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1-Introduction To Basic Pathology

The document provides an introduction to basic pathology including the study of microscopic tissue and cellular changes of disease. It discusses key concepts like cells, tissues, organs and systems. It also describes different pathological lesions and how to describe pathological features both grossly and microscopically.

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samar
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23 views

1-Introduction To Basic Pathology

The document provides an introduction to basic pathology including the study of microscopic tissue and cellular changes of disease. It discusses key concepts like cells, tissues, organs and systems. It also describes different pathological lesions and how to describe pathological features both grossly and microscopically.

Uploaded by

samar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to basic pathology

Dr. Samar Fawzy


 Histopathology: study of the
microscopic tissue changes of a disease.
 Cytopathology: study of the
microscopic cellular changes of a disease.
Importance
 Bridge between basic science (diagnostic
information) and clinical medicine
(treatment)
 Cell: the smallest unit of a
living body.
 Tissue: mass of similar cells
arranged to make up a part of
an organ and perform a
specific function.
 Each tissues consists of cells
and extracellular matrices.
 Organ: is made up of different
tissues (heart).
 Organs of the body are
composed of varying
proportions of the four
tissues.
 System: group of organs having
similar or related function.
Types of tissues:
1. Epithelial tissues (covering surfaces)
2. Muscular tissues (voluntary or
involuntary)
3. Nervous tissues (central or peripheral)
4. Connective tissues (fill in-between
tissues)
Histopathology specimen is obtained from:
1. Biopsy: during life (surgery – endoscopy).
2. Autopsy: after death.
3. Cytology: from (body fluids – fine needle).
Different pathological lesions:
1. Congenital lesions (birth defects): present before
or at birth (genetic or during development).
2. Inflammatory lesions: reaction to injury
 Acute (suppurative or non suppurative)
 Chronic
3. Neoplastic lesions (tumor): abnormal overgrowth
 Benign
 Malignant (carcinoma – sarcoma)
How describe pathological lesion?
Morphology includes gross and microscopic
features.
1. Gross pathology: by naked eye
 Size and weight
 Ulcer (loss of the surface covering)
 Nodule (small, rounded, irregular, distinct
lump)
 Cavity (space filled with a content and
separated from the surroundings by a
wall)
2. Microscopic pathology: by microscope
Types of microscopes
1. Light microscopy: use visible light as a source
of illumination, examine tissue after staining
(H&E) or special stain.
2. Fluorescent microscopy: use laser as a source
of illumination, examine tissue stained by
fluorescent dyes.
3. Polarized light microscopy: use polarized light
as a source of illumination, examine
birefringent (doubly-refracting) anisotropic
substances.
4. Electron microscopy: use electron beam as a
source of illumination, examine cellular
organelles with a magnification up to
x500000, use glutaraldehyde in fixation.
Parts of light microscope:
1. Optical system
 Ocular lens (eyepieces): topmost element, binocular
head
 10x
 4 Objective lens (attached to nosepiece)
 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x (oil)
2. Movable specimen support
 Stage with knob
 Stand:
 Base (lamp)
 Arm (connect base to binocular head) and has
fine and course focus
3. Illumination system
 Condenser lens with its diaphragm (just below the
stage)
 Lamp
Setting of condenser diaphragm for optimum resolution
 Condenser is used in its highest position.
 Work with the scanning (4x) and low-power (10x)
the condenser diaphragm should be wide open.
 Work with the high-dry (40x) and oil-immersion
objectives (100x), the condenser diaphragm should
be closed slowly.
 Final magnification = ocular magnification  objective
magnification.
 Diaphragm should be adjusted for each magnification.

Cleaning of objective lens


 When finished using oil-immersion objective, it must
be cleaned with lens paper or alcohol.

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