A SEMINAR REPORT ON

SCREEN LESS DISPLAY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
NAME: BAYYAPUNENI LAKSHMI
PRIYANKA REGD.NO: 20NE1A0517

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

APPROVED BY A.I.C.T.E, NEWDELHI, AFFILIATED TO J.N.T.U.KAKINADA

ACCREDITED BY NAAC, ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION

Jonnalagadda(V), Narasaraopet(M), Guntur(Dt), AndhraPradesh

2020-2024
 TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU KAKINADA, Accredited by NAAC& NBA)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “SEMINAR REPORT” submitted by BAYYAPUNENI
LAKSHMI PRIYANKA Regd.no: 20NE1A0517 is work done by her and
submitted during 2023-2024 Academic year, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.

Seminar Guide Head of the Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in making report on Screen Less Display. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and
organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to for their guidance and

constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
topic and also for their support in completing the Seminar.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents and our Principal

and_ (HOD) for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this Seminar.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the report and

people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

B.LAKSHMI PRIYANKA
(20NE1A0517)
 ABSTRACT
This topic discusses about a new computing technology i.e, Screen
less display, has become a good prospect in the near future for a wide range of
applications. As the name implies it deals with the display of several things
without the use of screens using projector. This topic mainly illustrates and
demonstrates how the screen less displays works and its applications in various
fields of science. Using this display, we can directly project images onto the retina
of human, free space and to the brain of human. It does not require high weight
device and it will provide privacy at a high rate.
 INDEX
CONTENTS PAGENO
1. INTRODUCTION (1-5)
1.1 The Basic System 1-2

1.2 History Behind Screenless Display 3

1.3 Technology used in Screenless Display 4-5

2. BACKGROUND (6-11)
2.1 Visual Image 6-8

2.2 Retinal Display 9

2.3 Synaptic Interface 10-11

3. THE WORKING PRINCIPLE (12-13)

3.1 How Vision Works 12

3.2 Additional Hard ware and Software Requirements 13

4. VIRTUAL RETINAL DISPLAY STRUCTURE

AND IMPLEMENTATION (14-19)
4.1 Background of the invention 15
4.2 Working of VRD 16-17
4.3 Potential advantages of VRD 18-19

5. APPLICATION OF THE SCREENLESS DISPLAY (20-21)

6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF THE TECHNOLOGY 22
7. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 23
8. CONCLUSION 24
1. Introduction

Technology is making a huge modification in existing machines or tools in order

to solve problem at higher level and make life comfortable. Screen less display is one of the
most interesting subjects in technologies and research on this is increasing by exponential
scale day by day. It is a system of transferring information/data though an electronic video
source without using screen at all. Few parts of this technology is being used at present but
they are not so advance yet. Screenless display is the present evolving technology in the
field of the computer-enhanced technologies. It is going to be the one of the greatest
technological development in the coming future years. Several patents are still working on
this new emerging technology which can change the whole spectacular view of the
screenless displays. Screen less display technology has the main aim of displaying (or)
transmitting the information without any help of the screen (or) the projector. Screen less
displays have become a new rage of development for the next GEN-X. Screenless videos
describe systems for transmitting visual information from a video source without the use of
the screen.

Well screenless display, AKA hologram, has such amazing potential that my hope is that
the internet can be a medium for collaboration of ideas and information about screenless
display that could help break down the barriers that prevent us from making it a reality.
Essentially screenless display is a projection that can be seen projected onto the air itself.
The only screenless display that has been achieved to my knowledge still uses fog as a
medium to reflect light. Other options have been to use mirrors and plastic film to imitate
the idea, but no one has been able to reflect light off of air itself. Can it be done? It's quite
possible that it can. Light does reflect off of large amounts of air as we see in our
atmosphere but doing it in such a manner that we could pinpoint it to a single area is
immensely difficult. So why not take some time and look over some ideas I have collected
about the possibilities of screenless display and maybe even share some of your own. Check
some of the links below to get a better grasp on the development of the technology.

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1.1 The Basic System

In the past similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused image
directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in the form of large glasses.
The user focused their eyes on the background, where the screen appeared to be floating.
The disadvantage of these systems was the limited area covered by the "screen", the high
weight of the small televisions used to project the display, and the fact that the image would
appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth". Limited brightness
made them useful only in indoor settings as well.
Only recently a number of developments have made a true VRD system practical. In
particular the development of high-brightness LEDs have made the displays bright enough
to be used during the day, and adaptive opticshave allowed systems to dynamically correct
for irregularities in the eye (although this is not always needed). The result is a high-
resolution screenless display with excellent color gamut and brightness, far better than the
best television technologies.
In a conventional display a real image is produced. The real image is either viewed directly
or, as in the case with most head-mounted displays, projected through an optical system and
the resulting virtual image is viewed. The projection moves the virtual image to a distance
that allows the eye to focus comfortably. No real image is ever produced with the VRD.
Rather, an image is formed directly on the retina of the user's eye.

Fig 1:Basic Display

2
1.2 History Behind Screenless Display
Reto Meier, an "Android Developer Advocate for Google" recently laid out a
fairly science-fiction account of where computer (or at least mobile) interfaces are
headed.

In the spirit of the best futurism, all of his predictions from Augmented Reality eye
glasses to advanced batteries have parallels in the real world. What follows is a walk-
through of the future, expressed in terms of the not quite ready for prime time discoveries
coming out of labs today.

Working on the average laptop is like working on a desk that's as big as a sheet of paper.
That's why all our "files" are half an inch high. The key to productivity and immersion is
more, bigger screens hence the proliferation of external monitors, secondary reading
devices and even mobile phones with improbably large screens. So-called "Pico"
projectors (named for their tiny size) already exist there's even an HD version, the
Forever Plus, that's less than an inch on its longest dimension. And there are mobile
phones, such as the Samsung Show, which have built-in picoprojectors SO outside of
market demand (how many of us really need this?) there's nothing to stop this prediction
from coming true.

1.3 Technology used in Screenless Display

1.3.1. Interactive Projection and Visual Display System

The biggest impact in screenless technology has been seen in the use of
optical technology. Whether talking of VRD (virtual retinal display), RSD (retinal
scanning display) or LOE (light-guide optical element), optical technology is being used
by consumer electronic corporations like Apple to the military and even the health care

3
industry. Optical technology enables personal screenless displays by projecting images
and data from computers, DVD players, or VCRs into the viewer's eye, displaying them
in the visual field of the viewer. For instance, Microvision Inc. has created helmet
mounted displays in which an Army tank commander can view the surrounding area
from topside while still viewing a translucent map that floats a couple of feet away.

Fig 2:Interactive Projection

1.3.2. 3D Display Projection Technology

With the large influx of new displays into the market boasting '3D support', we
thought we would produce an article which outlines some of the key technologies being
used, where they differ and how they work. We will look at the two main techniques
being used today, those being active shutter and passive polarization technologies. We
will also discuss the trends in desktop displays from a 3D point of view as well as
looking at the other aspects being developed to support 3D, such as panel technology.

To begin with an explanation, a modern 3D display / monitor is capable of conveying a

stereoscopic perception of 3D depth to the viewer. The basic requirement is to present
offset images that are displayed separately to the left and right eye. Both of these 2D
offset images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of 3D depth.
Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, it is important to note that the presentation
of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in 3 full dimensions.
The most notable difference is that the observer is lacking any freedom of head
movement and freedom to increase information about the 3-dimensional objects being
displayed. Holographic displays do not have this limitation, so the term "3D display" fits

4
accurately for such technology. In modern displays the term 3D is actually an
overstatement of capability and is referring to dual 2D images as being "3D". The
accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D",
which has been entrenched after many decades of unquestioned misuse.It is generally
expected that most consumers have the desire to migrate to 3D systems from 2D. It is
predicted that the 3D market will grow tremendously as soon as the problems in the
existing products are eliminated and the issues on basic infrastructure, such as price
competitiveness and 3D content, will be resolved. It is highly likely that the content
industry will also make a fast transition into 3D in all areas such as TV, film, and game
and have already begun to make this change.

Fig 3: 3D Projection

The Bees Knees

Screenless display is the emerging display technology. In these examples you see
that the user is able to interact with a three dimensional image projected into thin air.
Imagine your desktop floating in the space before your eyes waiting for your interaction.

Fig 4: Bees Knees Display

5
2. BACKGROUND
The first screen-less display that needs mentioning is Google Glass. This
device has been tested for the past year, and some lucky individuals have even got their
devices already. Google Glass sits on the face like a pair of glasses, and on one eye it has
a block of glass that allows you to see augmented reality. Images can be displayed right
in front of your eye, as well as text and information about objects and places that are in
front of you. This technology is only in its early stages, but definitely shows that screen-
less displays will become a natural form of media consumption in the future.

Screenless display technology is likely to affect:

1. Lighting and projection technologies

2. Software development/design

3. Lifestyles of the visually impaired

4. Career opportunities for the visually impaired

Fig 5: Google Glass

Screen less computing systems can be divided mainly into 3 groups:

1. Visual image

2. Retinal direct

3.Synaptic

interface
6
2.1 VISUAL IMAGE
Visual Image screen less display includes any screen less image that the eye can
perceive. The most common example of Visual Image screen less display is a
hologram.Holographic messages, which we previously saw only in movies like Star Wars
are about to become reality through a new technology arrived directly from Japan. It's
True 3D, which is based on okler technology, developed by AIST and Keio University in
2006. This new projection system can be used to present images without the need for a
screen.

The system works by focusing a laser beam that generates a plasma environment from
the oxygen and nitrogen present in air, thus enabling it to display holographic images.
According Ubergizmo.com, the projected holographic images appear as 3D floating
objects in mid-air.

At this point, the system creates approximately 50,000 points per second and features a
frame rate of 10-15 FPS, but Japanese scientists are trying to increase it to 24-30 FPS. So
far, the images are only monochromatic (single color), green, but multi-colored images
but can also be created using lasers emitting at different wavelengths e.g. blue and red.

Fig 6: Visual Display

HOLOGRAM
Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as analternative to screens.
Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they could be stored in various storage devices
(such as holodiscs) the storage device can be hooked up with a holoprojector in order for
the stored image to be accessed

7
 Fig 7: Example for Visual Image

Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of two smallscreens but are nonetheless
sufficiently different from traditional computer screens to be considered screen less) and
heads-up display in jet fighters (which display images on the clear cockpit window) also are
included in Visual Image category. In all of these cases, light is reflected off some
intermediate object (hologram, LCD panel, or cockpit window) before it reaches the retina.
In the case of LCD panels the light is refracted from the back of the panel, but is
nonetheless a reflected source[3]. The new software and hardware will enable the user to, in
effect; make design adjustments in the system tofit his or her particular needs, capabilities,
and preferences. They will enable the system to do such things as adjusting to users'
behaviors in dealing with interactive movable type.

Fig 8: Hologram Display

Holographic technology has unfortunately not gone very far past trickery with mirrors. This
form of photography provides a three dimensional image, and some technologies are now
creating images using lenses, helium neon and holographic film. Scientists will not have a

8
fully working holographic table prepared for market any time soon, but it is definitely on
the cards for the future. The only downfall of this kind of system, however, is that the
orientation and viewing angle of a viewer will determine the quality of the image that can
be seen- meaning that so far, holographs are not ideal for media or information
consumption. Holographs can work by using a laser beam that can interfere with an object
beam. When these two beams get in the way of one another, they can create what looks like
a three dimensional image. This image can then be recorded for processing by recording the
diffraction of the light and the way in which the beams interfere with one another.

2.2 RETINAL DISPLAY

Virtual retinal display systems are a class of screen less displays in which images
are projected directly onto the retina as shown in figure 3. They are distinguished from
visual image systems because light is not reflected from some intermediate object onto the
retina; it is instead projected directly onto the retina. Retinal Direct systems, once marketed,
hold out the promise of extreme privacy when computing work is done in public places
because most inquiring relies on viewing the same light as the person who is legitimately
viewing the screen, and retinal direct systems send light only into the pupils of their
intended viewer.

Fig 9: Block Diagram of Retinal Display

With a retinal display light is not reflected off an immediate object, like in a visual image,
but it is projected directly onto the retina. This can be handy in that one is not limited by
physical screen size because there is no immediate object to be viewed, retinal display can

9
be used to keep things such as financial information safe from snooping eyes. The image
can take up the entire field of vision. We've seen the potential of retinal displays in movies
like Terminator.

Fig 10: Retinal Display

2.3 SYNAPTIC INTERFACE

Synaptic Interface screen less video does not use light at all. Visual information
completely bypasses the eye and istransmitted directly to the brain. While such systems
have yetto be implemented in humans, success has been achieved in sampling usable video
signals from the biological eyes of a living horseshoe crab through their optic nerves, and in
sending video signals from electronic cameras into the creatures' brains using the same
method.

Fig 11: Synaptic Interface

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Brain-computer interface
A brain-computer interface (BCI), often called a mind-machine interface
(MMI), or sometimes called a direct neural interface (DNI), synthetic telepathy interface
(STI) or a brain-machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between
the brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at assisting, augmenting, or
repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.

Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California Los Angeles
(UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract
from DARPA. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of
the expression brain-computer interface in scientific literature.The field of BCI research
and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at
restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. Thanks to the remarkable cortical
plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled
by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.[3] Following years of animal
experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the
mid-1990s.

Fig 12: Brain-Computer Interface

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3. THE WORKING PRINCIPLE
There are several new emerging ways for the technologicaklevelopment of the
working principle of the screen less displays. Several software's are merging for the
GEN-X wonder view. Any computer system that can run the mudoc software can present
text that has been set in interactive movable type. Most of the mudocs that are consumed
in the next few years will be consumed with conventional personal computers, e-book
readers, and other kinds of display and projection devices that are now in use. Very soon
it appears to be a new kind of input/output system will facilitate communication and
interaction between the computer and the computer user. This new human/computer
interface is the telereader terminal. Visual Image is a bitmap manipulation and
composition product. Bitmaps can be manipulated independently, in the Image Mode or
multiple bitmaps can be composited Together in the Object Mode to create a "collage".
Visual Image can create and Manipulate images of any size: the only limitation is the
amount of memory resources your system has.
A.Creating Visual Catalog Files with Visual Image Visual Image gives you the ability to
create files in the EYE file format for use in the Visual Catalog program. These EYE
files can be used to create catalogs of images in logical sub groupings: for example, you
can create a catalog file in the EYE format that lists all images of buikling materials
(brick, concrete, stone, etc.). The File, Export Project command creates an EYE file that
refers to all of the images that are currently loaded into Visual Image. When you select
this command, you are prompted to enter a filename for the EYE file that is to be created.
If you have created any image in Visual Image that are not yet saved to disk you will be
asked if you wish to include those images in the EYE file and if so, you are prompted to
store those images as bitmaps. The File, Exports Editor Command in Visual Image
allows you to pack and choose those image files on disk that you wish to include in a
catalog EYE file. When you select File in Export Editor, a file browser appears from
which you can choose the image files to include. Use this browser to select images to add
to a project file for use in Visual Catalog.

3.1 How Vision works

In Screenless display images projecting directly onto a person's retina, not only
avoiding the need for weighty hardware, but also promising to safeguard privacy by
allowing people to interact with computers without others sharing the same view. By
January 2014, one start-up company had already raised a substantial sum via Kickstarter
with the aim of commercializing a personal gaming and cinema device using retinal
display. In the longer term, technology may allow synaptic interfaces that bypass the eye
altogether, transmitting "visual" information directly to the brain. We can see things
12
because of reflected light. Light bounces of an object and enters our eye. This light then
focuses on the retina to form an image.

Fig 13: Vision Process

3.2Additional Software and Hardware Requirements

1. To facilitate the interactivity.

2. To optimize the user's perceptual and cognitive capabilities.
3. To provide the most healthful visual environment for the user.
4. Responding to a variety of user commands (using voice, hand, foot, or other signal
methods)
5. Providing blink cues or blinks responses.
6. Modifying output to compensate for changes in user's physiology or reaction time, etc.
The new software and hardware will enable the user and the system to better exploit each
other's capabilities and to function as a fully integrated team.

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4. VIRTUAL RETINAL DISPLAY STRUCTURE
AND IMPLEMENTATION
A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD), is a
new display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto the
retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in
space in front of them. Similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused image
directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in the form of large
sunglasses. The user focuses their eyes on the background, where the screen appeared to
be floating. The disadvantage of these systems was the limited area covered by the
"screen", the high weight of the small televisions used to project the display, and the fact
that the image would appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth".
Limited brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well. Only recently, a
number of developments have made a true VRD system in practice. In particular, the
development of high-brightness LEDs have made the displays bright enough to be used
during the day and adaptive optics have allowed systems to dynamically correct for
irregularities in the eye (although this is not at all needed in all situations). The result is a
high-resolution screen less display with excellent color range and brightness, far better
than the best television technologies. The VRD was invented at the University of
Washington in the Human Interface Technology Lab in 1991. Most of this research into
VRDs to date has been in combination with various virtual reality systems. In this role
VRDs have the potential advantage of being much smaller than existing television-based
systems. They share some of the same disadvantages however, requiring some sort of
optics to send the image into the eye, typically similar to the sunglasses system used with
previous technologies. It can be also used as part of a wearable computer system. More
recently, there has been some interest in VRDs as a display system for portable devices
such as cell phones, PDAs and various media players. In this role the device would be
placed in front of the user, perhaps on a desk, and aimed in the general direction of the
eyes. The system would then detect the eye using facial scanning techniques and keepthe
image in place using motion compensation. In this role the VRD offers unique
advantages, being able to replicate a full sized monitor on a small device. The most
recent innovations in mobile computing have been based around touch screen
technology[6]. The future of mobile devices is both touch less and screen less. By 2020
the mobile phone as we know it today will disappear and something very different will
take its place. Instead of touching a screen, we will interact with technology directly
through our senses, through technology embedded in what he is calling "Internet
Glasses". Voice was always organized in sessions with a beginning and an end. Today
we have threads, ie. when athread is started it never ends and we have many continuing
in parallel. Think of your

14
email, RSS feeds, Twitter, etc. So this is how our brain works. The hone of tomorrow
will be telecoupling and related machines and future is bypassing screens and keyboards
altogether as in figure 6. The two key technologies will be laser based displays, which
display images directly onto our retinas and brain wave sensing implants as shown in
figure 5. This will allow technology to integrate with our 'reality vision' much more
seamlessly. We are on the verge of a hardware revolution that will make this all possible,
as well as the cloud-based information streaming that will enable the user interface to
become a reality.

Fig 14: Basic Block Diagram of the Virtual Retinal Display

The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) is a unique approach to developing a high-resolution

head-mounted display currently under development at the University of Washington's
Human Interface Technology (HIT) Laboratory. Rather than looking at a screen though a
magnifier or optical relay system, the viewer of the VRD has a scanned beam of light
enter the pupil of the eye and focused to a spot on the retina. This type of optical system
is subject to different design constraints than a typical HMD. With the VRD it may be
possible to realize higher resolution, greater color saturation, higher brightness and larger
field-of-view than a traditional LCD or CRT screen-based system.

Fig 15: Virtual Retinal Display-Example

15
4.1 Background Of The Invention
This invention relates to retinal display devices, and more particularly to a method
and apparatus for mapping and tracking a viewer's eye.
A retinal display device is an optical device for generating an image upon the retina of an
eye. Light is emitted from a light source, collimated through a lens, then passed through a
scanning device. The scanning device defines a scanning pattern for the light. The scanned
light converges to focus points on an intermediate image plane. As the scanning occurs the
focus point moves along the image plane (e.g., in a raster scanning pattern). The light then
diverges beyond the plane. An eyepiece is positioned along the light path beyond the
intermediate image plane at some desired focal length. An "exit pupil" occurs shortly
beyond the eyepiece in an area where a viewer's eye pupil is to be positioned.
A viewer looks into the eyepiece to view an image. The eyepiece receives light that is being
deflected along a raster pattern. Modulation of the light during the scanning cycle
determines the content of the image. For a see-through virtual retinal display a user sees the
real world environment around the user, plus the added image of the display projected onto
the retina.

4.2 Working Of Virtual Retinal Display

A viewer wearing a head-mounted virtual retinal display typically moves their
eye as they look at images being displayed. According to the invention, the direction the
viewer looks is tracked with the display. Prior to tracking, a map of the viewer's eye is
generated by the display. The map includes 'landmarks' such as the viewer's optic nerve,
fovea, and blood vessels. Thereafter, the relative position of one or more landmarks is used
to track the viewing direction. The head-mounted display includes a light source and a
scanner. The scanner deflects light received from the light source to scan a virtual image
onto a viewer's retina in a periodic manner. During each scanning period, light is deflected
along a prescribed pattern. To generate a map, and thereafter to monitor viewing direction,
light reflected off the viewer's retina is monitored. Some of the reflected light travels back
into the display device. The content of the reflected light will vary depending upon the
image light projected and the features of the viewer's retina. During the initial mapping
stage, the content of the image light can be fixed at a constant intensity, so that the content
of the reflected light is related only to the feature's (ie., landmarks) of the retina. The
changing content of the reflected light is sampled at a sampling rate and stored. The scanner
position at the time of each sample is used to correlate a position of the sample. The relative
position and the content represent a map of the viewer's retina.

16
 Fig 16: Optial schematic diagram of a virtual retinal display having an eye tracking
capability

According to one aspect of the invention, the light reflected from the viewer's eye travels
back into an eyepiece and along a light path within the retinal display device. In a specific
embodiment the reflected light is deflected by the scanner toward a beamsplitter. The
beamsplitter deflects the reflected light toward a photodetector which samples the reflected
light content. The beamsplitter is positioned between the light source and the scanner of the
retinal display device.
For generating a virtual image, light emitted from the light source passes through the
beamsplitter to the scanning subsystem and onward to the eyepiece and the viewer's eye.
Light reflected from the viewer's eye passes back along the same path but is deflected so as
not to return to the light source. Instead the light is deflected toward the photodetector.
Thus, the beamsplitter passes light which is incident in one direction (e.g., light from the
light source) and deflects light which is incident in the opposite direction (e.g., reflected
light from the viewer's eye).
According to another aspect of the invention, a specific feature of the retina (e.g., fovea
position) is monitored over time to track where the viewer is looking (ie., the viewer's
center of vision). The landmarks in the retina which correspond to such feature will cause
the reflected light to exhibit an expected pattern. The relative position of such pattern in the
reflected light will vary according to the viewing direction. By identifying the pattern and
correlating the relative orientation of the pattern to the orientation of the corresponding
feature in the map, the change in viewing direction is determined. In various applications,
such position indication is used as a pointing device or is used to determine image content.

17
For example, as a pointing device the fovea position indicates pointer position. A blink of
the eye for example, corresponds to actuating a pointing device (e.g., "clicking" a computer
mouse.)
According to another aspect of the invention, the map of the viewer's retina is stored and
used for purposes of viewer identification. In a security application for example, a viewer is
denied access to information or denied operation of a computer or display when the
viewer's retina does not correlate to a previously stored map of an authorized user.
According to an advantage of the invention, the display can track where a viewer is looking,
use the viewer's eye as a pointer, and identify the person using the display. These and other
aspects and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reference to the
following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

4.3 Potential Advantages of the Virtual Retinal Display

It is really interesting to note why this family of imaging systems score better than
the conventional display systems.
A) Brightness
One problem with conventional helmet mounted display image sources is the low
luminance levels they produce. Most liquid crystal array image sources have insufficient
luminance levels for operation in a see-through display. The VRD, however, does not
contain individual Lambertian (or nearly Lambertian) pixel emitters (liquid crystal cells or
phosphors) as do most LCD arrays and CRT's. The only light losses in the VRD result from
the optics (including the scanners and fiber coupling optics). There is no inherent tradeoff,
however, between resolution and luminance as is true with individual pixel emitters. In
individual pixel emitters, a smaller physical size increases resolution but decreases
luminance. In the Virtual Retinal Display, intensity of the beam entering the eye and
resolution are independent of each other. Consequently, the VRD represents a major step
away from the traditional limitations on display brightness.
B) Resolution
As resolution requirements increase, the number of picture elements must increase in a
screen based display. These greater packing densities become increasingly difficult to
manufacture successfully. The VRD overcomes this problem because the resolution of the
display is limited only by the spot size on the retina. The spot size on the retina is
determined primarily by the scanner speed, light modulation bandwidth, and imaging
optics.

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C) Yield
One limiting aspect in the manufacture of liquid crystal array image generators is the yield
and reliability of the hundreds of thousands of individual liquid crystal cells present in these
displays. For a liquid crystal array display to function properly at all times, each picture
element must function properly. The Virtual Retinal Display requires only constant
functionality from the light sources and the scanners. As resolution increases in virtual
image displays, liquid crystal arrays will contain more and more individual liquid crystal
cells. The Virtual Retinal Display will gain an increasing advantage over liquid crystal array
image generators in terms of yield as resolution demands increase in the future.

D) Size
The theoretical size for horizontal and vertical scanners plus light sources for the VRD is
smaller than the size of conventional liquid crystal array and CRT image sources. A typical
size for a liquid crystal array image generator for helmet mounted display applications is
one inch by one inch. The Mechanical Resonant Scanner used in this project was
approximately 1 [cm] by 2m [cm]. Furthermore, the problem of scanner size has not been
directly addressed. Further size reduction is certainly possible. It should be noted that light
sources for a smaller, usable full color VRD must be much smaller than the sources used in
this project. The potential size of light emitting diodes and diode lasers indicate that these
sources show greatest promise for future systems in terms of size.

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5. APPLICATIONS OF THE SCREENLESS DISPLAY
The main use of the screen less displays are used for the development of the mobile
phones which are mainly used by the old and blind people as shown in figure 7. This type
of the invention of the screen less displays was first done on the mobile phone named
OWASYS 2CC. This model is very useful for the old, blind, and even for the people with
less vision power.

Fig 17: Application applied to mobile Technology

Screen less displays technology is also implemented for the development of the screen less
laptops. A laptop without an LCD can be a very useful portable solution when connected
toCRT or fixed LCD monitors. Laptops without screens would also be a green solution,
giving value to donated CRT monitors that would otherwise be heading for landfills.
Portability means that volunteers, who don't always have the time to travel to people's
homes, can more easily maintain this computer. Screenless displays are also widely
applicable in the field of the holograms projection. Hologram projection is a result of a
technological innovation that truly helps in touch less holographic interfaces. In fact,
hologram projection projects 3D images of so high quality that it feels as if one can touch
them. However, holographic projection is still to achieve mass acceptance as until now,
conventional holograms, which offer 3D images.

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 Fig 18: Example view of Holographic Projection

Latest laser technology are also implementing the special technique of the screen less
display through the presence of the several 3D scope animation or the screen provides the
advantage of being combined with the Laser Valve Video Projector that helps in projecting
video images by the use of the laser light instead of the Xenon Arc lamps as depicted in
figure 8. Laser technologies have given an edge over the other technologies as the LVP
gives the projector an excellent depth in the focus.

Fig 19: Vitual Screens

Screen less display's major working principle can also be implemented in the emerging of
the new screen less TV's. Imagine that watching the TV picture that seems to be magically
appearing in the thin air. The picture just floats on in front of the viewer, this would be a
latest emerging technology in the future as depicted in figure 10.

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6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
THE TECHNOLOGY

6.1 ADVANTAGES:
1. Low power requirements- Only six diodes are required and afew of a watts to deliver
their images to the user's eyes
2. Higher resolution images- The pixels in the images projected by the diodes can be made
smaller than is possible with any CRT or flat panel display, so higher resolution can be
achieved. With retinal projectors, the only limitation in the resolution of visual images will
be the resolving power of the users' eyes.
3. Greater portability- The combination of diodes, lenses, and processing components in a
retinal projector system will weigh only a few ounces.
4. Wider angle of view- Retinal projectors will be able to provide a wider field of view than
is possible with display screens.
5. More accurate color- By modulating light sources to vary the intensity of red, green, and
blue light, retinal projectors canprovide a wider range of colors saturated colors than any
other display technology. and more fully
6. Greater brightness and better contrast- Retinal projectors can provide higher levels of
contrast and brightness than any other display system.
7. Ability to present 3D images- With their capability of presenting high definition image-
pairs, retinal projectors can deliver the most highly realistic stereoscopic movies and still
pictorial images to their users.

6.2DISADVANTAGES:

1. The principle disadvantage is that Virtual retinal display (VRD) is not yet available in
the significant number.
2. Prototypes and special experimental models are now being built, but their cost per
unit is high.
3. The VRD technology is still under progress and Development.

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 7. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

For the future development of this emerging new technology, several researches
are being conducted and the several renowned IT sector companies and other best labs
present in the world are handling over the project of screenless displays.
Technology has become perhaps the greatest agent of change in the modern world. While
never without risk, positive technological breakthroughs promise innovative solutions to the
most pressing global challenges of our time, from resource scarcity to global environmental
change. However, a lack of appropriate investment, outdated regulatory frameworks and
gaps in public understanding prevent many promising technologies from achieving their
potential.
This field saw rapid progress in 2013 and appears set for imminent breakthroughs of
scalable deployment of screenless display. Various companies have made significant
breakthroughs in the field, including virtual reality headsets, bionic contact lenses, the
development of mobile phones for the elderly and partially blind people, and hologram- like
videos without the need for moving parts or glasses.
Microsoft in 2001 began the work on an idea for an Interactive table that mixes both the
physical and the Virtual worlds.
Multi touch is a human computer interaction technique and the hardwire devices that
implement it, which allows users to compute without conventional input devices.
CUBIT is being developed for the future use of the multi Touch use of the program.
Development of the enhancement of the micro vision also gives the improved and the
futuristic view of the screen less displays. This technology of the micro vision is the very
well useful in the Artificial Retinal Display properties.
Japanese scientists have invented the pair of intelligent Glasses that remembers where
people last saw their keys, Handbags, iPod, and mobile phones.
Smart Google is developing the compact video camera which films everything the wearer
looks at the information what the viewer wants will be directly being seen in through the
glasses where there is no screen or projector present
Several laboratories are working under progress on the electron beam lithography which
includes the advanced enhancement of the futuristic screen less display.
Adobe systems are also working out for the development and deployment cross platform of
the several applications which are to be viewed without the actual screen.

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 8. CONCLUSION

The paper has elaborately discussed screenless displays which is one of the most emerging
computer technologies and has become a new exciting rage for the upcoming generations as
a field of the futuristic technology. Due to the ability of having several advantages which
are involved in the making, designing, coding of the screenless, this needs plenty of
knowledge and process for the development is still under the improvement. May be in the
future the world may be dominated with the screen less display technologies and this
enriches the world of technological empowerment in the field of the computer technology.
Screenless displays promises the cost effective aspect and also brighter future in the
computer technology.

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