Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

“Parking Recommendation System”

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to
Department of Computer Application
Everest Innovative College

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelors in Computer Application

Submitted by
Lajga Tuladhar
Registration No: 6-2-713-6-2018

August 2023
 Tribhuvan University
Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
Everest Innovative College

SUPERVISOR’S RECOMMENDATION

I hereby recommend that this project prepared under my supervision by Lajga Tuladhar
entitled “Parking Recommendation System” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Computer Application is recommended for the final evaluation.

_____________________
Basanta Chapagain
Project Supervisor
BCA Department
Everest Innovative College

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 Tribhuvan University
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Everest Innovative College

LETTER OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that this project prepared by Lajga Tuladhar entitled “Parking
Recommendation System” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor in
Computer Application degree has been evaluated. In my opinion, it is satisfactory in scope
and quality as a project for the required degree.

Mr. Kishore Kafle Mr. Basanta Chapagain

Program Coordinator Internal Examiner
Bachelor’s in computer application Bachelor’s in computer application
Everest Innovative College Everest Innovative College

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 ABSTRACT

The Parking Recommendation System is a solution developed to address issues related to

vehicle congestion and collisions by offering a web-based platform for customers or drivers
to reserve parking spaces and check their availability status. This system was designed to
provide convenience by allowing users to secure parking spots in advance. To gather the
necessary requirements for the system, information was extracted from the website. These
requirements, encompassing functional, non-functional, and system aspects, were the
foundation for creating class diagrams, object diagrams, and sequence diagrams to shape
the system's design. The implementation phase involved utilizing various development
tools: HTML for crafting user interfaces, CSS for visually enhancing web pages, and
JavaScript to introduce interactivity and validate inputs. XAMMP was chosen as the
database platform, and PHP was employed as the server-side scripting language to establish
connections between user interfaces and the database. To ensure the system's functionality
and accuracy, thorough testing was conducted by the research team.

Keywords: reservation, server-side scripting, XAMPP, PHP, HTML, availability

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, this wouldn’t have been possible without the
support and help of many people and colleagues. I would like to extend my sincere thanks
to all of them.

I am highly thankful to the BCA department for their guidance and constant supervision,
for providing necessary information regarding the project, and for their support in
completing the project.

I would like to thank Mr. Basanta Chapagain (Supervisor of Project) for helping to
fruitful end of the project since he has provided me significant guidance throughout the
entire journey of making this project.

My special thanks go to BCA Coordinator Mr. Kishore Kafle whose guidance,

constructive suggestions, and encouragement greatly contributed to completing this report.
His guidance has been of extreme help to me. I am also thankful for all the times, I consulted
him and he answered with the utmost patience and perseverance. Practical knowledge is
fundamental for the application of theoretical intelligence. So, his guidelines for the report
made it mandatory for me to seek learning from accompanying, which proved to be very
gratifying. I would also like to thank the whole faculty of the college for their cooperation
and important support.

Thanks, and appreciations also go to my colleagues in this project development and the
people who have willingly helped me with their abilities. Then at last I shall be grateful to
those people who read this project and who shall get benefit from this project at present
and in the future.

Also, I would also like to thank Tribhuvan University for giving us this opportunity via the
course of Computer Application to help us understand the project ethics at this early stage
and helped us to evaluate my knowledge and expand it a little more.

Yours Sincerely,
Lajga Tuladhar
6-2-713-6-2018

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SUPERVISOR’S RECOMMENDATION ....................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION............................................................................................vii

CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Problem Statement ..................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Scope and Limitation ............................................................................................ 2

1.4.1 Scope ................................................................................................................... 2

1.4.2 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Development Methodology ................................................................................... 3

1.6 Report Organization .............................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER: 2 BACKGROUND STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................. 6

2.1 Background Study ...................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Literature Review....................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER: 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ..................................................... 9

3.1 System Analysis .................................................................................................... 9

3.1.1 Requirement Analysis ......................................................................................... 9

3.1.2 Feasibility Analysis ........................................................................................... 10

i. Technical ............................................................................................................. 10

ii. Operational ...................................................................................................... 10

iii. Economic ......................................................................................................... 11

3.1.3 Object Modelling using Class and Object Diagram ......................................... 11

3.1.4 Dynamic Modelling using Sequence Diagram ................................................. 13

3.1.5 Process Modelling using Activity Diagram ...................................................... 14

 3.2 System Design ..................................................................................................... 16

3.2.1 Refinement of Class and Object Diagram ................................................... 17

3.3 Algorithm Used ........................................................................................................ 19

3.3.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ................................................................... 19

3.3.2 Haversine Algorithm ......................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER: 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING ................................................ 22

4.1 Implementation ........................................................................................................ 22

4.1.1 Tools Used ........................................................................................................ 22

4.1.2 Implementation Details of Modules.................................................................. 23

4.2 Testing...................................................................................................................... 24

4.2.1 Test Cases for Unit Testing............................................................................... 24

4.2.2 Test Cases for System Testing .......................................................................... 27

CHAPTER: 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE REFERENCE ................................... 29

5.1 Lesson Learnt ........................................................................................................... 29

5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 29

5.3 Future Recommendation .......................................................................................... 29

REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 30

APPENDICES: SYSTEM SCREENSHOTS................................................................. 31

 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process

CRUD Create Read Update Delete

CSS Cascading Style Sheet

GPS Global Positioning System

HTML Hypertext Markup Language

MCDM Multi-Criteria Decision Making

OVPRS Online Vehicle Parking Reservation System

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

SMS Short Message Service

SSL Secure Socket Layer

UI User Interface

UML Unified Modeling Language

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1 Waterfall Model for Parking Recommendation System ................................... 3

Figure 3. 1 Use-case Diagram of Parking Recommendation System .................................. 9
Figure 3. 2 Class Diagram for Parking Recommendation System .................................... 11
Figure 3. 3 Object Diagram for Parking Recommendation System .................................. 12
Figure 3. 4 Sequence Diagram of Login System for Parking Recommendation System .. 13
Figure 3. 5 Sequence Diagram for Checking Available Space .......................................... 14
Figure 3. 6 Activity Diagram of Admin for Parking Recommendation System ............... 15
Figure 3. 7 Activity Diagram of User for Parking Recommendation System ................... 16
Figure 3. 8 Refinement of Class Diagram for Parking Recommendation System ............ 17
Figure 3. 9 Refinement of Object Diagram for Parking Recommendation System .......... 18

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Test Case for Valid Registration of Parking Recommendation System ........... 25
Table 4.2: Test Case for Valid Login of Parking Recommendation System ..................... 26
Table 4.3: Test Case for Adding Vehicles for Parking Recommendation System ............ 27
Table 4.4: Test Case for Adding Vehicles Failure for Parking Recommendation System 27
Table 4.5: Test Case to Updating In-Vehicle to Out-Vehicle ............................................ 28
Table 4.6: Test Case to View and Delete User by Admin ................................................. 28

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 CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

With the improvement of residents’ consumption levels, the rapid growth of motor vehicles
brings numerous parking problems. In urban central business districts, there is a shortage
of parking supplies, which makes it more difficult for vehicles arriving later to find a
suitable parking space at their destination, even if there is no parking space. It makes them
have to spend more time searching for parking spaces in other areas, which leads to the
phenomenon of cruising for parking. Generally, it takes about 7 to 8 min for people to find
a suitable parking space, which reduces their parking efficiency. When the number of cruise
vehicles increases to a certain extent, it will have an impact on the surrounding road traffic,
leading to traffic congestion, causing vehicles to drive at low speeds, generating more
emissions, and increasing environmental pollution. The relevant research shows that 30%
of vehicles in the traffic flow cruise for parking. Additionally, due to cruising for parking,
the road traffic flow has increased by 25–40%. Parking recommendations and reservations
can help travelers find a free parking space faster and easier, thereby reducing their cruising
time, improving parking efficiency, and maximizing parking resources, thus greatly
reducing the impact of cruising vehicles on road traffic.

Certain parking reservation systems can obtain the latest information, which includes the
location and pricing, as well as details concerning what free and paid parking spaces are
open. It can help travelers find available parking spaces and parking prices, as well as
inform them of the opening hours for parking lots. It can also filter the available parking
spaces by parking price, payment type, etc. Existing intelligent parking services mostly
show the location, number of vacant parking spaces, and parking prices of parking lots
within a certain range of their trip destination to travelers. However, little research has been
conducted on parking choice behavior, specifically considering the psychological attention
and thresholds of individual parking factors. Additionally, it is also rare to consider
recommending parking lots from both the perspectives of travelers and managers. Based
on the survey and analysis of sequential parking decision behaviors, this research constructs
a parking recommendation model and a personal parking decision model, both of which
consider the parking factors regarding the psychological thresholds and attention of
travelers. Different parking recommendation schemes were designed from the perspectives

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of travelers and managers, and their applications were analyzed from the perspectives of
the parking utilization rate and some other simulation result indicators, ultimately obtaining
the optimal parking recommendation scheme. The effects of the optimal recommendation
scheme under different initial parking occupancy statuses, parking reservation proportions,
and parking regulation thresholds were also explored. The research conclusions can provide
a reference for the design and application of intelligent parking systems and help to further
reduce a series of urban parking problems. For this case, Parking Recommendation System
is a perfect application that helps to detect vacant parking areas.

1.2 Problem Statement

With the increase in consumption levels and the growth of motor vehicles, parking has
become a major problem in urban central business districts. The limited availability of
parking spaces means that finding a suitable spot is challenging, resulting in drivers
cruising for a place to park and wasting time. This can lead to increased traffic congestion
and higher emissions. While some parking reservation systems exist, they do not consider
the psychological factors influencing individual parking choices. Therefore, this research
aims to construct a parking recommendation model that considers the psychological
thresholds and attention of travelers and managers to optimize parking resource utilization
and reduce urban parking problems.

1.3 Objectives

The main objectives of this system are:

• To improve parking resource utilization and alleviate urban parking problems.
• To enable drivers to locate and reserve a parking place online through accessing it
on web platform.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

1.4.1 Scope
The parking recommendation system aims to revolutionize the parking experience for
drivers by providing real-time information on available parking spots, seamless integration
with navigation apps, and support for various vehicle types. Drawing data from multiple
sources, including parking lot operators and user-contributed inputs, the system will offer
additional details about parking lots, such as pricing, accessibility, and security features,
while also allowing users to personalize their preferences. Utilizing smart routing

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algorithms, the system will efficiently direct drivers to available parking spaces, taking
real-time traffic conditions into account. Moreover, it may offer predictions on parking
availability during peak hours and allow for parking reservations, ensuring a smooth
parking experience even in high-demand areas or during special events. Implementing
reporting and feedback mechanisms will facilitate continuous improvement, while the
system's scalable architecture will enable future expansion to cover more areas and serve a
larger user base. Ultimately, the parking recommendation system aims to optimize parking
efficiency, reduce congestion, and promote sustainable urban mobility.

1.4.2 Limitations

There are some criteria that may not be fulfilled by our application implemented. Some of
such limitations of our project are mentioned below:
• The accuracy of real-time parking availability depends on data sources and may not
be completely reliable.

1.5 Development Methodology

The waterfall model will be followed during the development of the software which states
that the phases are organized in a linear order. This model takes the fundamental process
activities of specification, development, validation, and evolution and represents them as
separate process phases such as requirement specification, design, implementation, testing,
and so on.

Figure 1. 1 Waterfall Model for Parking Recommendation System

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 • Requirements analysis and definition: The system’s service, constraints, and
goals are established by consultation with system users. They are often defined in
detail and serve as a system specification.
• System and software design: The system design process partition the requirements
to either hardware or software systems. It establishes the overall system
architecture. Software design involves identifying and describing the fundamental
software system abstractions and their relationship.
• Implementation and unit testing: During this stage, the software design is realized
as a set of programs and program units. Unit testing involves verifying that each
unit meets its specification.
• Integration and system testing: The individual program units or programs are
integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements
have been met. After testing, the software system is delivered to the customer.
• Operation and maintenance: This is the longest life cycle phase. Maintenance
involves correcting errors that were not discovered in the earlier stages of the life
cycle, improving the implementation of the system units, and enhancing the
system’s services as new requirements are discovered.

1.6 Report Organization

Introduction

This chapter deals with the introduction of the system with its objectives and scopes along
with the reason why this system is made.

Background Study and Literature Review

This chapter summarizes the work that has been carried out in the field of data mining and
also describes the features of some existing applications related to the parking management
system.

System Analysis and Design

This chapter focuses on the different requirements of the system, which describes the
functional, non-functional, feasibility analysis, class diagram, activity diagram and
sequence diagram.

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Implementation and Testing

This chapter emphasizes tools used in system development, implementation details, and
results of the test performed.

Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter highlights the summary of the lesson learned, outcome, and conclusion of the
whole project and explains what has been done and what further improvements could be
done.

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 CHAPTER: 2
BACKGROUND STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background Study

The "Parking Recommendation System" project aims to revolutionize the way parking is
managed in urban areas by providing a smart and efficient solution to address the growing
challenges of parking congestion. As cities expand and the number of vehicles on the road’s
increases, finding available parking spaces becomes a time-consuming and frustrating task
for both drivers and city planners. The Parking Recommendation System seeks to optimize
the process of locating parking spots for users, thereby reducing traffic congestion,
minimizing carbon emissions, and enhancing the overall parking experience.

Searching for parking wastes significant amounts of time and effort and leads to substantial
financial costs. This is particularly the case for people who are always pressured to be on
time. Smart cities employ all kinds of modern technologies to manage and enhance
resources effectively. Urban parking facilities are one of the essential assets that must be
managed. This system is a modern solution to manage parking and save users time, effort,
and cost. In the context of today’s modern life, it has become necessary to improve search
methods for available parking and minimize the congestion that occurs at the parking
entrance. Searching or booking available parking online earlier is a better substitute than
searching at a parking lot where there is a possibility of not being able to find parking. Thia
parking recommendation system was developed to manage parking and solve problems
efficiently using technology and apply technical solutions to improve the smart cities
concept. The proposed system uses a variety of technologies that help manage parking. It
provides essential services for users, including searching for parking, reservations, and
payment.

The huge proliferation in the number of vehicles on the road along with mismanagement
of the available parking space has created parking-related problems as well as increased the
traffic congestion in urban areas. Thus, it is required to develop an automated smart parking
management system that would not only help a driver to locate a suitable parking space for
his/her vehicle, but also it would reduce fuel consumption as well as air pollution. It has
been found that a driver’s search for a suitable parking facility takes almost 15 minutes
which increases the fuel consumption by the vehicle, traffic congestion and air pollution.

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A significant amount of research works exists in the area of design and development of
smart parking systems. Inquiry on availability of parking space and reservation of parking
lot and vehicle occupancy detection and management of parking lots is the feature of the
parking recommendation system.

2.2 Literature Review

There are many systems envisioned to inform and manage available parking spaces in the
context of a smart city. Generally, these require the installation of sensors as part of a city’s
infrastructure. Some of them are based on installing sensors in every parking space to detect
directly whether there is a parked vehicle or not, which places a large demand on the
standardization of sensors, data collection, and processing equipment. Moreover, it
demands a large monetary investment in procurement, installation, and maintenance. Other
solutions use a fleet of voluntary vehicles to detect parking occupancy. Suhret proposes a
free parking space detection system by using a fish-eye camera installed on the rear end of
a vehicle to detect available spots when a user drives by them. Mathur describes a system
for the detection of available parking spaces by having a fleet of vehicles equipped with
ultrasonic sensors in the vehicle’s passenger door, which detects available spaces on the
street.

These solutions demand the use of dedicated equipment to be installed on vehicles that
should be continuously passing on most of the streets. They are intended mostly for
detecting street parking, as the vehicles are not meant to go inside parking lots. However,
these solutions imply capital expenditure and continuous operation costs to fleets of
vehicles such as taxis or buses, who are not the primary consumers of the product. Rather
than explicitly instrumenting the city, some solutions envision that the citizens report free
parking spaces. Some require intentional action by the user, for instance, by tapping a
button on their mobile phone’s application indicating that they parked, or just left, a parking
space. Google’s “Open Spot” application continuously shows vacant parking spaces in a 1-
mile radius of the user’s location. The availability of parking spaces should be indicated as
the user enters or leaves a space. This application did not become popular because it
required the intentional action of the user, despite a system of points intended to incentivize
the use of the system. Instead, the recognition of a parking space should be automatic, as
suggested in “PhonePark”, which uses, in addition to other things, GPS location and the
connection/disconnection of the Smartphone with the Bluetooth-based 4 hands-free system

7
of the vehicle. The main disadvantage of this approach is that not all vehicles have a hands-
free system, especially in Brazil, where most of the fleet is composed of low-technology
content vehicles. For recognizing parking spaces, we use a system similar to the Phonepark
System but make fewer assumptions about the available technology. In order to recognize
a parking space, we require an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and some method of sensing
location (whether it be through triangulation in the cellphone grid, or GPS). However, our
system builds upon these reports by using statistical machine-learning techniques to better
report the available parking spaces.

According to Shem, S, S.Park and S.Hong Online Vehicle Parking Reservation System
(OVPRS) is web-based used to reserve a park and data processing system. Drivers are no
longer disturbed to park their vehicle since the system generates the parking lot number on
OVPRS platform. A system requirement of OVPRS requires a currently supported version
of Microsoft internet explorer or Firefox. Access to confidential data in OVPRS is secured
using 12-bit Secure Socket Layers (SSL) ORS also requires cookies’ and scripting of java
applets to be enabled. The drivers, especially those who may need get the parking spaces
may find it impossible to access it since there could be other vehicles blocking the way and
yet they have to hurry to book for parking spaces. This is because of using paper based
which is unsecure and needs self-contact to reserve for parking and it’s also time
consuming, to design online vehicle parking reservation system will provide better
efficiency in locating parking space and paying for it.

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 CHAPTER: 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 System Analysis

3.1.1 Requirement Analysis

Functional Requirements
• User should be able to create an account in the system.
• User should have the ability to view the availability of parking spaces in real time.
• The system should be able to recommend empty parking lots based on the user's
location or destination.
• The system should be accused at any time.

Figure 3. 1 Use-case Diagram of Parking Recommendation System

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Non-Functional Requirements
• Performance Requirement:
The system we developed will be used as the Chief performance system for
providing help to the user with viewing the empty parking areas. Therefore, it is
expected that the database will perform all the satisfied requirements functionally.
• Safety Requirements:
The database may crash at any certain time due to a virus or operating system
failure. Therefore, it is required to take the database backup.
• Usability:
The system should have a user-friendly and intuitive interface, requiring minimal
training or technical expertise for users to navigate and use its features.

3.1.2 Feasibility Analysis

A feasibility study assesses the operational, technical, and economic merits of the proposed
project. The feasibility study is intended to be a preliminary review of the facts to see if it
is worthy of proceeding to the analysis phase. From the systems analyst’s perspective,
feasibility analysis is the primary tool for recommending whether to proceed to the next
phase or discontinue the project. The objective of a feasibility study is to find out if an
information system project can be done and to suggest possible alternative solutions.

i. Technical
Technical feasibility considers the technical requirements of the project. The system is
technically feasible as the requirement for the development of the system is easily
accessible. The necessary hardware and software required for the development and
implementation of the system are available. The basic programming language which is
suitable for the project is available and the libraries required for the project is capable of
achieving the result that we are aiming for. All the existing resources can be used for the
development and maintenance of the system.

ii. Operational
The system is easy to operate with a basic knowledge of computers and the internet and
well-trained manpower is not necessary. Users can also easily access the system as it is
user-friendly in many aspects with a good User Interface (UI). This system includes all the
requirements used for the system and this system is completely operational and can be
successfully implemented administration feels easy to use this system as it is user-friendly.

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iii. Economic
The economic analysis could also be referred to as cost/benefit analysis. The system is
economically feasible and cost-effective. As all the tools and resources required are either
open sources or free. After the completion of the system, the organization didn’t need to
deploy any new hardware and software as the required software and hardware. The existing
resources of the system can be used.

3.1.3 Object Modelling using Class and Object Diagram

A class diagram is a visual representation in Unified Modeling Language (UML) that

illustrates the structure of a system by depicting the classes, their attributes, methods,
relationships, and interactions. It is one of the most commonly used UML diagrams in
software development and provides a high-level view of the objects and their relationships
within a system.

Figure 3. 2 Class Diagram for Parking Recommendation System

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An object diagram is a visual representation in Unified Modeling Language (UML) that
shows a specific instance or snapshot of the relationships between objects within a system
at a particular point in time. Unlike class diagrams that represent the structure of classes
and their relationships, object diagrams provide a concrete view of how individual objects
interact with each other within a given scenario.

Figure 3. 3 Object Diagram for Parking Recommendation System

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3.1.4 Dynamic Modelling using Sequence Diagram
A sequence diagram is a visual representation in Unified Modeling Language (UML) that
illustrates the interaction and communication between various objects or components
within a system over a specific period of time. Sequence diagrams depict the sequence of
messages exchanged among objects as they collaborate to accomplish a particular task or
scenario.

3.1.4.1 Login System

Figure 3. 4 Sequence Diagram of Login System for Parking Recommendation System

The diagram in Figure 3.4 is the Sequence diagram for the login system. This diagram depicts
how the user sign in the system. There is an interaction between the four components i.e. User,
User Interface, System Controller and Database. Initially, the working mechanism starts with
the registering the system and then login into the system. The system then verifies the
information using the associated location data residing in the database.

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3.1.4.2 Parking Recommendation System

Figure 3. 5 Sequence Diagram for Checking Available Space

The diagram in Figure 3.5 is the Sequence diagram for navigating from the current location to
the desired destination. This sequence diagram depicts how the path is generated for the user
to navigate from the source to destination. There is an interaction between the components that
includes user, user interface, controller and the database. Here, the working mechanism starts
with the user selecting the desired destination. The system then generates the path using the
Distance Calculation Algorithm (Haversine Algorithm) that uses several parameters to generate
the optimized path.

3.1.5 Process Modelling using Activity Diagram

An activity diagram is a graphical representation that visually depicts the flow of actions,
activities, and decisions within a system, process, or workflow. It is a type of Unified
Modeling Language (UML) diagram used to illustrate the dynamic behavior of a system in
terms of activities and their relationships. Activity diagrams are particularly useful software
workflows and system behavior.

The figure below is the flowchart of the parking recommendation system. Here, the admin
and user log in to the system and if a user is not registered then they need to register first.
After login success, users can open their application and choose the category they want.

14
The admin does not need to register they can directly login to the system and after login
success, it redirects to the dashboard of the admin and the admin can manage the activities
of users. The user and admin can log out of the system.

The admin activity diagram is shown in figure 3.6. It has shown the working process of
admin.. The admin has to login to his account. Then admin has authority to view the
information of user and manage the users. Admin has authority to add the parking locations.

Figure 3. 6 Activity Diagram of Admin for Parking Recommendation System

The user activity diagram is shown in figure 3.7. It shows the working process of user. User
has to login to his account and if account not created then, he must create the account. Then
the user can view the nearest parking areas.

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 Figure 3. 7 Activity Diagram of User for Parking Recommendation System

3.2 System Design

To realize the different functional requirement of the system in graphical form, different
design diagram of the system has been prepared which are as follows:

16
3.2.1 Refinement of Class and Object Diagram

In the depicted Figure 3.8, an enhanced version of the class diagram showcases the
components of a Parking Recommendation System. This system encompasses key entities,
namely user, parking lot, vehicle, payment, and parking attendant. The main functionality
involves a user's quest for an available parking spot within a crowded parking lot. Through
the system's utilization of user location data, it suggests suitable parking lot options to the
user. Subsequently, the user acquires a parking pass from the parking attendant based on
the provided recommendations.

Figure 3. 8 Refinement of Class Diagram for Parking Recommendation System

17
The illustrated Figure 3.9 presents an refinement representation of the object diagram,
highlighting the elements of a Parking Recommendation System. This framework includes
components, specifically the user, parking lot, vehicle, payment, parking attendant, and
recommendation system. Diverse suggestions are directed towards a solitary user.
Consequently, the user's registered vehicle is logged, and the parking attendant issues the
corresponding parking permit. The payment process is also recorded, and the system can
be marked to signify the vehicle's departure.

Figure 3. 9 Refinement of Object Diagram for Parking Recommendation System

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3.3 Algorithm Used

3.3.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

To create a parking recommendation system, you can use various algorithms to help users
find suitable parking spots efficiently. One effective algorithm you can consider is the
"Multi-Criteria Decision Making" (MCDM) algorithm, specifically the Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP). AHP is widely used in decision-making problems involving multiple
criteria and can help users prioritize and choose the best parking spot based on their
preferences.

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-making methodology that was

developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s. It is a widely used and versatile tool for solving
complex problems that involve multiple criteria and alternatives. AHP is particularly useful
in situations where subjective and qualitative judgments need to be synthesized in a
systematic and consistent manner.

The primary objective of the Analytic Hierarchy Process is to prioritize and rank
alternatives based on their desirability with respect to a set of criteria. It provides a
structured approach to evaluate and compare various elements of a decision problem and
helps decision-makers make more informed and rational choices.

Here's a simple numerical demonstration of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for
selecting the best option for a parking lot based on three criteria: "Fare," "Parking Area,"
and "Location." The goal is to find the parking areas among three alternatives: "Civil Mall,"
"Global Park," and "City Mall."

Step 1: Create the Hierarchy

Goal: Select the Best Weekend Getaway Destination

Criteria:
1. Fare
2. Parking Area
3. Location
Alternatives:
a. Civil Mall
b. Global Park
c. City Mall

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Step 2: Pairwise Comparisons (Scale: 1 to 9, with 1 meaning equal importance and 9
meaning extremely more important)
Pairwise Comparison Matrix for Criteria:
Fare Parking Area Location
Fare 1 3 7
Parking Area 1/3 1 5
Location 1/7 1/5 1
Pairwise Comparison Matrix for Alternatives (Relative to "Civil Mall"):
Civil Mall Global Park City Mall
Civil Mall 1 5 3
Global Park 1/5 1 1/3
City Mall 1/3 3 1

Step 3: Calculate Priority Vectors

For Criteria:
Priority Vector for Criteria: (0.49, 0.32, 0.19)

For Alternatives (Normalized):

Priority Vector for Alternatives: (0.52, 0.29, 0.19)

Step 4: Consistency Check

Calculate Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR) using the largest eigenvalue:
CI = (λmax - n) / (n - 1)
CR = CI / Random Index (RI) (RI for n = 3 is 0.58)

Assume that the largest eigenvalue (λmax) is 3.22. Then:

CI = (3.22 - 3) / (3 - 1) = 0.11
CR = 0.11 / 0.58 ≈ 0.19 (which is within an acceptable range)

Step 5: Aggregation
Calculate the Overall Priority for each alternative by summing the product of the priority
vector of criteria and the priority vector of alternatives.

For "Civil Mall":

Overall Priority = 0.49 * 0.52 + 0.32 * 0.29 + 0.19 * 0.19 ≈ 0.39
Similarly, calculate the overall priorities for "Global Park" and "City Mall."

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Step 6: Decision Making
The alternative with the highest overall priority is the best choice. In this case, "Civil Mall"
has the highest overall priority of approximately 0.39, making it the recommended parking
area.

3.3.2 Haversine Algorithm

The Haversine algorithm calculates the shortest distance between two points on a sphere
using their latitudes and longitudes measured along the surface. It is important for use in
navigation. The haversine can be expressed in trigonometric function as:
𝜃
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2

where,
r is the radius of the earth (6371 km)
d is the distance between two points
𝜑1, 𝜑2 is the latitude of the two points
𝜇1, 𝜇2 longitude of the two points respectively
Solving d by applying the inverse haversine or by using the inverse sine function, we get:
𝑑 = 𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑣 −1(ℎ) = 2𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√ℎ)
Or,
𝜑2−𝜑1 𝜇2−𝜇1
𝑑 = 2𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) + cos(𝜑1) cos(𝜑2)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( )
2 2

The Haversine algorithm is applied in this system to locate the user current location. This
technology track of the user's location, and the system tells the user the least occupied
areas.

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 CHAPTER: 4
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
4.1 Implementation

A system should be implemented for its use. The system was developed through writing
codes but some of the components were taken from the pre-existing systems.

4.1.1 Tools Used

Following are the tools and framework used for the accomplishment of this project:

Frontend Tools:

i. HTML
HTML, is used to create and structure content on the web. It forms the backbone of
web pages and defines the structure, layout, and presentation of content. HTML uses
a system of markup tags to describe the elements and their relationships within a web
page.
ii. CSS
CSS is used to control the presentation and layout of HTML and other structured
documents on the web. CSS has defined how elements should be displayed, including
their colors, fonts, spacing, positioning, and more.
iii. JavaScript
In Parking Management System, JavaScript is used for adding interactivity, dynamic
behavior, and functionality to web pages. It allows to create interactive user
interfaces, handle user actions, manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM), and
communicate with servers, among other things.

Backend Tools:
i. PHP
In Parking Recommendation System, PHP is used for making dynamic web pages. It
is used for server-side purpose to add connectivity to the database and used to encrypt
the data, validate the user data, confirm user to go to certain pages, login pages.

Database Tool:
i. MySQL

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 MySQL is used for storing all the information required to the database in Parking
Recommendation System. It is used for performing CRUD operations such as create,
delete, and update data from the database as requested by the user.

Documentation Tools:

i. MS Word
MS Word is used for writing and editing the documentation of the project (Parking
Recommendation System).
ii. MS Project
MS Project is used for creating Gantt Chart for the project.

Designing Tools:
i. EdrawMax
EdrawMax is used to generate diagrams for system analysis and design of the system.
Activity diagram was created using this application. Diagram was created using this
tool to save time since all components are available with drag and drop functions.
ii. Draw.io
Draw.io is also used to generate diagrams for system analysis and design of the
project. Class diagram, object diagram and sequence diagrams were created using
Draw.io.

4.1.2 Implementation Details of Modules

Admin Module

• Admin Manage Users:

Admin can manage the details and information about applicants. The
applicants/users are categories by name, address, username, email, phone and
country. The admin can manage and view the details and information of the
applicants. If the user’s transaction has been completed then admin can delete such
user’s account. The admin page displays all the list of applicants which are stored in
the database.

• Admin Creates Parking Location:

The administrator has the capability to establish new parking locations within the
system. This involves defining specific areas where parking spaces will be available
for reservation. The process typically includes providing essential details such as the

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 name or label of the parking location, its address or coordinates, capacity (the total
number of parking spots available), and potentially any additional information like
the type of parking.

• Users Module:

Users can register into the system by entering all the details such as name, address,
email, username, password, phone and gender required to register. And then can
login to system with their username and password. After login, they can view their
websites and book for a parking. And after filling up the form they can view their
parking and update their form if editing needs to be done.

• Login Module:

In login module, we have implemented two sub modules they are admin login and
user login. Admin and user log into the system using their valid username and
password.

• Register Module:

In register module, we have implemented one sub module for user register. User
register into the system by entering all the details such as name, address, email,
username, password, phone, date of birth and gender required to register. And then
can log in to system with their valid username and password.

4.2 Testing

System testing is a level of testing that validates the complete and fully integrated software
product. The purpose of a system test is to evaluate the end-to-end system specifications.
Usually, the software is only one element of a larger computer-based system. The series of
testing conducted are as follows:

4.2.1 Test Cases for Unit Testing

In unit testing, we designed the entire system in modularized pattern and each module is
tested. Until we get the accurate output from the individual module, we work on the same
module. The input forms are tested so that they do not accept invalid input.

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User Registration

Table 4.1: Test Case for Valid Registration of Parking Recommendation System

Test Case ID: 1 Test Designed By: Lajga Tuladhar

Test Priority (Low/Medium/High): High Test Designed Date: 12th August, 2023
Test Title: Verify register with valid information

Pre-conditions: User has valid information

Test Expected Actual Status

Test Data
Description Result Result (Pass/Fail)

Open http://localhost/vpms/signup.php Navigate to Navigate to Pass

application register page register page
First Name: Lajga
Enter invalid Please fill up Registration Pass
Last Name: Tuladhar the form. failed
information
Email: [email protected]
and enter
Username: lajga
register button
Password: lajga123
Confirm Password:
First Name: Lajga
Enter valid Registration Registered Pass
Last Name: Tuladhar successful. successfully.
information
Email: [email protected]
and enter
Username: lajga
register button
Password: lajga123
Confirm Password: lajga123

Post-condition:

User is validated with database and successfully registered their account. Now user can login to
their account with the username and password.

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User Login

Table 4.2: Test Case for Valid Login of Parking Recommendation System

Test Case ID: 2 Test Designed By: Lajga Tuladhar

Test Priority (Low/Medium/High): High Test Designed Date: 12th August, 2023

Test Title: Verify login with valid username and

password.

Pre-conditions: User has valid username and password

Expected Actual Status
Test Description Test Data
Result Result (Pass/Fail)

Open application http://localhost/vpms/ Navigate to Navigate to Pass

login page login page

Enter invalid Username: Lajga Please enter Login failed Pass

username and valid username
Password: Lajga
password and password.

Enter valid Username: Lajga Login Login Pass

successful. successfully.
username and Password: lajga123
password

Click login button Click login button User navigate User Pass
to dashboard navigate to
dashboard

Post-condition:

User is validated with database and successfully login to account. The account session details are
logged in database.

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4.2.2 Test Cases for System Testing

In system testing, whole system is tested as below:

Test Case for Adding Vehicles

Table 4.3: Test Case for Adding Vehicles for Parking Recommendation System

Test Case 1 Successful Adding Vehicles

Select Category: Two Wheeler Vehicles

Vehicle Company: ABC
Test Data Registration Number: 123
Owner Name: Lajga Tuladhar
Owner Contact Number: 9801223344
A message should be displayed saying “Vehicles Added
Expected Result
Successfully”

Test Result Success

Test Case for Adding Vehicles Failure

Table 4.4: Test Case for Adding Vehicles Failure for Parking Recommendation
System

Test Case 1 Appointment Failure

Select Category: Two Wheeler Vehicles

Vehicle Company: ABC
Test Data Registration Number: 123
Owner Name:
Owner Contact Number: 9801223344

Expected Result A message should be displayed saying “Please Enter the Fields”

Test Result A message displayed saying “Please Enter the Fields”

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Test Case for Updating In-Vehicle to Out-Vehicle in Parking Recommendation
System

Table 4.5: Test Case to Updating In-Vehicle to Out-Vehicle

Test Case 1 Update In-Vehicle to Out-Vehicle

Remarks: Out
Test Data Parking Charge: 30
Status: Outgoing Vehicle

Expected Result A message should be displayed saying “Updated Successfully”

Test Result A message displayed saying “Updated Successfully”

Test Case for Viewing and Deleting User Details in Parking Recommendation System

Table 4.6: Test Case to View and Delete User by Admin

Test Case Expected Data Test Result

On click of List List the user details Successful

On click of Delete Delete the delete details Successful

On click of Login Logout from the system Successful

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 CHAPTER: 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE REFERENCE

5.1 Lesson Learnt

From this project, we knew that how things are done while building the project. I learned
about how the coding structure is maintained, how programming is done on the projects.
We also learned to build the diagrams that are needed for the system. Use case diagrams
are used to represent the system. And also, we came to know the working mechanism of
Class Diagram, Object Diagram, and Sequence Diagram. Like that, Activity Diagrams are
used to show how the system activities are done. We learned many things which can lead
us to do any work related to projects further.

5.2 Conclusion

Users often face difficulties in finding available parking spaces, leading to frustrating waits
in queues and sometimes even the inability to secure parking for their vehicles. The Parking
Recommendation System offers a user-friendly remedy for such challenges. Users are
relieved from the need to search for parking by driving around or seeking assistance, as the
system streamlines the booking process. The system's interface is both sleek and adaptable,
ensuring users can reserve parking spaces from any device, as long as they have an internet
connection. This solution minimizes the hassle associated with parking and provides a
convenient alternative for users seeking a parking spot.

5.3 Future Recommendation

The project will be upgraded and extended in the following features:

• The web page can be made lighter so that with low internet speed that page can be
browsed.
• Enhance the system with email and SMS (Short Message Service) or email
notifications.
• More research should also be done to extend this project to include tracking vehicle
by using CCTV camera for the purpose of maintaining the security.

29
 REFERENCES

[1] D. C. Shoup, "Cruising for parking," November 2006. [Online]. Available:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X06000448?via%3D
ihub.
[2] B. Paul, "On-Street Parking Management; Deutsche Gesellschaft Für International
Zusammenarbeit: Berlin, Germany," 09 May 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119006000386?via%3Di
hub.
[3] T. Giuffrè, "A Novel Architecture of Parking Management for Smart Cities," 09 May
2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812043182?via%3Dihu.
[4] T. Wang, "Impact of Cruising for Parking on Travel Time of Traffic Flow," 10 May
2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3079.
[5] K.-H. Lee, "Parking space detection using ultrasonic sensor in parking assistance
system," 10 May 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4621296.
[6] S. Srikanth, P. Pramod, K. Dileep, S. Tapas, M. U. Patil and C. B. N. Sarat, "Design
and Implementation of a Prototype Smart PARKing (SPARK) System Using Wireless
Sensor Networks," 10 May 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5136681.
[7] J. Chandrasekaran, S. Mathur, T. Jin, N. Kasturiranga and M. Gruteser, "ParkNet:
drive-by sensing of road-side parking statistics," 08 May 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1814433.1814448.
[8] J. Hildenbrand, "Google releases open spot for android — find and share parking," 9
May 2023. [Online].
[9] I. Sherwin, "A useful application that no one uses," 08 May 2023. [Online].

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 APPENDICES: SYSTEM SCREENSHOTS

Database System:

Figure: Screenshot of Database for Parking Recommendation System

Figure: Parking-Lot Database for Parking Recommendation System

Figure: Admin Database for Parking Recommendation System

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 Figure: User Registration Database for Parking Recommendation System

Frontend Overview

Figure: Login Page for Parking Recommendation System

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Figure: Login Page for Admin in Parking Recommendation System

Figure: Admin Dashboard in Parking Recommendation System

33
 Figure: User Dashboard in Parking Recommendation System

Figure: Searching Parking Area in Parking Recommendation System

Figure: Showing Recommended Parking Areas in Parking Recommendation System

34