CHAPTER 1

Today’s Technology
 Continuously develops.
 Digital literacy involves having a current knowledge and understanding of computers,
mobile devices, the web, and related technologies.
Computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory.
IPO = Accepts data [The input], Processes, Produces information [The output]
 Laptop, Tablet, Desktop and All-in-one, server.
Mobile and game devices
 Smartphone, digital camera, portable and digital media player, E-book reader, Wearable
device, Game device
Data and Information
Data is raw [It is the input] meanwhile Information is the processed or manipulated data [It is
the output].
You can input data using:
Keyboard which contains keys you press to enter data and instructions.
A pointing device allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called the pointer.
Speak data instructions using voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video
input.
A scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into a form the
computer can process.

Output device is any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or
mobile device to one or more people.
Printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium, such as paper or other material.
3-D printer can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics, eyewear, implants, toys, parts,
prototypes, and more.
Display visually conveys text, graphics, and video information.
Speakers allow you to hear audio such as music, voice, and other sounds.
[Earbuds/Headphones]
Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and
the data needed by those instructions.
Storage Media is where the computer keeps data, instructions, and information.
Storage Device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media.
 Hard Disk [For PC]
 Solid-State Drive [For portable Laptops]
 USD Flash Drive
 Memory Card
 Optical Disk
 Cloud storage
The Web
Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
The World Wide Web (WWW or web, for short) is a global library of information available to
anyone connected to the Internet.
Webpage is a worldwide collection of electronic documents.
Website is a collection of related webpages.
Web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer.
Browser enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a computer
or mobile device.
Search Engine finds the website, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information
related to a specific topic.
Online Social Network encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos,
music, and videos with other registered users.

Digital Safety and Security

 Protect your computer or mobile devices from Viruses and Other Malware, Protect your
Privacy, Health Concerns, Environmental Issues.
Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste
generated when using a computer.
 Recycling
 Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features
 Regulating manufacturing processes
 Extending the life of computers
 Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers.

Programs and Apps

Software AKA program tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
  Two kinds of software; System Software and Applications
Application fulfills a specific need or performs tasks. System software is designed to run a
computer's hardware and provides a platform for applications to run on top of.
Software developer AKA developer or programmer is someone who develops programs and
apps or writes the instructions that direct the computer or mobile device to process data into
information.
Communications and Networks
Communications Device is hardware capable of transferring items from computers and devices
to transmission media and vice versa.
Examples of wireless communications technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Cellular Radio.
Network is a collection of computers and devices connected, often wirelessly, via
communications devices and transmission media.
Technology Uses
 Education
 Government
 Finance
 Retail
 Entertainment
 Health Care
 Science
 Travel
 Publishing
 Manufacturing
Technology Users
 Home User
 Small/Home Office User
 Mobile User
 Power User
 Enterprise User
CHAPTER 2
The Internet is a worldwide connection of networks that connects millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
- Originated from ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) in September
1969 and had two main goals:
1. Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work together.
2. Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster.
1969 – ARPANET becomes functional > 1984 – 1,000 individual computers linked as host > Today
– has millions connected.

WIRED WIRELESS
Cable internet service Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Mobile Broadband
Fiber to the premises (FTTP) Fixed Wireless
Satellite Internet Service

Hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet connection to mobile computer and
devices.
Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that provides individuals and organizations access
to the internet free or for a fee.
Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a network. [Megabyte = MB,
Gigabyte = GB]
IP ADDRESS is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies each computer or device
connected to the internet.
Domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP address.
A DNS (Domain Name System) server translates the domain name into its associated IP address.

TLD Intended Purpose

.com Commercial organizations, businesses, and companies
.edu Educational Institutions
.gov Government Agencies
.mil Military organizations
.net Network providers or commercial companies
.org Nonprofit organizations

World Wide Web (WWW) or Web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents.
(Webpages)
Website is a collection of related webpages and associated items.
Web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer.
Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to share personal information, allows
users to modify website content, and provide application through a browser.
Browser is an application that enables users with internet access and view webpages on a
computer or mobile device.
Home page is the first page that a website displays.
Tabbed browsing are current browsers that typically support it.
Web address or URL is a unique address that a webpage has.
Web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser.
- Web app hosts usually provide a storage for users’ data and information on their servers,
known as cloud storage.
Search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and
other information related to a specific topic.
SEARCH ENGINE OPERATORS
Operator Description Examples Explanation
Space or Display search results that include Art + music Results have both words, art,
+ specific words Art music and music, in any order.

OR Include only one word from the list. dog OR puppy Results have dog or puppy.

() Combine search results that include Kalamazoo Results include both words,
specific words that include only one Michigan (pizza or Kalamazoo Michigan and
word from the list. subs) either the word pizza or
subs.
- Exclude a word from the search Automobile –
results. convertible Include automobile but not
convertible.
“ ” Search for an exact phrase in a “19th century
certain order. literature” Results include the exact
* phrase.
Substitute characters in place of the Writer*
asterisk. Results include any word
that begins text writer,

Types of Websites (17)

Blogs, Bookmarking, Business, governmental, and organizational, Health and Fitness, Careers
and Employment, Content Aggregation, Educational, E-commerce, Informational and research,
Media sharing, News, weather, sports, and other mass media, Online social network, Portals,
Science, Search Engine, Website and creation management, Wiki and Collaboration.
Web Publishing is the creation and maintenance of websites.
 Plan the website
 Design the website
 Create the website
 Host the website
 Maintain the website
Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with media… Graphics, Animation,
Audio, Video, Virtual Reality.
Graphic – Visual representation of non-text information. (BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG & TIFF)
Infographic – Visual representation of data and information, designed to communicate quickly,
simplify complex concepts, or present patterns or trends.
Animation – Is the appearances of motion created by displaying a series of still images in
sequences.
Audio – Includes music, speech, or any other sound.
Video – Consists of images displayed in motion.
Virtual Reality (VR) – Uses computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears
as a three-dimensional space.
Plug-in or Add-on is a program that extends the capability of a browser.
Email is the transmission of messages and files via computer network.
Email program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print and delete email
messages.
Email list is a group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message.
Instant messaging services notify you when one or more of your established contacts are online
and then allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chatroom with them.
Chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile devices with
many other online users.
Chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat with others who are online at
the same time.
Online discussion is an online area in which users have written discussions about particular
subjects.
 VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users via their Internet connection.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading
to and from other computers on the Internet.
- FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or downloading files using FTP.
CHAPTER 3
Types of computers and mobile devices include:
- Laptops, tablets, and desktops
- Servers and terminals
- Smartphones, digital cameras, e-book readers, portable and digital media players and
wearable devices
- Game devices
- Embedded computers
Mobile computer is a portable personal computer, designed so that a user can easily carry it
from place to place.
Personal computer (PC) is a mobile computer or desktop that can perform all its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one person at a
time.
Laptop (Notebook computer) is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and
a keyboard in its base.
Tablet is a thin, lighter-weight mobile computer that has a touch screen.
A Handheld computer is a computer small enough to fit in one hand.
Desktop (Desktop computer) is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location,
where all its components fit on or under a desk or table.
Server is a computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices
on a network.
- Rack server
- Blade server
- Tower server
TYPE Main Service Provided

Application Server Stores and runs apps.

Backup server Backs up and restores files, folders, and media.

Database server Stores and provides access to a database.

Domain name server Stores domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.

File server/Storage server Stores and manages files.

FTP server Stores files for user upload or downloading via FTP.
Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources, such as servers and
storage devices.
- Server virtualization (virtual servers) uses software to enable a physical server to
emulate the hardware and computing capabilities of one or more servers.
A server farm is a network of several servers together in a single location.
A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle hundreds or thousands of
connected users simultaneously.
A terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send data
to and/or receive information from a server, or host computer.
- A thin client is a terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and
components
- Most retail stores use a POS terminal to record purchases, process credit or debit cards,
and update inventory
ATM (automated teller machine) is a self-service banking terminal that connects to a host
computer through a network
A self-service kiosk is a freestanding terminal that usually has a touch screen for user

TYPE TYPE
Financial kiosk Pay bills, add minutes to phone plans, add money to prepaid
cards, and perform other financial activities.
Photo kiosk
Print photos from digital images.
Ticket kiosk Print tickets.
Vending kiosk Dispense item after payment is received.
Visitor kiosk Manage and track visitors upon check-in.

interaction.
A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer – and the most expensive. Capable of
processing many trillions of instructions in a single second
Cloud computing refers to an environment that provides resources and services accessed via
the Internet.
A smartphone is an Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar, an address
book, a calculator, a notepad, games, browser, and numerous other apps.
A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take photos and store the photographed
images digitally.
– Smart digital camera
– Point-and-shoot camera
– SLR camera
Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display.
A portable media player is a mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play or view
digital media.
A digital media player or streaming media player is a device, typically used in a home, that
streams digital media from a computer or network to a television, projector, or some other
entertainment device.
An e-book reader (short for electronic book reader), or e-reader, is a mobile device that is used
primarily for reading e-books and other digital publications.
A wearable device or wearable is a small, mobile computing device designed to be worn by a
consumer.
A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video
games.
A handheld game device is a small mobile device that contains a screen, speakers, controls, and
game console all in one unit.
Game controllers include gamepads, joysticks and wheels, dance pads, and a variety of motion-
sensing controllers.
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a
larger product.
- Consumer electronics
- Home automation devices
- Automobiles
- Process controllers and robotics
- Computer devices and office machines
A port is the point at which a peripheral device attaches to or communicates with a computer or
mobile device so that the peripheral device can send data to or receive information from the
computer or mobile device.
A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches to a port on the
computer or mobile device, and a connector at the other end of the cable attaches to a port on
the peripheral device.
A USB port, short for universal serial bus port, can connect to 127 different peripheral devices
together with a single connector.
Wireless – Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC
To help reduce the chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures
–Physical access controls
–Alarm system
–Physical security devices
–Security or device-tracking app
–Require identification
Hardware can fail for a variety of reasons: aging hardware; random events such as electrical
power problems; and even errors in programs or apps.
– Undervoltage
– Overvoltage or power surge
A surge protector, also called a surge suppressor, uses electrical components to provide a stable
current flow and minimize the chances of an overvoltage reaching the computer and other
electronic equipment.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that contains surge protection circuits and
one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent loss of power.
HEALTH CONCERNS OF USING TECHNOLOGY
A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments,
and joints.
• Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a technology-related health condition that affects
eyesight
• Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into
the design of items in the workplace
•Technology addiction occurs when the technology consumes someone’s entire social life

CHAPTER 3
Types of computer and mobile devices include:
 Laptop, tablets, and desktops
 Servers and terminals
 Smartphones, digital cameras, e-book readers, portable and digital media players and
wearable devices
 Game devices
 Embedded computers
Mobile computer is a portable personal computer, designed so that a user can easily carry it
from place to place.
Personal computer (PC) is a mobile computer or desktop that can perform all its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one person at a
time.
Laptop (notebook computer), is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and
a keyboard in its base.
Tablet is a thin, lighter-weight mobile computer that has a touchscreen.
A handheld computer is a computer small enough to fit in one hand.
Desktop (Desktop computer), is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location,
where all its components fit on or under a desk or table.
Server is a computer dedicated to providing one or more services to computers or devices on a
network.
- Rack server
- Blade server
- Tower server

Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources, such as servers and
storage devices. Server virtualization uses software to enable a physical server to emulate the
hardware and computing capabilities of one or more servers, known as virtual servers.
Server farm is a network of several servers together in a single location.
A Mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle hundreds or thousands of
connected users simultaneously.
Terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send data
to and/or receive information from a server, or host computer.
Thin client = terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and components.
POS terminal [point-of-sale]
ATM (automated teller machine) is a self-service banking terminal that connects to a host
computer through a network.
A self-service kiosk is a freestanding terminal that usually has a touch screen for user
interaction.

A Supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer – and the most expensive. It can
process many trillions of instructions in a single second
Cloud computing refers to an environment that provides resources and services accessed via
the internet.
MOBILE DEVICES
Smartphone is an Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar, an address
book, a calculator, a notepad, games, browser, and numerous other apps.
Short Message Service (SMS) Multimedia Message Service (MMS)

•Mobile to mobile •Mobile to mobile

•Mobile to email •Mobile to email

•Mobile to provider
•Web to mobile
Digital cameras allow users to take photos and store the photographed images digitally.
- Smart digital camera
- Point-and-shoot camera
- SLR camera
How a digital camera might work:
Step 1: Point to the image to photograph and take the photo. Light passes into the lens of the
camera.
Step 2: The image is focused on a chip called a charged-coupled device (CCD).
Step 3: The CCD generates an analog signal that represents the image.
Step 4: The analog signal is converted to a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Step 5: A processor in the camera adjusts the quality of the image and usually stores the digital
photo on media inserted in the camera.
Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display.
Portable media player mobile device which you can store, organize, and play or view digital
media.
Digital media player (streaming media player) is a device, typically used in a home, that streams
digital media from a computer or network to a television, projector, or some other
entertainment device.
E-book reader (Electronic book reader/e-reader) mobile device that is used primarily for
reading e-books and other digital publications.
Wearable device (wearable) is a small, mobile computing device designed to be worn by a
consumer.
GAME DEVICES
Game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video
games.
Handheld game device is a small mobile device that contains a screen, speakers, controls, and
game console all in one unit.
Game controllers = gamepads, joysticks, wheels, dance pads, and a variety of motion-sensing
controllers.
Embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger
product.
- Consumer electronics
- Home automation devices
- Automobiles
- Process controllers and robotics
- Computer devices and office machines
 PORTS AND CONNECTIONS
Port is the point at which a peripheral device attaches to or communicates with a computer or
mobile device so that the peripheral device can send data to or receive information from the
computer or mobile device.
Connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches to a port on the
computer or mobile device, and a connecter at the other end of the cable attaches to a port on
the peripheral device.
USB port (Universal serial bus port) can connect to 127 different peripheral devices together
with a single connector. Some mobile users prefer the flexibility of port replicators and docking
stations. Wireless = Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC.
PROTECTING HARDWARE
To help reduce the chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures.
- Physical access controls.
- Alarm system.
- Physical security devices
- Security or device-tracking app
- Require identification
Hardware can fail: Aging hardware, random events such as electrical power problems, and even
errors in programs or apps.
- Undervoltage
- Overvoltage or Power surge
Surge protector (Surge suppressor), uses electrical components to provide a stable current flow
and minimize the chances of an overvoltage reaching the computer and other electronic
equipment.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that contains surge protection circuits and one
or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent loss of power.
HEALTH CONCERNS OF USING TECHNOLOGY
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments,
and joints.
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a technology-related health condition that affects eyesight.
Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into
the design of items in the workplace.
Technology addiction occurs when the technology consumes someone’s entire social life.