Logics

Nguyen An Khuong et.

al.

Chapter 1
Logics Contents

Propositional Logic

Discrete Structures for Computer Science (CO1007) on Ngày References

6 tháng 1 năm 2023

Nguyen An Khuong et. al.

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Technology, VNU-HCM
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 Logics
Contents
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Contents

Propositional Logic

References

1 Propositional Logic

2 References

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 Logics
Logic
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Definition (Averroes)
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The tool for distinguishing between the true and the false. Propositional Logic

References

Definition (Penguin Encyclopedia)

The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference
and correct reasoning.

Definition (Discrete Mathematics - Rosen)

Rules of logic are used to distinguish between valid and invalid
mathematical arguments.

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 Logics
Applications in Computer Science
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Propositional Logic

• Design of computer circuits References

• Construction of computer programs

• Verification of the correctness of programs
• Constructing proofs automatically
• Artificial intelligence
• Many more...

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Propositional Logic
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Definition Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, References

but not both.

Examples

• Hanoi is the capital of Viet Nam.

• New York City is the capital of USA.
• 1+1=2
• 2+2=3

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Examples
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Examples (Which of these are propositions?)
Propositional Logic

• How easy is logic! References

• Read this carefully.

• H1 building is in Ho Chi Minh City.
• 4>2
• 2n ≥ 100
• The sun circles the earth.
• Today is Thursday.
• Proposition only when the time is specified

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Notations
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Propositional Logic

References

• Propositions are denoted by p, q, . . .

• The truth value (”chân trị”) is true (T) or false (F)

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Operators
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Propositional Logic
Negation - ”Phủ định”: ¬p References

Bảng: Truth Table for Negation

p ¬p
T F
F T

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Operators
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Conjunction - ”Hội”: p ∧ q Disjunction - ”Tuyển”: p ∨ q
Propositional Logic
“p and q” “p or q” References

p q p∧q p q p∨q
T T T T T T
T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

I’m teaching DM1 and it is We need students who have

raining today. experience in Java or C++.
Tomorrow, I will eat Pho or Bun
bo.

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Operators
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Exclusive OR - Tuyển loại tru: Implication - Kéo theo: p → q Propositional Logic

References
p⊕q “if p, then q”
“p or q (but not both)”
p q p→q
p q p⊕q T T T
T T F T F F
T F T F T T
F T T F F T
F F F
If it rains, the pavement will be
wet.

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More Expressions for Implication p → q
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• if p, then q Propositional Logic

• p implies q References

• p is sufficient for q
• q if p
• p only if q
• q unless ¬p
• If you get 100% on the final, you will get 10 grade.
• If you feel asleep this afternoon, then 2 + 3 = 5.

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 Logics
Conditional Statements From p → q
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Propositional Logic

References

• q → p (converse - đảo)
• ¬q → ¬p (contrapositive - phản đảo)
• Prove that only contrapositive have the same truth table with
p→q

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 Logics

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Exercise
Propositional Logic
What are the converse and contrapositive of the following References
conditional statement
“If he plays online games too much, his girlfriend leaves him.”

• Converse: If his girlfriend leaves him, then he plays online

games too much.
• Contrapositive: If his girlfriend does not leave him, then he
does not play online games too much.

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Biconditionals
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p↔q
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“p if and only if q” Propositional Logic

References

p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

• “p is necessary and sufficient for q”.

• “if p then q, and conversely”.
• “p iff q”.

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Translating Natural Sentences
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Propositional Logic
Exercise
References
I will buy a new phone only if I have enough money to buy iPhone
4 or my phone is not working.

• p: I will buy a new phone

• q: I have enough money to buy iPhone 4
• r: My phone is working

• p → (q ∨ ¬r)

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Translating Natural Sentences
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Propositional Logic

References

Exercise
He will not run the red light if he sees the police unless he is too
risky.

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Construct Truth Table
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Exercise
Propositional Logic
Construct the truth table of the compound proposition References
(p ∨ ¬q) → (p ∧ q).

p q ¬q p ∨ ¬q p∧q (p ∨ ¬q) → (p ∧ q)
T T F T T T
T F T T F F
F T F F F T
F F T T F F

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 Logics
Applications
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Propositional Logic

References
• System specifications
• “When a user clicked on Help button, a pop-up will be shown
up”
• Boolean search
• type “dai hoc bach khoa” in Google
• means “dai AND hoc AND bach AND khoa”

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Applications (cont.)
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Propositional Logic
• Logic puzzles References

• There are two kinds of inhabitants on an island, knights, who

always tell the truth, and their opposites, knaves, who always
lie. You encounter two people A and B. What are A and B if
A says “B is a knight” and B says ”The two of us are
opposite types”?
• Bit operations
• 101010011 is a bit string of length nine.

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 Logics
Tautology and Contradiction
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Definition Contents

Propositional Logic
A compound proposition that is always true (false) is called a
References
tautology (contradiction).
• Tautology: hằng đúng
• Contradiction: hằng sai

Example

• p ∨ ¬p (tautology)
• p ∧ ¬p (contradiction)

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 Logics
Logical Equivalences
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Propositional Logic

References
Definition
The compound compositions ϕ and ψ are called logically
equivalent if ϕ ↔ ψ is a tautology, denoted ϕ ≡ ψ.

Example
Show that ¬(p ∨ q) and ¬p ∧ ¬q are logically equivalent.

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Logical Equivalences
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p∧T ≡ p Identity laws Propositional Logic

References
p∨F ≡ p Luật đồng nhất
p∨T ≡ T Domination laws
p∧F ≡ F Luật nuốt
p∨p ≡ p Idempotent laws
p∧p ≡ p Luật lũy đẳng
¬(¬p) ≡ p Double negation law
Luât phủ định kép

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Logical Equivalences
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p∨q ≡ q∨p Commutative laws Contents

Propositional Logic
p∧q ≡ q∧p Luật giao hoán
References

(p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r) Associative laws
(p ∧ q) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r) Luật kết hợp
p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) Distributive laws
p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) Luật phân phối
¬(p ∧ q) ≡ ¬p ∨ ¬q De Morgan’s law
¬(p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q Luật De Morgan
p ∨ (p ∧ q) ≡ p Absorption laws
p ∧ (p ∨ q) ≡ p Luật hút thu

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Logical Equivalences
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Propositional Logic
Equivalence References

p ∨ ¬p ≡ T
p ∧ ¬p ≡ F
(p → q) ∧ (p → r) ≡ p → (q ∧ r)
(p → r) ∧ (q → r) ≡ (p ∨ q) → r
(p → q) ∨ (p → r) ≡ p → (q ∨ r)
(p → r) ∨ (q → r) ≡ (p ∧ q) → r
p↔q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)

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Constructing New Logical Equivalences
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Example
Show that ¬(p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) and ¬p ∧ ¬q are logically equivalent by
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developing a series of logical equivalences. Propositional Logic

References

Solution

¬(p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬(¬p ∧ q) by the second De Morgan law

≡ ¬p ∧ [¬(¬p) ∨ ¬q] by the first De Morgan law

≡ ¬p ∧ (p ∨ ¬q) by the double negation law

≡ (¬p ∧ p) ∨ (¬p ∧ ¬q) by the second distributive law

≡ F ∨ (¬p ∧ ¬q) because ¬p ∧ p ≡ F

≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q by the identity law for F

Consequently, ¬(p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) and ¬p ∧ ¬q are logically equivalent.

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 Logics
References
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Contents

Propositional Logic

References
• Discrete Mathematics and its Applications (8th Edition) by
Ken Rosen: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
• Mathematics for Computer Science by Eric Lehman, F.
Thomson Leighton, and Albert R. Meyer: Sections 1.1, 1.2,
3.1, 3.4, 3.5
• Discrete Mathematics with Ducks by Sarah-Marie Belcastro.

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