws. Two corrugated sheets were spliced with rivets. Two
and 28·7% larger for corrugated steel plate shear walls with
pieces of steel corrugated shear wall were located on each side
opening than for corrugated steel plate shear walls without
of the infill walls.
opening. Yu and Yu (2016) presented an experimental investi-
gation of light-gauged cold-formed steel shear walls using
corrugated steel sheets with circular holes. They discovered Material properties
that circular holes significantly reduced the stiffness and In the test, there were four materials: concrete, reinforc-
strength of the shear walls. Rafiei et al. (2013) presented the ing bars, fired common brick and corrugated sheets. The
development and validation of finite-element models to simu- measured average compressive strength of the concrete used
late the behaviour of a novel composite shear wall system. was 30·78 MPa, according to ACI 318-05 (ACI, 2005). The
Their models consisted of two skins of profiled steel sheeting. yield strength of the longitudinal bars used was 382·11 MPa,
One was filled with concrete under in-plane loading. Rafiei while the ultimate strength was 579·37 MPa. The yield strength
et al. (2013) showed that profiled steel sheet shear walls of the transverse ties used was 390·36 MPa, while the ultimate
enhanced the shear strength of composite walls. The shear strength was 596·63 MPa. The infill walls consisted of fired
load–displacement response, ultimate shear load, stress–strain common bricks, which were built vertically to a size of
condition, failure mode and steel sheet buckling could be 240
115
53 mm. The average compressive strength of
simulated reasonably well. fired common brick was 53·61 MPa, according to ACI
530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02 (ACI, 2002). The yield
The objectives of this research are to (a) study more stress strength of SCSWs was 264·15 MPa, while the ultimate
characteristics with a limited number of experiments; strength was 365·04 MPa. The properties of the concrete, rein-
(b) survey the factors influencing the behaviour of steel corru- forcing bars, fired common brick and SCSWs are listed in
gated shear walls. Table 2.

Research significance Test procedure and instrumentation

Some existing concrete frame structures must be strengthened The test setup is shown in Figure 3. The testing system
because of extensions in service time, changes in service con- consisted of a rigid floor, rigid wall, fixed bearing, loading
ditions and the improvement of seismic fortification standards. equipment and instrumentation.

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

200 200

Transversal ties B Longitudinal bars

Longitudinal bars
10 mm bars were used as
1200

longitudinal reinforcement
in columns and beams Transversal ties
200
3400

Beam and column ties

8 mm bars @ 100 mm
1200

A A

C
400

400 200 1800 200 400

3000

4∅16

2∅10 2∅10
2∅10

∅8@100/200
400

∅8@100/200 ∅8@100/200
200

2∅10
2∅10

4∅16

200
120
400

Section A–A Section B–B Section C–C

Figure 1. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the specimens (dimensions in mm)

Table 1. Details of specimens

Wall Wall Steel corrugated Double Specimens KJ-1 and KJ-2 were fixed on a rigid floor. Fixed
length: height: shear wall sided bearings were fitted between the foundation beam and the
Specimen mm mm thickness: mm sheeting rigid floor. Hydraulic jacks provided a vertical force (200 kN)
to the tops of two columns. At the beam end, a hydraulic jack
KJ-1 — — — No
KJ-2 1800 1200 0·4 Yes offered a low cyclic lateral load, in forwards and backwards
directions. Displacement transducers were installed at the ends

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

Profiled steel sheet positive and negative directions. Taking these points into a line
shear walls produces what are known as envelope curves. The envelope
curves reflect the strength of each specimen. The peak loads of
specimens KJ-1 and KJ-2 are presented in Table 3. It can be
seen from the figure that the envelope curves of two specimens
Steel rods Rivets give almost a lean line. The curve obtained for specimen KJ-2
Steel plates Infill walls was much higher than that for specimen KJ-1. The contri-
bution came from the combined effect of the infill walls and
SCSWs. The infill walls could effectively restrain out-of-plane
displacements of the SCSWs. The shear resistant behaviour of
SCSWs could resist horizontal loads significantly. Test results
showed that the average peak load of specimen KJ-2 was 3·7
times greater than that of specimen KJ-1.
Channel steel Tapping screws

Stiffness
Lateral stiffness was evaluated as the peak-to-peak stiffness of
the frame load–displacement relationship. It was calculated as
Figure 2. Reinforcement design of KJ-2 the slope of the line joining the peaks of the positive and nega-
tive loads at a given cycle. The lateral stiffness of specimens KJ-
1 and KJ-2 are shown in Figure 6. The values of lateral stiffness
are presented in Table 4. The initial stiffness of specimen KJ-2
of the beams. A hysteretic curve was obtained of force against was more than twice that of specimen KJ-1. At failure, the
displacement. lateral stiffness of specimen KJ-2 was nearly twice that of speci-
men KJ-1. The ratios were 2·53 and 1·88, respectively.

Experimental results
Finite-element analysis
Strength
Hysteretic curves and envelope curves were used to express Concrete model
the strength of the specimens KJ-1 and KJ-2. Hysteretic curves The constitutive model of concrete is expressed by the stress–
reflect deformation characteristics, stiffness degradation and strain curve, which reflects the mechanical properties of con-
energy dissipation. The load–displacement hysteretic curves crete materials. The stress–strain curve of concrete has an
of specimens KJ-1 and KJ-2 are shown in Figure 4. It can ascending part and a descending part. The ascending part is a
be seen from the figures that the hysteretic curves of specimen second degree parabola, as given in the code for design of con-
KJ-2 were plumper than those of specimen KJ-1. The curves crete structures (GB 50010 (SAC, 2010)). The decline curve is
were more regular after strengthening with SCSWs. The a skew line, as recommended by Hognestad (1955). The simpli-
plumper curves demonstrated that SCSWs improved the fied stress–strain curve of concrete is shown in Figure 7.
energy dissipating capacity of the structure. At the same time, Concrete stress (σc) is a function of strain (εc), which can be
it can be seen from the curves that the increased strength indi- derived from
cated the effectiveness of the reinforcement.

 
εc n
1: σ c ¼ fc 1  1 
Load–displacement envelope curves of the test specimens are ε0
shown in Figure 5. Each hysteretic cycle has a peak load in the

Table 2. Properties of concrete, reinforcing bars, fired common bricks and steel corrugated shear walls
Concrete compressive Fired common brick compressive Yield strength, fy: Ultimate strength,
Component strength, fcu,k: MPa strength, f : MPa MPa fu: MPa

Concrete 30·78 — — —
Longitudinal bars — — 382·11 579·37
Transverse ties — — 390·36 596·63
Fired common — 53·61 — —
brick
Corrugated — — 264·15 365·04
sheets

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

 
εc  ε0 A model of the steel bar and corrugated sheets is shown in
2: σ c ¼ fc 1  015 Figure 8. The elastic modulus of the steel bar and corrugated
εcu  ε0
sheets was Es = 2·0
105 MPa, the horizontal line is the com-
plete plastic stage and the stress is the yield strength. The yield
where fc is the axial compressive strength, ε0 is the strain corre-
strengths of the steel bar and corrugated sheets were
sponding to the peak stress and εcu is the ultimate compression
382·11 MPa and 264·15 MPa, respectively.
strain.

Simplified model of infill walls

Models for steel bar and corrugated sheets Feng et al. (2016) showed that the main cracks of infill walls
Cao and Huang (2018) indicated that steel was an ideal elastic developed along a diagonal line. Because of shear fracture, the
material for stresses below the yield strength. After reaching shear cracks corresponded to an equivalent diagonal brace
the yield strength, the stress was close to ideal plasticity in a model, which was proposed by Chrysostomou and Asteris
large deformation. As a result, the steel constitutive relation- (2012) and Polyakov (1956). Scholars have indicated that the
ship can be simplified into two straight lines. equivalent infill walls bear compression but not tension.
Different equivalent methods have used different equivalent
formulas. On checking the results, the equivalent method given
in FEMA273 (FEMA, 1997) coincided with the results of our
test. The equivalent diagonal brace model is presented in
Figure 9. The proposed equivalent width (we) can be derived
from

3: we ¼ 0175ðλhÞ04 rinf

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ew tw
λ¼ sinð2θÞ
4
4:
4Ec Ic Hinf

where λ is the stiffness coefficient, h is the height of the frame,

Ew is the elasticity modulus of the masonry, Ec is the elasticity
modulus of the concrete, tw is the thickness of the infill walls, Ic
Figure 3. Test setup is the inertia moment of the concrete column, Hinf is the height
of the infill walls, θ is the angle between the diagonal line and

60
180
KJ-1 50
KJ-2 150
40
120
30 90
20 60
Lateral load: kN

Lateral load: kN

10 30
0 0
–100 –80 –60 –40 20 20 40 60 80 100 –150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150
–10 –30
–20 –60

–30 –90
–120
–40
–150
–50
–180
Top displacement: mm Top displacement: mm
(a) (b)

Figure 4. Hysteretic curves: (a) KJ-1; (b) KJ-2

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

180 σc
KJ-1
150
KJ-2
120
fc
90
60
Lateral load: kN

30
0
–150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150
–30
–60
–90
–120 0 ε0 εcu εc
–150
–180 Figure 7. Stress–strain curve of concrete
Top displacement: mm

Figure 5. Envelope curves σ

Table 3. Peak loads fy

Peak load, Peak load, Peak load,

Specimen positive: kN negative: kN average: kN Ratio

KJ-1 43·69 40·14 41·92 1·0 E

KJ-2 177·95 135·33 156·64 3·74

Ratio: KJ-2/KJ-1

12
0 εy ε
KJ-1
10 KJ-2
Figure 8. Model of steel bar and corrugated sheets
Secant stiffness: kN/mm

8
the horizontal and rinf is the length of the diagonal line; Then
6 the stiffness coefficient (λ) and equivalent width (we) can be cal-
culated as λ = 1·63
10−3 mm−1 and we = 272 mm, respectively.
4
Verification of finite-element model
2 Comparative study of strength
For the study of the test results and the finite-element analysis,
0 comparisons of hysteretic curves are shown in Figure 10. It
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
can be deduced that the strengthened specimen KJ-2, with
Top displacement: mm
SCSWs, had a fuller hysteresis loop. Comparing the hysteresis
Figure 6. Stiffness curves loops between the test results and the finite-element analysis,
the curves go in the same direction. Steel corrugated shear
walls have excellent shear resistance and infill walls have good
Table 4. Lateral stiffnesses
pressure resistance. Specimen KJ-2 exhibited higher strength
than that of specimen KJ-1. At the same time, there was a
Characteristic KJ-1: kN/mm KJ-2: kN/mm Ratio larger displacement on loading. These finite-element models
Initial 5·36 13·56 2·53 are in accordance with the experimental results.
At failure 0·59 1·11 1·88
Envelope curves were obtained from the hysteretic curves for
Ratio: KJ-2/KJ-1 the test results and the finite-element analysis. A comparison

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

Equivalent diagonal brace p

p
Equivalent diagonal brace

we rinf

Figure 9. Equivalent diagonal brace model

60 180
KJ-1 (test) KJ-2 (test)
50 150
KJ-1 (FE) KJ-2 (FE)
40 120
30 90
60
20
Lateral load: kN
Lateral load: kN

30
10
0
0 –150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150
–100 –80 –60 –40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 –30
–10
–60
–20
–90
–30 –120
–40 –150
–50 –180
Top displacement: mm Top displacement: mm
(a) (b)

Figure 10. Comparison of hysteretic curves: (a) KJ-1; (b) KJ-2. FE, finite-element

180
of the envelope curves is shown in Figure 11. The peak loads KJ-1 (test)
150
and deviation are presented in Table 5. Each hysteretic cycle KJ-1 (FE)
has a peak load in the positive and negative directions. Taking KJ-2 (test) 120
these points into a line produces what are known as envelope KJ-2 (FE) 90
curves. The envelope curves reflect the strength of each speci- 60
Lateral load: kN

men for the test case and the finite-element analysis. As can be 30
seen from the curves, the peak loads were 43·69 kN and 0
–150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150
40·14 kN in the positive and negative directions and the –30
average was 41·92 kN. In the finite-element analysis, the peak –60
loads were 40·83 kN and 42·26 kN in the positive and negative –90
directions and the average was 41·55 kN. The deviation was –120
0·88% between the test case and finite-element analysis in –150
specimen KJ-1. –180
Top displacement: mm
In the same way, the peak loads were 177·95 kN and
135·33 kN in the positive and negative directions and the Figure 11. Comparison of envelope curves. FE, finite-element
average was 156·64 kN. In the finite-element analysis, the peak
loads were 151·07 kN and 156·20 kN in the positive and nega-
tive directions and the average was 153·64 kN. The deviation Comparative study of stiffness
was 1·92% between the test case and the finite-element analysis A comparison of the stiffness curves is shown in Figure 12.
in specimen KJ-2. The values for the comparison of lateral stiffness are presented

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

Table 5. Peak loads and deviations

Specimen Peak load, positive: kN Peak load, negative: kN Peak load, average: kN Deviation: %

KJ-1
Test 43·69 40·14 41·92 —
Finite-element model 40·83 42·26 41·55 0·88
KJ-2
Test 177·95 135·33 156·64 —
Finite-element model 151·07 156·20 153·64 1·92

in Table 6. It can be seen from the figure that the stiffness where Fi is the peak load of each cycle, Xi is the peak displace-
curves are a function that depended on the secant stiffness. ment of each cycle, ‘+’ indicates positive loading and ‘−’ indi-
The horizontal axis shows the top displacement. Secant stiff- cates negative loading.
ness Ki is used to represent the stiffness of specimens, which
can be expressed as It can be seen from Figure 12 that the initial stiffnesses of the
test results and finite-element analysis were 5·36 kN/mm
jþFi j þ jFi j and 5·0 kN/mm, respectively. The stiffnesses of the test results
5: Ki ¼
jþXi j þ jXi j and finite-element analysis at failure were 0·59 kN/mm and
0·55 kN/mm, respectively. The deviation of the initial stiffness
was 6·72%. The deviation of the stiffness at failure was 6·78%.

18 The initial stiffnesses of the test results and finite-element

KJ-1 (test)
16 analysis were 13·56 kN/mm and 15·83 kN/mm, respectively.
KJ-1 (FE)
KJ-2 (test)
The stiffnesses of the test and finite-element at failure were
14
1·11 kN/mm and 1·28 kN/mm, respectively. The deviation of
Secant stiffness: kN/mm

KJ-2 (FE)
12 the initial stiffness was 16·74%. The deviation of the stiffness
10 at failure was 15·32%.

8
Parametric studies
6 Two critical parameters are the thickness and the orientation of
4 the SCSWs, which influence the behaviour of the SCSWs. The
type of corrugated sheets was YX21-180-900. The YX represents
2
corrugated sheets, which is the first letter in Chinese, written pho-
0 netically. The crest height was 21 mm. The length between adja-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
cent crests was 180 mm. The length of five crests was 900 mm.
Top displacement: mm

Figure 12. Comparison of stiffness curves. FE, finite-element The cross-section of the corrugated sheets is shown in
Figure 13. From the perspectives of economy and practicality,

Table 6. Comparison of lateral stiffnesses

Characteristic KJ-1: kN/mm Deviation: % KJ-2: kN/mm Deviation: %

Initial
Test 5·36 — 13·56 —
Finite-element model 5·0 6·72 15·83 16·74
At failure
Test 0·59 — 1·11 —
Finite-element model 0·55 6·78 1·28 15·32

180 22
21

40 108 40°03'
900

Figure 13. Cross-section of corrugated sheets

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

350 350
280 280
210 210
140 140
Lateral load: kN

Lateral load: kN
70 70
0
–150 –120 –90 –60 –30 30 60 90 120 150 –150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150
–70
t = 0·4 mm –140 t = 0·4 mm
t = 0·6 mm t = 0·6 mm
–210 –210
t = 0·8 mm t = 0·8 mm
–280 t = 1·0 mm –280 t = 1·0 mm
–350 t = 1·2 mm –350 t = 1·2 mm

Top displacement: mm Top displacement: mm

(a) (b)

Figure 14. Orientation of 45°: (a) hysteretic curves; (b) envelope curves

350 350
280 280
210 210
140 140
Lateral load: kN

Lateral load: kN

70 70
0 0
–150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150 –150 –120 –90 –60 –30 0 30 60 90 120 150
–70 –70
–140 t = 0·4 mm –140 t = 0·4 mm
t = 0·6 mm t = 0·6 mm
–210 –210
t = 0·8 mm t = 0·8 mm
–280 t = 1·0 mm –280 t = 1·0 mm
–350 t = 1·2 mm –350 t = 1·2 mm

Top displacement: mm Top displacement: mm

(a) (b)

Figure 15. Orientation of 60°: (a) hysteretic curves; (b) envelope curves

Table 7. Peak loads for different thicknesses

Thickness: mm Peak load: kN Ratio Peak load: kN Ratio

0·4 Orientation of 45° 152·70 1·0 Orientation of 60° 164·60 1·0

0·6 194·67 1·27 191·65 1·16
0·8 227·34 1·49 226·38 1·38
1·0 282·20 1·85 255·4 1·55
1·2 334·06 2·19 332·16 2·02

the thicknesses of the corrugated sheets were selected as 60°, hysteretic curves and envelope curves are shown in
0·4 mm, 0·6 mm, 0·8 mm, 1·0 mm and 1·2 mm. The orien- Figure 15. The peak loads for different thicknesses are pre-
tations of the SCSWs was defined as either 45° or 60°. sented in Table 7. As can be seen from the figures, the areas
of the hysteretic loops increase with increasing displacement.
Effect of thickness of corrugated sheets At the same time, the lateral loads improved greatly. The
For the orientation of 45°, hysteretic curves and envelope results show that the thicker the corrugated sheets, the higher
curves are shown in Figure 14. For the orientation of the carrying capacity. The peak loads for thicknesses

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

35 35

30 30
Secant stiffness: kN/mm

Secant stiffness: kN/mm

25 25

20 20
t = 0·4 mm
t = 0·4 mm
t = 0·6 mm
15 15 t = 0·6 mm
t = 0·8 mm
t = 0·8 mm
10 t = 1·0 mm 10 t = 1·0 mm
t = 1·2 mm
t = 1·2 mm
5 5

0 0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Top displacement: mm Top displacement: mm
(a) (b)

Figure 16. Stiffness curves for different thicknesses: (a) orientation of 45°; (b) orientation of 60°

Table 8. Stiffnesses for different thicknesses

Thickness: mm Stiffness: kN/mm Ratio Stiffness: kN/mm Ratio

0·4 Orientation of 45° 13·92 1·0 Orientation of 60° 13·83 1·0

0·6 16·29 1·17 15·29 1·11
0·8 18·28 1·31 17·73 1·28
1·0 20·04 1·44 20·78 1·50
1·2 23·89 1·72 26·19 1·89

t = 0·6–1·2 mm are 1·1–2·1 times larger than that of thickness Conclusions

t = 0·4 mm. In this paper, SCSWs improved the lateral loads and stiffness
of infilled RC frames significantly. The bearing capacity of the
For the orientations of 45° and 60°, stiffness curves for differ- structure is enhanced by 273·66%, owing to the effect of infill
ent thicknesses are shown in Figure 16. The stiffnesses of walls and SCSWs. The initial stiffness is increased by 153%.
different thicknesses are presented in Table 8. As can be seen
from the figures, thickness t = 1·2 mm had the greatest stiffness The comparative results showed that the hysteretic curves,
and thickness t = 0·4 mm had the smallest stiffness. The stiff- envelope curves and stiffness curves were consistent with exper-
nesses of thicknesses t = 0·6–1·2 mm are 1·1–1·8 times larger imental results. The validity of the finite-element simulation
than that of thickness t = 0·4 mm. certified the feasibility of the reinforcement method.

Effect of orientation of SCSWs The finite-element analyses indicated that the strength
improved with increasing thickness of the corrugated sheets.
As can be seen from Figures 14 and 15 and Table 7, SCSWs
Nonetheless, this enhancement was insignificant compared
gained better peak load at an orientation of 60° than at an
with the same effect brought about by the orientation of corru-
orientation of 45° when the thickness of the corrugated sheets
gated sheets. The results showed that orientations of 45° and
was 0·4 mm. However, SCSWs obtained almost the same peak
60° produced excellent strength and stiffness with increasing
load when the thicknesses of the corrugated sheets were
thickness of corrugated sheets.
0·6 mm, 0·8 mm and 1·2 mm. These results show that infilled
RC frames reinforced by SCSWs have favourable carrying
capacity in orientations of 45° and 60°. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Natural Science
It can be seen from Figure 16 and Table 8 that the stiffness of Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
infilled RC frames strengthened by SCSWs are similar for of China (grant number 18KJB560002), the Research Project
orientations of 45° and 60°. The structure achieved excellent of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of
stiffness when the thickness of the steel corrugation was Jiangsu province (grant number 2017ZD233), the Research
between 0·4 mm and 1·2 mm. Project of Changzhou Institute of Technology (grant number

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 Magazine of Concrete Research Seismic performance of infilled RC frames
with steel corrugated shear walls
Feng, Wu and Cao

YN1722), the Student Research Training Program of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) (1997) NEHRP
Changzhou Institute of Technology (grant number 2017079Z) Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
and the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of
Feng NN, Cao PZ, Wu K and Zhang PC (2016) Experimental investigation
China (973 Program) (grant number 2015CB057803), which on strengthening of infilled frame structures by profiled steel sheet
collectively funded this project. shear walls. Advances in Structural Engineering 19(4): 703–714.
Fülöp LA and Dubina D (2004) Performance of wall-stud cold-formed
shear panels under monotonic and cyclic loading: part II:
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