OCR

A-LEVEL
BIOLOGY
Genetics, Evolution and Ecosystems
Cloning and Biotechnology 1

Time allowed
79 minutes

MARK SCHEME

Score Percentage

/66 %
4.1 | CELL BIOLOGY | QUESTION PAPER 1 1
 Question Expected Answer Mark Additional Guidance
1 (a) (i) IGNORE explanations
ACCEPT ‘the population grows’ or ‘it grows’
(rather than increase)
DO NOT CREDIT ‘yeast grow(s)’

1 lag phase / slow increase 1 ACCEPT days 0 - 0.9

(in , population / number / percentage) , ACCEPT lasts 1 day
at start / initially / day 0 - 1 / during day 1 ;

2 log phase / exponential increase / rapid increase ,

day 1 - 3 ; 2 ACCEPT days 0.9 - 3.5

3 rate of increase , slows / less steep ,

days 3 - 4 / during day 3 ; 3 ACCEPT days 3.3 - 3.6

4 stationary phase / population levels off /

population stays at 100% ,
at end / finally / remaining days / days 4 - 6 ; 4 ACCEPT after day 3.5 - 4

5 comparative figures quoted with 2 x-y readings ; 5 Each unit must be quoted at least once

Time Yeast
(days) (% final population)
0 24
1 32
3 90
3.5 - 6 100

Take care to distinguish between an increase in

percentage (by either quoting the figures for the
days or by calculating the difference) and a
4 max percentage increase.
 Question Expected Answer Mark Additional Guidance
1 (a) (ii) CREDIT glucose / maltose / maltotriose for ‘sugar’

1 sugar converted to ethanol ;

2 in anaerobic respiration ; 2 IGNORE fermentation

3 sugar , undergoes glycolysis / converted to pyruvate ;

4 pyruvate , loses carbon dioxide / decarboxylated /
forms ethanal ;

5 reduced NAD giving hydrogen to ethanal ; 5 CREDIT NADH2 / NADH (+H+) / red NAD
6 idea of NAD being , regenerated / recycled , (so)
glycolysis continues ;

7 correct ref to ,
pyruvate decarboxylase / ethanol dehydrogenase ;
3 max
1 (a) (iii) ethanol is IGNORE ref to ethanol not being a secondary product
produced in , all yeast growth phases / all of the time CREDIT 'produced during normal growth'
or
production of ethanol increases as yeast population increases CREDIT follows growth curve for yeast
or
idea that ethanol is a normal (metabolic waste) product IGNORE waste unqualified
(of yeast) ;
1

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 Question Expected Answer Mark Additional Guidance
1 (a) (iv) 1 sugar concentration falls too low ; 1 ACCEPT very low sugar concentration /
sugar concentration decreases as used up

2 pH falls too low / conditions become too acidic / 2 ACCEPT very low pH / very acidic
decrease in pH causes enzymes to denature ; DO NOT CREDIT 'falls and rises'

3 high ethanol concentration , 3 ACCEPT high ethanol concentration kills yeast

damages / poisons / inhibits , yeast ;
2 max
1 (b) ACCEPT ‘monosaccharide’ for glucose and
‘disaccharide’ for maltose and
‘trisaccharide’ for maltotriose throughout

1 glucose can , be used / enters glycolysis , 1 IGNORE ref to glucose being used first / at start
directly / without being broken down (first) ; / immediately (as stated in Q)

2 maltose, must , be hydrolysed / have glycosidic bonds

broken ;
3 enzyme / maltase , only made when ,
needed / maltose present / glucose running out ;

4 enzyme induced / gene(s) switched on ;

5 transcription and translation / protein synthesis ,

takes time ;

6 maltotriose requires, more (2) hydrolysis (reactions) /

breaking of more (2) glycosidic bonds
or
enzyme to break down maltotriose made last ;
3 max
 Question Expected Answer Mark Additional Guidance
1 (c) CREDIT statements relating to yeast method only
IGNORE statements relating to chemical method
IGNORE ref to cost
advantages of using yeast
A1 less energy required ;
A2 does not need , A2 ACCEPT works well at low ,
o temperatures / pressures
high temperature / 300 C / high pressure ;
A3 can use waste material (as a substrate) ; A3 CREDIT example e.g. sugar cane waste
A4 substrate is , sustainable / grown each year ;
A5 process does not use up , oil reserves / fossil fuels ;
A6 product is carbon neutral / no carbon footprint ; A6 IGNORE ref to global warming / greenhouse
A7 AVP ; gases
A7 e.g. yeast is readily available / easily accessible /
yeast is in plentiful supply /
yeast has simple growth requirements /
process is less hazardous
disadvantages of using yeast
D1 time consuming / takes several days ; D1 ACCEPT slower rate of reaction
D2 needs , downstream processing / purification of product ; D2 ACCEPT need to separate ethanol from yeast
D3 is killed by product ; D3 ACCEPT is inhibited by product
D4 can (only) use batch method ;
D5 aseptic / sterile , conditions required ; D5 ACCEPT more likely to become contaminated
D6 AVP ; D6 e.g. concentration of ethanol produced is limited
5 max
QWC ; 1 Award if
2 A marks and 2 D marks have been awarded

Place a tick or a cross alongside the pencil icon to

indicate whether or not the QWC mark has been
awarded.
Total 19

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 Question Answer Marks Guidance
2 (a) reduce / slow, flow rate ; 2 ACCEPT close tap for a time period
repeat process / run milk through again ;
test for (named) sugars in milk ; CREDIT glucose, galactose, lactose, Benedict’s test
(b) (i) any two from 2 Mark as prose.
IGNORE ref to cross-linking agents

hydrophobic / ionic bond, to (named), solid / support ; ACCEPT ‘insoluble material for solid.
Suitable solids = clay, carbon, resin, glass, gold,
ceramic beads.
CREDIT adsorption (but not absorption)
CREDIT carrier bound.

covalent bond / cross-link to, (named) substance; CREDIT cross-link them together.
Suitable substances = other enzymes, collagen, cellulose.

membrane separation ; ACCEPT microcapsules

(en)trap / encapsulate / suspend, in (named), matrix ; Suitable matrix materials = collagen, cellulose, silica gel,
hydrogel, but DO NOT CREDIT entangled / alginate
(ii) 1 (enzyme) can be re-used so reduces cost ; 4

2 product, pure(r) / uncontaminated ; 2 ACCEPT product not mixed with enzyme

3 reduced downstream processing costs ; 3 ACCEPT save money on purifying product

4 (immobilised enzyme) works at high(er) temperature ; 4 CREDIT enzymes not denaturing at increased
temperature
CREDIT immobilised enzymes thermostable

5 (immobilised enzyme) works in changed pH ; 5 CREDIT enzymes not denaturing in changed pHs

6 reaction, can be faster / have higher yield , 6 This explanation scores mp 4 and mp 6 (unless mp 4
because can be done at higher temperature ; already awarded).
Total 8

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 Question
uest Answer Marks Guidance
3 (a) 3 Mark the first answer on each prompt line. If the answer is
correct and an additional answer is given that is incorrect or
contradicts the correct answer then = 0 marks
P lag ;
Q log(arithmic) / exponential ;
R stationary ; IGNORE plateau

(b) (molecule made in or needed for cell’s normal) 2

survival / function / growth / development / reproduction ; IGNORE metabolism (as stated in Q) / phase

named example ; e.g. glucose / sucrose / (named) amino acid / CO2 / ethanol /
(named) nucleotide / named named respiratory
intermediate / (named) protein / (named) enzyme
DO NOT CREDIT antibiotics

(c) (i) 1 Mark the first answer. If the answer is correct and an
additional answer is given that is incorrect or contradicts the
correct answer then = 0 marks

Q; ACCEPT log / exponential

(c) (ii) 1 Mark the first answer. If the answer is correct and an
additional answer is given that is incorrect or contradicts the
correct answer then = 0 marks

R; ACCEPT stationary

(c) (iii) 1 Mark the first answer. If the answer is correct and an
additional answer is given that is incorrect or contradicts the
correct answer then = 0 marks

R/S; ACCEPT stationary / decline / death (phase)

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 Question
uest Answer Marks Guidance
3 (d) (i) 4 Mark the first suggestion on each prompt line. If the
answer is correct and an additional answer is given that is
factor (F) change needed (C)
incorrect or contradicts the correct answer then = 0 marks
increase it / more / high C CREDI idea of paddles distributing the available
oxygen ; oxygen more evenly
or
stir / sparging ; C ACCEPT continuous, adding / supply, of oxygen
IGNORE aeration as named F but ACCEPT for C
increase it / more / high C CREDIT idea of paddles distributing the available
(named) nutrients more evenly
or
nutrient ; C ACCEPT continuous, adding / supply, of nutrients
stir ;
IGNORE food as named F but ACCEPT for C
maintain at / control at /
change to , optimum
or C ACCEPT ‘suitable’ for ‘optimum’ temperature
temperature ;
cool ACCEPT prevent overheating / enzymes denaturing
or
ref. to using water jacket ;
maintain at / control at /
change to, optimum C ACCEPT ‘suitable’ for ‘optimum’ pH
pH ;
or ACCEPT prevent enzymes denaturing
add, buffer / acid / alkali ;
(waste)
harvest / remove / C CREDIT reduce pressure (for waste gases)
product / gas /
waste gas vent ;
CO2 ;
other /
unwanted / F CREDIT named microbes e.g. bacteria / fungi /
harmful / prevent entry / asepsis ; pathogens
competing , C CREDIT idea of use of filters or aseptic techniques
microbes ;

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 Question
uest Answer Marks Guidance
3 (d) (ii) 3 ACCEPT reverse reasoning throughout e.g. 1 in gene
therapy , the person’s cells are altered / a functional allele is
introduced.

1 (child’s) cells / DNA / genes / alleles , 1 DO NOT ACCEPT gene replacement

not changed ; ACCEPT genotype

2 vector not used (in child) ; 2 CREDIT named vector

3 child / cells , not producing , HGH / hormone ; 3 CREDIT (the) protein / polypeptide

4 HGH / drug / injection ,

has to be given repeatedly /
is a short term solution / not a cure ;

Total 15

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Question
uest Answer Marks Guidance
4 (a) 4 Mark the first answer on each prompt line. If the answer is
correct and an additional answer is given that is incorrect or
contradicts the correct answer then = 0 marks
C;
D;
B;
A;

4 (b) 5 Mark the first answer in each box. If the answer is correct
and an additional answer is given that is incorrect or
goal contradicts the correct answer then = 0 marks

D ;
A ;
B ;
C ;
E ;

Total 9

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 Question
uest Answer Mark
ark Guid
5 (a) DNA (combined) from (two) , sources / organisms ; 1 ACCEPT DNA, contains / has inserted in it, DNA or
gene from, other / another, organism / species
ACCEPT foreign for idea of other source

(b) 4 FA in each box

DO NOT CREDIT microinjection / electroporation /

gene gun (as they are not vectors)

application of genetic
vector
modification
BAC /
YAC /
goats making spider
virus / ;
silk protein
liposome

somatic gene therapy virus /

for a recessive human liposome ;
genetic disorder

plants that express a Agrobacterium tumefaciens/ IGNORE tumour forming bacterium

bacterial toxin that kills (Ti) plasmid / ;
insects feeding on them liposome

bacteria that produce a

BAC /
human protein for ;
(bacterio)phage /
therapeutic use
plasmid
 Question
uest Answer Mark
ark Guid
5 (c) 1 somatic / adult, cell / nucleus ; max 5 1 ACCEPT differentiated or body cell or example, e.g.
skin cell, udder cell

2 fused with / injected into ; 2 ACCEPT inserted / placed. If term use is

“electrofused” gets mp 2 and mp 5
3 empty / enucleate , egg cell ;

4 from another goat ; 4 ACCEPT named (A, B) or numbered goats

5 idea of electric shock / electrostimulation ; 5 “electrofused” gets mp 2 and mp 5

6 this cell or embryo, grown on , in vitro / in tied oviduct ; 6 ACCEPT in petri dish / test tube culture

7 (early) embryo / blastocyst , split ; 7 ACCEPT description of an embryo being split, even
if produced by wrong method (IVF)

8 idea that embryos replaced in , surrogate mothers / 8 IGNORE host mothers

other females ;
9 e.g. further detail of any stage of process
9 AVP ; correct ref. to haploid / diploid , nuclei

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 Question
uest Answer Mark
ark Guid
5 (d) 5 max IGNORE disadvantages of breeding given in the first
(advantages of cloning) section, i.e. DO NOT CREDIT
reverse arguments
advantages
A1 all offspring will inherit the, (silk) gene / foreign DNA ;

A2 all offspring female ;

A3 certain / all make , silk / milk / product ;

A4 faster / many obtained in a short time ;

A5 avoid mating risks ; A5 ACCEPT idea of physical damage or disease

transfer
max 3 advantages
IGNORE advantages of breeding given in the second
(disadvantages of cloning) section, i.e. DO NOT
CREDIT reverse arguments
disadvantages
D1 ACCEPT they are all genetically identical
D1 no genetic variability (in population) / AW ;
D2 IGNORE disease if stated to be genetic
D2 (so makes goats) more susceptible to, environmental
factors / (infectious) disease ;

D3 cloned animals may, have shorter life spans / be less

healthy ;

D4 idea that cloning success rate is very poor ;

D5 (more) expensive / needs (more) technology / (more)

labour intensive ;
max 3 disadvantages

Total 15

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