Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

PROGRAM : BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS

CODE : CEFCHB1
DATE : SUMMER EXAMINATION
23 NOVEMBER 2019
DURATION : (SESSION 1) 08:30 - 11:30
WEIGHT : 40: 60
TOTAL MARKS : 92

EXAMINER(S) : MR IM RAMATSA
MODERATOR : PROF K MOOTHI
NUMBER OF PAGES : 7PAGES

REQUIREMENTS : Use of scientific (non-programmable) calculator is permitted

HINTS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE(S):

 Purpose of assessment is to determine not only if you can write down an answer, but also
to assess whether you understand the concepts, principles and expressions involved. Set
out solutions in a logical and concise manner with justification for the steps followed.
 ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS. Please answer each question to the best of your ability.
 Write your details (module name and code, ID number,student number etc.) on script(s).
 Number each question clearly; questions may be answered in any order.
 Make sure that you read each question carefully before attempting to answer the question.
 Show all steps (and units) in calculations; this is a ‘closed book’ test.
 Ensure your responses are legible, clear and include relevant units (where appropriate).

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Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

QUESTION ONE [TOTAL: 20 MARKS]

1.1 Wine making involves a series of very complex reactions most of which are performed by
microorganisms. The starting concentration of sugars determines the final alcohol content and
sweetness of the wine. The specific gravity of the starting stock is therefore adjusted to
achieve desired quality of wine. A starting stock solution has a specific gravity of 1.075 and
contains 12.7 wt% sugar. If all the sugar is assumed to be C12H22O11, Determine

1.1.1 kg sugar/kg H2O (5)

1.1.2 lb solution/ft3 solution (5)
1.1.3 g sugar/L solution (5)

1.2 Covert the following expression to SI units (5)

6(𝑖𝑛)(𝑐𝑚2 )
(𝑦𝑟)(𝑠)(𝑙𝑏𝑚 )(𝑓𝑡 2 )

QUESTION TWO [TOTAL: 20 MARKS]

To make strawberry jam, strawberries containing 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water are
crushed. The crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in a 4/5 mass ratio and the mixture is
heated to evaporate water. The residue contains one-third water by mass. Calculate the
amounts of strawberries needed to make 100 g of jam, and of the evaporated water.

2.1 Draw and label the process flowchart. (5)

2.2 Perform the degree of freedom for this process. (2)
2.3 Calculate the amounts of strawberries, composition of solids in 100 g jam and sugar
needed to make 100 g of jam. (10)
2.4 Calculate the amount of evaporated water. (3)

QUESTION THREE [TOTAL: 27 MARKS]

Contaminated air containing 3% acetone and 2% water is fed to an absorber column as shown
in the Figure below. The mass flow rate of air is 100 kg/h. Pure water is used as an absorbent
to absorb acetone from air. The air leaving the absorber should be free of acetone and contain
0.5% water. The bottom liquid of the absorber is fed to a distillation column to separate
acetone from water. The bottom stream of the distillation column was found to contain 4%
acetone and the balance is water. The vapor from the overhead of the distillation column is
totally condensed and split into two portions, one portion is recycled to the column and the
second fraction forms the distillate product stream. The concentration of the condensate is
found to be 99% acetone. All percentages are in weight percent.

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Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

3.1 Choose a basis (2)

3.2 Perform material balance and calculate mass flowrates m3, m4 and m2 (9)
3.3 Calculate mass flowrate of the distillate and the bottom stream (9)

3.2 It is desired to achieve the same separation with a feed of 1250 kg/h. Scale the flowchart
accordingly. (7)

QUESTION FOUR [TOTAL: 15 MARKS]

A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4 liters of a gas at 30°C and 5 bar. The piston is
slowly moved to compress the gas to 8 bar.

4.1 Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder and neglecting ∆𝐸𝑃 , write and
simplify the closed-system energy balance. Do not assume that the process is isothermal
in this part. (5)
4.2 Suppose now that the process is carried out isothermally, and the compression work done
̂ is a function only of T, how
on the gas equals 7.65 L·bar. If the gas is ideal so that 𝑈
much heat (in joules) is transferred to or from (state which) the surroundings? (Use the
gas-constant table in the appendix to determine the factor needed to convert L.bar to
joules.) (5)
̂increases as T increases. Is the
4.3 Suppose instead that the process is adiabatic and that ∆𝑈
final system temperature greater than, equal to, or less than 30°C? (Briefly state your
reasoning.) (5)

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Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

QUESTION FIVE [TOTAL: 10 MARKS]

The standard heat of reaction for the combustion of liquid n-nonane to form CO2 and liquid
water at 25°C and 1 atm is ∆𝐻̂𝑟𝑜 = -6124 kJ/mol.

5.1 Briefly explain what the given information means. (3)

5.2 Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic at 25°C? (1)
5.3 Would you have to heat or cool the reactor to keep the temperature constant? (2)
5.4 What would the temperature do if the reactor ran adiabatically? (4)

_________________________________________________________________________

END [Total: 92 Marks]

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Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

USEFUL EQUATIONS AND FORMULAE

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑡 𝑢𝐴 𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇; 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
; 𝑣= 𝑚
; 𝑚̇ = 𝑢𝐴𝜌; 𝑛̇ = 𝑣𝑀;𝜌 = 𝑣 −1; 𝑉̇ = 𝑡

t(oC) = T(K) – 273.15; t(oF) = T(R) – 459.67; t(oF) = 1.8t(oC) + 32;

𝐹 𝑚𝑔 𝜌𝑉𝑔 𝐴ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐴 = 𝐴
= 𝐴
= 𝐴 ; 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 (𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑔ℎ) + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑋 −𝑋 𝑋−𝑋1 𝑀1 (𝑋2 −𝑋)+𝑀2 (𝑋−𝑋1 )

Interpolation: 𝑀 = (𝑋 2−𝑋 ) 𝑀1 + (𝑋 ) 𝑀2 OR 𝑀=
2 1 2 −𝑋1 𝑋2 −𝑋1

Double Interpolation:

𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
∆𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 + ∆𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 0; = 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
;
𝑑𝑡
= ∆𝑚 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛

𝑑(𝑚𝑈)𝑐𝑣 1
Energy balance for open systems: = −𝑚̇∆ [𝑈 + 𝑢2 + 𝑔ℎ] + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
𝑑𝑡 2

1
Energy balance for steady-state flow processes: ∆𝑚̇ (𝐻 + 2 𝑢2 + 𝑔ℎ) = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇𝑠

𝑉2
Single Phase:ln = 𝛽(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) − 𝜅(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )
𝑉1

Mechanically reversible closed system processes:

𝑇
Constant V: 𝑄 = 𝑛∆𝑈 = 𝑛 ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
1

𝑇
Constant P: 𝑄 = 𝑛∆𝐻 = 𝑛 ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑛𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇; 𝑊 = −𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1

𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝑃
Constant T: 𝑄 = −𝑊 = 𝑅𝑇1 ln 𝑉2 = −𝑅𝑇1 ln 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln 𝑉2 = −𝑃1 𝑉1 ln 𝑃2
1 1 1 1

𝑅⁄ 𝑅⁄ 𝐶𝑃
𝑇2 𝑉 𝐶 𝑇2 𝑃 𝐶 𝑃2 𝑉1 ⁄𝐶 𝐶
Adiabatic: 𝑇1
= (𝑉1 ) 𝑉 ; 𝑇1
= (𝑃2 ) 𝑃 ; 𝑃1
= (𝑉 ) 𝑉
; 𝛾 = 𝐶𝑃 ;
2 1 2 𝑉

𝛾−1⁄ 𝛾−1⁄
𝑅∆𝑇 𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) 𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃 𝛾 𝑅𝑇1 𝑃 𝛾
Adiabatic: 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 ∆𝑇 = = = = [( 2) − 1] = [( 2) − 1]
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝑃1 𝛾−1 𝑃1

𝑃𝑉 𝐵𝑃 𝐵(𝑇) 𝐶(𝑇)
Virial equation truncated to 2 terms: 𝑍 = 𝑅𝑇
= 1 + 𝑅𝑇 ; truncated to 3 terms:𝑍 = 1 + 𝑉
+ 𝑉2
;

Lee/ Kesler correlation: 𝑍 = 𝑍 𝑜 + 𝜔𝑍1 ;

𝑃𝑟 0.422 0.172
Generalized Pitzer correlation: 𝑍 = 1 + (𝐵0 + 𝜔𝐵1 ) ; 𝐵0 = 0.083 − ; 𝐵1 = 0.139 −
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟1.6 𝑇𝑟4.2

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Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

𝑇 𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑔 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝜏−1 ⟨𝐶𝑃 ⟩𝐻

IG:𝑄 = 𝑛∆𝐻 = 𝑛 ∫𝑇 1 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑛 [𝐴𝑇𝑜 (𝜏 − 1) + 𝑇𝑜2 (𝜏 2 − 1) + 𝑇𝑜3 (𝜏 3 − 1) + ( )] = 𝑛 (𝑇1 −
0 𝑅 2 3 𝑇𝑜 𝜏 𝑅
T
𝑇0 );where,  
T0
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
⟨𝐶𝑃 ⟩𝐻 = 𝑅 [𝐴 + 𝑇𝑜 (𝜏 + 1) + 𝑇𝑜2 (𝜏 2 + 𝜏 + 1) + 2 ]
2 3 𝜏𝑇𝑜

𝑑𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
Clapeyron equation: ∆𝐻 = 𝑇∆𝑉 𝑑𝑇

𝑇 𝑃
General entropy change: ∆𝑆 = 𝐶𝑝 ln 𝑇2 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑃2
1 1

𝑖𝑔 𝑖𝑔
⟨𝐶𝑝 ⟩ ⟨𝑐𝑝 ⟩
∆𝑆 𝑇 𝑃 𝐷 𝜏+1 𝜏−1
Entropy change for IG: 𝑅
= 𝑅
𝑆
ln 𝑇 − ln 𝑃 ; 𝑅
𝑆
= 𝐴 + [𝐵𝑇𝑜 + (𝐶𝑇𝑜2 + 𝜏2 𝑇 2 ) ( 𝜏
)] ( ln 𝜏 )
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜

For residual properties: V R  V  V ig ; H R  H  H ig ; 𝐺 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑇 ln 

0 1 0 1
R P 𝐻𝑅 𝐻𝑅 𝐻𝑅 𝑆𝑅 𝑆𝑅 𝑆𝑅
S R
 S  (S ig
 ln 2 ); 𝑅𝑇𝑐
= (𝑅𝑇 ) + 𝜔 (𝑅𝑇 ) ; 𝑅
= (𝑅) +𝜔(𝑅)
Mr P1 𝑐 𝑐

𝐻𝑅 1.097 0.894 𝑆𝑅 0.675 0.722

= 𝑃𝑟 [(0.083 − )+ 𝜔 (0.139 − )] ; = −𝑃𝑟 [ + 𝜔 ( 5.2 )];
𝑅𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑟1.6 𝑇𝑟4.2 𝑅 𝑇𝑟2.6 𝑇𝑟

(Z  β)
Z  1  β  qβ
(Z  β)(Z  σβ)

X
𝜔 𝑃𝑟
Fugacity and fugacity coefficient:  = (0 )(1 ) ;𝑓 = 𝑃; ln   i ln  i ;𝑙𝑛  =
𝑇𝑟
(𝐵0 + 𝜔𝐵1 )
i

1
Raoult’s law: 𝑦𝑖 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 where 𝑃 = ∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 or 𝑃 = ∑ 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑖 𝑖 ⁄𝑃𝑖
𝑦

1
Modified Raoult’s law: 𝑦𝑖 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 where 𝑃 = ∑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 or 𝑃 = ∑ 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ⁄𝛾𝑖 𝑃𝑖

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Chemical Engineering Fundamentals CEFCHB1: Exam

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