KIG 2002 Dynamics

Lecture 4: Kinetic of Particles: Newton Second Law

4. 1 Introduction

i) Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.

ii) When a body accelerates (changes in velocity magnitude or direction), Newton’s second law is required to relate the motion
of the body to the forces acting on it.

iii) Newton’s second law:

- A particle will have acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant force acting on it and in the direction of
the resultant force.
- The resultant of the forces acting on a particle is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum of the particle.
- The sum of the moments about O of the forces acting on a particle is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum
of the particle about O.

4.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• Newton’s Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle will have acceleration proportional
to the magnitude of resultant and in the direction of the resultant.

• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,

F1 F2 F3
= = =  = constant = mass, m
a1 a2 a3

• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force the acceleration of the particle must satisfy
 
F = ma

• Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a Newtonian frame of reference, i.e., one that is not accelerating or rotating.

• If a force acting on particle is zero, the particle will not accelerate, i.e., it will remain stationary or continue on a straight line
at constant velocity.

4.3 Linear Momentum of a Particle

• Replace the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity,

 
dv
 F = ma = m
dt

 dL
= (m v ) =
d
dt dt

L = linear momentum of the particle

• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum of the particle remains constant in both magnitude and
direction.

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4.4 Systems of Units

• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second). The unit of force
is derived,
 m kg  m
1 N = (1 kg )1 2  = 1 2
 s  s

4.5 Equations of Motion

• Newton’s second law provides

 
R =  F = ma

• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g., for rectangular
components,
 (F i + F j + F k ) = m(a i + a j + a k )
     
x y z x y z

 F = ma  F = ma  F = ma
x x y y z z

 F = mx  F = my  F = mz

x y z

• For tangential and normal components,

F t = mat F n = man
dv v2
F t =m
dt
F n =m


4.6 Dynamic Equilibrium

• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,

 
 F − ma = 0

− ma  inertial vector

• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to zero. The particle is in
dynamic equilibrium.

• Methods developed for particles in static equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces may be represented with a closed
vector polygon.

• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as they measure the resistance that particles offer to changes in motion, i.e.,
changes in speed or direction.

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4.7 Sample Problem 2.1 (Beer 12.1)

A 200-N block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the magnitude of the force P required to give the block an acceleration or 10 m/s 2 to
the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and plane is k = 0.25.

W 200 N
m= =
g 10 m s 2
= 20 kg
F = k N
= 0.25 N

• Resolve the equation of motion for the block into two rectangular component equations.
F x = ma :
P cos 30 − 0.25 N = (20 )(10 )
= 200
 Fy = 0 :
N − P sin 30 − 200 = 0

• Unknowns consist of the applied force P and the normal reaction N from the plane. The two equations may be solved for
these unknowns.
N = P sin 30 + 200
P cos30 − 0.25(P sin 30 + 200 ) = 200
P = 337.4 N

4.8 Sample Problem 2.2 (Beer 12.3)

The two blocks shown start from rest. The horizontal plane and the pulley are frictionless, and the pulley is assumed to be of negligible
mass. Determine the acceleration of each block and the tension in the cord.

Write the kinematic relationships for the dependent motions and accelerations of the blocks.
yB = 12 x A aB = 12 a A

• Write equations of motion for blocks and pulley.

F x = mAa A :

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 T1 = (100 kg )a A

• Combine kinematic relationships with equations of motion to solve for accelerations and cord tension.
F y = mB a B :
mB g − T2 = mB a B
(300 )(9.81) − T2 = (300 )a B
T2 = 2940 − 300 a B
1 
T2 = 2940 − 300 a A 
2 

F y = mC aC = 0 :
T2 − 2T1 = 0
2940 − 150 a A − 2(100 a A ) = 0

a A = 8.40 m s 2
a B = 12 a A = 4.20 m s 2
T1 = (100 )a A = 840 N
T2 = 2T1 = 1680 N

4.9 Sample Problem 2.3 (Beer 12.4)

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob
for the position shown, find the velocity and acceleration of the bob in that position.

• Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into tangential and normal components.
• Solve the component equations for the normal and tangential accelerations.
 F = ma :
t t

mg sin 30 = mat

at = g sin 30
= 4.9 m s 2

F n = man :
2.5mg − mg cos 30 = man
an = g ( 2.5 − cos 30 )
= 16.03m s 2

• Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.

an =
v2
v = an = (2 m )(16.03 m s2 )

v = 5.66 m s

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4.10 Sample Problem 2.4 (Hibbeler 13.4)

A smooth 2-kg collar C is attached to a spring having a stiffness k = 3 N/m and an unstretched length of 0.75 m. If the collar is
released from rest at A, determine its acceleration and normal force of the rod on the collar at the instant y = 1 m.

+
→  Fx = max ; − NC + Fs cos  = 0
+   Fy = ma y ; 19.62 − Fs sin  = 2a
s = CB − AB = 3( y 2 + (0.75) 2 − 0.75)
Fs = ks = 3( y 2 + (0.75) 2 − 0.75)
For y = 1 m, θ = 53.1 and Fs = 1.50 N. Therefore, NC = 0.900 N and a = 9.21 m/s2

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