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Group 3

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GROUP 3: Teaching Strategies (Different Approaches and Methods)

Learning Objectives:
1. Distinguish among approach, method, and technique
2. Determine when to use direct and indirect method of instruction
3. State the advantages of indirect method.

Teaching Approach - set of principles, beliefs or ideas about the nature of learning which is translated into
the classroom.
Teaching Strategy - long-term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal.
Teaching Method - systematical way of doing something. Orderly logical arrangement of steps.
Teaching Technique - teacher’s particular style or trick used to accomplish a immediate objective.

Approach > Strategy > Method > Technique


An approach gives rise to a strategy which may use more than one method of teaching. One teaching
method may be employed differently by two different teachers whose teaching style may lead to the use of
different techniques. Technique has something to do with teacher’s personal style of teaching.

Examples of Teaching Approaches

 Techer - centered  Learner-centered


 Subject matter-centered  Interactive
 Teacher-dominated  Constructivist
 Banking Approach  Integrated
 Disciplinal  Collaborative
 Individualistic  Direct
 Indirect, guided

Teaching Approaches (Highest to lowest level of teacher direction; Lowest to highest level of student
participation)

Direct/Expository Approach
1. Direct Instruction / Lecture Method - aimed at helping students acquire procedural knowledge which is
exercised in performance of task. Used for lessons that are factual and non-controversial.
Steps: A.) Provide rationale
B.) Demonstrate the skill
C.) Provide guided practice until mastery
D.) Check for understanding and provide feedback
E.) Provide extended practice and transfer
F.) Assess learning at the end.

2. Demonstration Method - the teacher or an assigned student or group shows how a process is done while
the students become observers. Employed in presenting lessons that use sophisticated equipment and
technical know-how.
Advantages: A. follows a systematic procedure
B. Maximize use of equipment and machinery
C. Wasted of time, effort and resources will be avoided.
D. It will not result to trial-and-error learning
E. The findings are reliable and accurate
F. Development of confidence
G. Integration of curiosity and observing ability.

Indirect/Guided / Exploratory Approach


Best used when the learning process is inquiry-based, the result is discovery and the learning context is a
problem. The methods applicable is not mutually exclusive.
1. Inquiry Method - termed as “discovery”, “heuristic” and “problem solving” is defined as a teaching
method which is modeled after the investigative processes of scientists. The core of inquiry is a spontaneous
and self-directory exploration.
Steps: A.) Define the topic or introduced the question.
- Introduce and discuss the topic briefly.
- Linked to familiar experiences of students
- Ensure that the topic can be investigated
- Let students propose questions about the topic or look for the answers.
B.) Guide students to plan where and how to gather data and information.
C.) Make students present findings through graphs, charts, PowerPoint presentation, models and
writing.
Advantages: A. Emphasis is on the processes of gathering and processing information.
B. In accordance with Piaget’s theory on intellectual development.
C. Predominantly allows some degree of freedom which develops initiative and divergent
thinking.
D. Development of sense of responsibility
E. Facts and concepts that learners discover by themselves becomes part of their permanent
learning.
F. Builds up learners’ confidence
G. Strengthens learner’s intellectual capabilities.

2. Problem Solving Method - a teaching strategy that employs the scientific method in searching for
information.
Steps: A. Sensing and Defining the problem
B. Formulating hypothesis
C. Testing the likely hypothesis by observing, conducting an experiment, collecting and organizing
data through normative surveys
D. Analyzing, interpreting and evaluating evidence
E. Formulating conclusion
Advantages:
A. Most Effective in developing skill in employing the science processes.
B. Scientific methods can be used effectively in non-science subjects.
C. Brings strong motivation to follow the scientific procedure in the future.
D. Develops higher level thinking skills
E. Development of sense of responsibility, originality, and resourcefulness
F. Appreciation and gratefulness for achievements of scientist
G. Gain attitudes and values such as critical thinking, open-mindedness and wise judgement
H. Learn to accept opinions and evidences from others.

3. Project Method - a teaching method that requires students to present in concrete form the results of
information gathered about a concept, principle or innovation. It is sometimes referred to as “self-directed
study.”
Advantages:
A. Emphasizes “learning by doing”
B. Development of students’ manipulative skill
C. A test of student’s originality
D. Applicable for students who are weak in oral communications.
E. Source of motivation and satisfaction for students
F. Instills the values of initiative, industry and creativity
G. Develops the spirit of cooperation
H. Students become productive and enterprising

4. Cooperative Learning - makes use of a classroom organization where students work in groups or teams
to help each other learn. This approach evolved strategies and procedures that can help small groups solve
their own problems and acquire information through collective effort.
Advantages: A. Strengthened and reinforced interdependent relationship
B. Develops friendliness and the value of caring and sharing
C. Promotes maximum generation of exchange of ideas, tolerance and respect
D. Exhibit less competitive behavior
E. Gain skills of cooperation and collaboration.
5. . Peer tutoring/Peer Teaching - Make students teach each other in a “Think, Pair, Share!” manner. It is
commonly employed when the teacher requests the older, brighter and more cooperative member of class to
tutor other classmates.
Tutoring Arrangements:
A. Instructional tutoring. Older students help younger ones on a one-to-one or one-to-a group basis.
B. Same Age tutoring.
C. Monitorial tutoring. The class may be divided into groups and monitors are assigned to each group.
D. Structural Tutoring.
E. Semi-structured tutoring.
6. Partner Learning - assigning a “study buddy”
7. Deductive Method versus Inductive Method - Two major classification of all teaching method.

Classifications of Teaching Method: Deductive vs Inductive Method

Deductive Method Inductive Method


- “direct instruction” - “indirect instruction”
- the teacher shows or tells directly what he/she - begins with questions, problems and details and
wants to teach end up with answers, generalizations and
- teacher-dominated conclusions
- begins with abstract rule, generalization, - interactive learning
principle and ends with specific examples and
concrete details.
Examples: Direct Method and Demonstration Examples: Inquiry Method, Problem Solving
Method Method and Project Method
Advantages: Advantages:
- cove inning of the lesson - learners are more engaged
Disadvantages: - learning becomes more interesting at the outset
- not in line with active process principle because because it begins with experiences
of less involvement on part of learners. - helps in development if learner’s higher-order-
- lesson appears uninteresting at first thinking-skills (HOTS)
Disadvantages:
- requires more time and so less subject matter
will be covered
- demands experts facilitating skills on the part of
teachers

Other Approaches
1. Blended Learning - combines classroom learning, mobile learning and online learning
2. Reflective Teaching - Done through analysis and evaluation of past experiences
3. Metacognitive Approach - An approach that goes beyond cognition which makes students think about
their thinking
4. Constructivist Approach - Anchored on the belief that every individual construct and reconstructs
meanings depending on past experience.
5. Integrated Approach - Intradisciplinary: teachers integrate sub-disciplines within a subject area
Interdisciplinary: Content - Based Instruction
Transdisciplinary: Teachers organize curriculum around students’ questions and
concerns
Reference: Brenda B. and Salandanan, Gloria G., (2013). “Principles of Teaching 1”. Lorimar Publishing,
Inc.

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