Forced Oscillations Forced Oscillations — When a body capable of oscillatior is subjected to an external periodic force, it begins to oscillate under the action of the applied force. In the beginning, the body tries to oscillate with its natural frequency, while the external force tries to impose its own frequency upon the body. Thus there is a sort of tussel between the driver (external force) and the driven (body) during which the amplitude of oscillation rises and falls irregularly a number of times, This is ‘transient effect? which soon dies away. Finally, the body yields to the external force and oscillates with constant amplitude and phase, and with the frequency of the force. Its oscillations are then called “forced oscillations”. The oscillating body is called “driven harmonic oscillator’’ and the external force is called “driving force’”. Equation of Forced Oscillations — . Let us consider a system oscillating about an equilibrium position under an external periodic force, Let x be its displacement from the equilibrium position at an instant during the oscillation, Its instantancous velocity is dx/dt. The forces acting upon the system at this instant are ; (i) A restoring force proportional to the displacement but acting in the opposite direction. This may be written as —kx, where k is the force-constant, (ii) A frictional force proportional to the velocity but acting in the opposite direction. This may be written as dx TT:where b is a positive constant. (iii) An external periodic force represented by Fy sin pt, where F, is the maximum value of this force and p is its angular frequency. Thus the total force F acting upon the system is dx . Fa—kx—b +h sin pt. By Newton’s second law this must be equal to the Product of the mass m of the system and the instantaneous acceleration ©: That is —kx— +R sin pt= moe ax bde ,k or ae aa te oe, sin pt. Putting mt =o? and fag , we get z 2 it asl ee ox op F te x=f, sin pt, (i) This is the differential equation of motion of the forced harmonic oscillator. Let us try the following equation as a solution of eq. (i) : x=A sin (pt—6), +) where A and @ are arbitrary constants. Differentiating eq. (ii) twice with respect to f, we get dx Zz =pA cos (pt—6) and dx Sa -— PA sin (Bt-8)-Substituting the values of x, a qa _p? Asin ( pt—0)+2rpA cos (pt—6) + u* A sin (pt—6) =fe sin {i pt -6) +9 or A (w— p?) sin (pt—6)+2rpA cos (pt—8) = fy sin (pt—0) cos 6 + fo cos ( pt—6) sin 6, If this equation is to be satisfied for all values of ¢, then the coeffi. cients of sin (pt—6) and cos (pf—@) on the two sides must be equal. Equating them, we obtain 4x and FF in eq (i), we get A (ut — pt) = fo 008 8 ---(ili and WUpA= fy sin 0. ---(iv) Squaring and adding ¢q. (iii) and (iv), we get Ae py a= Se B fh = 4= ep 0) Dividing eq. (iv) by eq, (iii), we get tan 0= 5 2. (Wi) Substituting the value of 4 from eq. (v) in eq. (ii), we get Poe fee ete ee aise eee = eel eg ee — sil ii = epee tO | where 6 is given by eq. (vi). This is the solution of the differential equation of the forced harmonic oscillator. There arises three cases: (i) At very low driving frequency (p << w), we have fo. Fim he Aes kp which shows that the amplitude depends only on the force-constant. It is independent of the mass, of the damping and of the driving frequency. (ii) At very high driving frequency (p >> w) , we have which shows that the amplitude, which now depends upon the mass, continsoray decreases as the driving frequency p is further increased.iy At driving frequencies comparable with the natural frequency, mplitude is maximum for a particular fre juency, The pheno- a nol amplitude becoming a maximum is known as “amplitude mernance”y and the particular driving frequency is known as the i remnant frequency” : Now the amplitude will be a maximum when denominator o—p')2-+4 ript] in eq. (v) isa minimum, This will be so when vl fee differential coefficient is zero fe. when its Gy Uo p44 rt 0 o 2 (wtp) (—2p)-44r# 2p) =0 ot --ptade or pay (wor). vs (Vili; Thus the amplitude of forced oscillations is maximum wher the frequency p/2 of the impressed force is If, however, the damping is small (r is small), the resonant frequency is very nearly equal to the natural frequency w/2r. In the ideal case (r=0), ¢q. (viii) becomes Pe=@, i.e. the amplitude resonance occurs when the frequency of the impressed force coincides with the natural frequency of the oscill- ator. This is the condition of resonance in the absence of damping. Maximum Amplitude-- Substituting the condition of maximum amplitude, p=4/(w*—2r*) in eq. (v), we get So (ix) Amae= oF TTDdamping ', In the ideal ntrols the This shows that the maximum amplitude depends upon smaller the damping, larger the maximum amplitude. case ir=0), Amey 00, Thus we see that damping co! Tesponse at resonance, In case of small damping, r* can be neglected in eq. (ix). fo Then Anos £ ot Sac (is peo for small 7] fi =0) i i : ey (p=0) is equal to the quality factor of the system, Amas 2 et a [for 4, put p=0 in eq, (y)) o =o ser. Thus the amplitude ii A small damping. tude is amplified by a factor of Q at resonance at In Fig.3, the amplitude of forced oscillation, A, has been plotted against the ratio p/w for various dampings. For very low driving frequency, p, the amplitude is nearly same for all values of damping. As p increases, the amplitude increases and becomes maximum at a certain value of p, which depends on damping. Curve (a) shows the amplitude when r=0, that is, when there is no damping. In this case the amplitude becomes infinite at p=w. Curves (b), (c) and (d) show that as damping (r) increases, the peak of the curve moves towards the left i.e, the value of p for which the amplitude isa maximum decreases. Further, as damping @ increases, the peak moves downwards i.e. the maximum amplitude of the forced oscillation is lowered.(Fig. 3) Asp further increases, the amplitude it towards zero whatever be Medsigee ae va eee (db) Sharpness of Resonance—The amplitude of forced oscill- ations is a maximum when the frequency of the applied farce has a value which satisfies the condition of resonance, As soon as the frequency changes from this value, the amplitude falls. When the fall in amplitude for a small departure of the frequency from the resonant value is considerable, the resonance is said to be “sharp”. If, on the other hand, the fall js small, the resonance is said to be “flat”.Half Band-Width—Mathematically, the change in frequency from the resonant value for which the amplitude falls to half its maximum value at resonance is known as resonance ‘half band-width? and is a measure of sharpness of resonance. Thus half band-width, Ap = pPe~pr» where p, is the resonant frequency and p;, is the frequency at which the amplitude is } Amay. Now, the amplitude of forced oscillations is Spied shai VU(@*=p?)*-+4r%p?] ? where w is the natural frequency of the oscillator and r is damping factor. This may be written as Aa entis Nor iho hu V(r =O “paar a] But w*—2r?=p,?, where p, is resonant frequency. A we ee st v [(pe? = p?)?+ 40%? ars] Now, when p=p,y, we have A=Amex (at resonance), and when P=Pn, we have A=} Amaz. Making these substitutions in the last expression, we get dnw= Satis Vitor ay and 2 (Helen Paty + dot ar *From these two equations, we get 4 (4%? 454) = (p_?—p,2)2-+4eo%®— 44 (Pe? — px®)®= 16 w*r®— 16r4— 472+ 4rt =12w*r?— 12r4, For small damping, the term containing r‘ may be ignored. (De? —pi2)*= 127? Further, for small damping, we may put w'=p,', so that (pe? —pi?)9= 1 2p, 12 Pe pw=+V3 2px r) PP=PPFY3(2Pe 1) ot QV3r =o (15 = Me or a= (1F tvs) aap, (1 a ) a AP=Pe~pr= Vr. This shows that the half band-width depends upon the dam h (sharpness of Tesonance) the halt band-widthe eng (r). Smaller the damping, smaller jz hat is, sharper is the resonance, or or HenceThe frequency difference w,—w, is called the ‘band-width’. Now Pe mferp? or (@t —p?)?-4 4r 3p 2 and Pay (maximum) = mt Therefore, Psy= + P,, (maximum) whenmf2rp rE 1 mf? (@8 =p)? 4r3p? 2 4r or wore = 8r’p? or (w® mh _ a ot age 27, or wo-p=t ee :. If w, >a, , then 2rp ap = wtp 2rp and “P= — ofp Subtracting, we get 4rp DW, —- = otp __4r 41 P e2r [taking w/p—1 approx.) a 7 LY, tans (- x) is the relaxation time, This is the expression for the band-width. The quality factor for the oscillator is therefore =~ oO | (Savener at resonance’ band-width ) Oy — Oy, w mb om ey 2r