UNIT 8

VOCABULARY BUILDING:
I. Match the definitions with the corresponding terms.
Nr. Definition Terms
1. A curve that begins and ends at the same point. a. closed surface
2. A number which is the factor of two or more other numbers. b. common multiple
3. The order of the addends (of factors) does not affect the sum c. congruent
(or product). / (in Addition or Multiplication: a + b = b + a
or a × b = b × a).
4. A numeral which makes full use of digits and place value, as d. counting numbers
67.
5. Having the same measure using the same unit. e. cubic unit
6. A number which is a multiple of two or more numbers. f. cross product
7. A unit of volume used to measure the space inside a closed g. closed curve
surface.
8. The numbers in {1, 2, 3, 4, …}. h. compact numeral
9. A surface which separates space into 3 sets of points, those i. common factor
inside, on, and outside the surface.
10. The ……. of sets A and B, written A ⊗ B, is the set of pairs j. Commutative Property
with first members from A, and second members from B.

II. Give appropriate terms for the following definitions:

Nr. Definition Terms
1. A closed surfaced formed by the union of a circular region and a curved surface c__e
and coming to a point at the top.
2. A closed surface formed be the union of two circular regions and a curved c______r
rectangular region.
3. A set of facts using numbers to show something. d__a
4. A closed surface formed by the union of 6 congruent square regions with c__e
common sides.
5. A standard unit for measuring angles. There are 360o in a circle. d____e
6. Any line segment that passes through the center and has both end points on the d______r
circle. It is the length of such a line segment.
7. A set of connected points that form a path. c___e
8. A line segment in a polygon which joins 2 vertices but is not one of its sides. d______l
9. The missing addend in a subtraction. d_______e
10. A symbol used to write numerals. In our system of numeration they are 0, 1, 2, d___t
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
1. Write in symbols

1. the set of rational numbers 5. the set of complex numbers

2. the set of irrational numbers 6. the additive inverse, or reciprocal, of a
3. the set of real numbers 7. the multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, of
4. the set of imaginary numbers a
 8. the set of negative real numbers 17. the nth real root of a for a  R, or the
9. the set of positive real numbers positive one if there are two
10. a is less than b 18. the nth real root of a for a  R, or the
11. a is greater than b positive one if there are two
12. a is less than or equal to b 19. the ordered pair of numbers whose first
13. a is greater than or equal to b component is x and whose second
14. the absolute value of a component is y
15. the nth power of x, or x to the nth power 20. the Cartesian product of A and B
16. P of x, D of y, etc.

2. Reading Comprehension
1. Pre – reading task
What is the difference (distinction) between two math terms: “natural numbers” and “cardinal numbers”? Is the number 5
natural or cardinal?

2. Reading

Read the text to get more information about J. E. Freund’s System of Natural Numbers Postulates.

J.E. FREUND’S SYSTEM OF NATURAL NUMBERS POSTULATES

Modern mathematicians are accustomed to derive properties of natural numbers from a set of axioms or
postulates (i.e., undefined and unproven statements that disclose the meaning of the abstract concepts).
The well-known system of 5 axioms of the Italian mathematician, Peano provides the description of natural
numbers. These axioms are:

First: 1 is a natural number.

Second: Any number which is a successor (follower) of a natural number is itself a natural number.
Third: No two natural numbers have the same follower.
Fourth: The natural number 1 is not the follower of any other natural number.
Fifth: If a series of natural numbers includes both the number 1 and the follower of every natural number, then
the series contains all natural numbers.

The fifth axiom is the principle (law) of math induction.

From the axioms it follows that there must be infinitely many natural numbers since the series cannot stop. It
cannot circle back to its starting point either because 1 is not the immediate follower of any natural number. In
essence, Peano’s theory states that the series of natural numbers is well ordered and presents a general problem of
quantification. It places the natural numbers in an ordinal relation and the commonest example of ordination is
the counting of things. The domain of applications of Peano’s theory is much wider than the series of natural
numbers alone e.g., the relational fractions 1, 1 , 1 , 1 and so on, satisfy the axioms similarly. From Peano’s five
2 3 4

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rules we can state and enumerate all the familiar characteristics and properties of natural numbers. Other
mathematicians define these properties in terms of 8 or even 12 axioms (J.E.Freund) and these systems
characterize properties of natural numbers much more comprehensively and they specify the notion of operations
both arithmetical and logical.
Note that sums and products of natural numbers are written as a + b and a . b or ab, respectively.

Postulate No.1: For every pair of natural numbers, a and b, in that order, there is a unique (one and only one)
natural number called the sum of a and b.
Postulate No.2: If a and b are natural numbers, then a + b = b + a
Postulate No.3: If a, b and c are natural numbers, then (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Postulate No.4: For every pair of natural numbers, a and b, in that order, there is a unique (one and only one)
natural number called the product.
Postulate No.5: If a and b are natural numbers, then ab = ba
Postulate No.6: If a, b and c are natural numbers, then (ab)c = a(bc)
Postulate No.7: If a, b and c are natural numbers, then a( b + c ) = ab + ac
Postulate No.8: There is a natural number called “one” and written 1 so that if a is an arbitrary natural number,
then a.1 = a
Postulate No.9: If a, b and c are natural numbers and if ac = bc then a = b
Postulate No.10: If a, b and c are natural numbers and if a + c = b + c then a = b
Postulate No.11: Any set of natural numbers which (1) includes the number 1 and which (2) includes a + 1
whenever it includes the natural number a, includes every natural number.
Postulate No.12: For any pair of natural numbers, a and b, one and only one of the following alternatives must
hold: either a = b, or there is a natural number x such that a + x = b, or there is a natural number y such that b + y
= a.

Freund’s system of 12 postulates provides the possibility to characterize natural numbers when we explain how
they behave and what math rules they must obey. To conclude the definition of “natural numbers” we can say
that they must be interpreted either as standing for the whole number or else for math objects which share all
their math properties. Using these postulates mathematicians are able to prove all other rules about natural
numbers with which people have long been familiar.

Comprehension check
1. Answer the questions.
a. How many axioms did the Italian mathematician Peano give? What were they?
b. Which axiom is the most important? Why?
c. What does Peano’s theory state in essence?
d. What can we state from Peano’s five rules?
e. Who developed these axioms? What did he do?
f. How useful is Freund’s system of 12 postulates?

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a. Complete the formulae written by Freund’s system of 12 postulates.
If a, b, c are natural numbers:
1. a + b =............................................................. 5. a (b + c) = .......................................................
2. (a + b) + c =..................................................... 6. a.1 =................................................................
3. ab = ................................................................. 7. ac = bc . ....................................................
4. (ab)c = ............................................................. 8. a+c=b+c ............................................

b. Practice saying them based on the 12 postulates.

TRANSLATION
Translate into your mother tongue
1. A set A of real numbers is said to be inductive if, and only if, 1  A and x  A implies (x +1)  A.
2. The real number system must have any property which is possessed by a field, an ordered field, or a
complete ordered field.
3. A real number is called a rational number if, and only if, it is the quotient of two integers. A real number
which is not rational is said to be irrational.

Just for fun

☺ A LESSON IN SUMMATION

The teacher: – If your father can do a piece of work in one hour and your mother can do it in one hour, how
long would it take both of them to do it?
A pupil: – Three hours, teacher!
The teacher: – Why?
The pupil: – I had to count the time they would waste in arguing.