Electric Circuits II: (ELCT 401)
Instructor: Dr. Walid Omran
Dr. Wassim Alexan
Lecture 7: Operational Amplifiers Applications
Objective
• To discuss the mathematical operations that can be achieved
using Op-Amp circuits
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Outlines
• Inverting Amplifier
• Non-Inverting Amplifier
• Summing Amplifier
• Difference Amplifier
• Voltage Follower
• Integrator
• Differentiator
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Ideal Op-Amp
• To facilitate the understanding of op-amp circuits, we will assume
ideal op-amps
• An op-amp is ideal if it has the following characteristics:
1. Infinite open-loop gain, 𝐴 ≈ ∞ 𝑣𝑛
2. Infinite input resistance, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 ≈ ∞
3. Zero output resistance, 𝑅𝑜 ≈ 0 𝑣𝑝
• Important relations:
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = 0 𝑣𝑑 ≈ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 0 → 𝑣1 = 𝑣2
We also call 𝑣1 as 𝑣𝑛 and 𝑣2 as 𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝 4
Inverting Amplifier
• We know that 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 0
• Nodal analysis at node 1:
𝑣𝑛 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑛 − 𝑣𝑜
+ +0=0
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝑓
=−
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
Negative sign signifies that
it is an inverting amplifier
𝑅𝑓
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣𝑖 → 𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑣𝑖
𝑅1
−𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝑣𝑜 ≤ +𝑉𝑐𝑐
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Non-Inverting Amplifier
A noninverting amplifier is an op amp circuit designed to provide a
positive voltage gain.
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Summing Amplifier
A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines several inputs
and produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.
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Example
Calculate vo and io
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Difference Amplifier
A difference amplifier is a device that amplifies the difference between
two inputs but rejects any signals common to the two inputs.
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Difference Amplifier
A difference amplifier must reject signals common to the two inputs.
Thus, vo = 0 when v1 = v2 . This can be achieved if:
If R2 = R1 and R3 = R4, the difference amplifier becomes a subtractor,
with the output:
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Example
Show that:
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Example
Design the shown op amp circuit with inputs v1 and v2 such that the
output is given by:
vo = -5v1 + 3v2
(Choose R1 = 10 kΩ, R3 = 20 kΩ)
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𝑣𝑝
Voltage Follower
𝑣𝑛
• Since no current is going into the positive input terminal of the op-
amp, then we have 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝
• We also know that for an ideal op-amp, 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝
• From the circuit, it is clear that 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜
• Thus, we have 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜
• Which means that 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜
What is the point of designing a circuit where the
output voltage is equal to the input voltage? 13
𝑅𝑖𝑛
Voltage Follower
𝐴
+
𝑣𝑠 𝑖 𝑣𝑜
−
𝐵
• Consider having a battery that provides 12 𝑉
• In fact, such a voltage source has its own internal resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 ,
which we tend to ignore!
• By considering the output voltage, it should be the same as the input
12 𝑉 → This would be correct if the circuit is indeed open
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Voltage Follower 𝑅𝑖𝑛
Having the op-amp in the configuration of a
voltage follower allows 𝑣𝑜 to be maintained 𝑣𝑠 𝑖 𝑅𝐿
equal to 𝑣𝑠 no matter what!
• But if you are using the 12 𝑉 battery to supply a circuit and you are
adding a resistance 𝑅𝐿 , the situation is different
• Now, the internal resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 will play an important role
• The current 𝑖 in the circuit will circulate, and go through both resistances
• It will result in a voltage drop across each of them
• Thus, the output voltage that you will be receive at 𝑅𝐿 will be less
than 𝑣𝑠 = 12 𝑉
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The Integrator
An integrator is an op amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
Integral of the input signal.
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The Differentiator
A differentiator is an Op-Amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
rate of change of the input signal.
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