Architecture is the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.

Architecture is a language that we understand because we inhabit buildings, they

surround us and create our world. To achieve a piece of architecture requires
engaging with a process of thinking, drawing and designing a process that
ultimately produces a building.

The word Architecture can be defined as arkhi meaning chief and tekton meaning
builder or carpenter. This definition demonstrates the fundamental basis of
architecture. As chief builder an architect needs to have an overview of building,
both as an object produced and as an activity of construction. This overview
requires:

1. an understanding of the context of buildings (landscape or the city) and

2. an understanding of the building itself, in terms of its underlying concept or

idea, its function or uses and its materiality and structure. Now, Building can be
understood as:

• Series of rooms, connected spaces leading from outside to inside.

• Consideration is the control of light and sound in those rooms and furniture
that inhabits the spaces. A r c h i t e c t u r e At its simplest form, Architecture can
be about designing spaces or rooms or at its most complex, designing buildings,
streets and cities. Architecture is about form and space making, but it also deals
with function and how function affects form. Architecture also has to contain
light, sound, heat and respond to a range of other issues that make an
environment comfortable for human habitation.

Mostly architecture is represented by a building which meets all the logical

functions satisfactorily while maintaining soundness in construction and beautiful
composition. In Conclusion: Architecture is both the process and product of
planning, designing and constructing space that reflects functional, social and
aesthetic considerations. It requires the manipulation and coordination of
materials technology, light shadow and others. A wider definition may comprise
all design activities from macro –level (urban design, landscape architecture) to
the micro- level. (Construction details and interiors etc).

Architecture can be symbolic and have meaning associated with it; this could be
religious, a temple for example, or an association with national identity, such as
government offices. Architecture helps people to identify with places and
cultures, and buildings can have an impact beyond the user’s physical
experience of them. All significant cities have architectural icons associated with
them, from the Eiffel Tower in Paris to the Opera House in Australia, to Durbar
Squares in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan Art Art of building design Creative
art Utilitarian art Social art Mother of all arts Science Includes systematic
process / Design process and principles Systematic way of doing things Skillful
technique Technology Structure and enclosure (Building erects with the help of
technology) Comfort, safety and protection Proper use of material

Architecture is Mother of all arts .

Architecture as the mother of all arts, is recognized as a valid form of creative
art, because something is formed where nothing once existed. Any architectural
training includes making, drawing, modeling or constructing, the belief that
architectural education is inherently creative. While the artists work from the
reality to abstract, the architects have to work from the abstract to fact.
Architecture is the mother of all arts; without a wall to hang it on, what is the
point of a painting a picture. Sculptures do not stand alone, but in a designed
space and for a purpose to enhance the owner’s surroundings and status.
Architecture does what no other art can do: All other art forms recreate some
portion of the world – For example; a single human figure, or a twodimensional
scene on a canvas. Only architecture can create a total environment, one that
literally surrounds the viewer. Architecture creates a man-made, idealized world -
an environment created by the architect to fit the kind of life he sees as proper to
man. Architecture conveys a view of man indirectly, not by projecting an image of
man himself [as sculpture, painting and literature do] but by projecting a proper
environment for man to live.

Technique Arts: Deals with practical usefulness •Stands for Goodness

Phonetic Arts: Related with language and gestures •Stands for expression of
Truth

Aesthetic Arts: •Deals with beauty or pleasant appearance •Stands for Beauty A

Architecture is all about creating functional spaces for specific activities.

Architecture is all about creating comfortable habitable spaces for the occupant.
This means Architecture is also for mental and physical benefit of human beings
from utilitarian point of view.

“Architecture is the public art and the part of Architecture is language. We

understand Old traditional buildings because they signal to us, things about our
culture. The same thing is true for new museums, they have to signal the
connection between that past and in the future.“ (Daniel Lebiskind)

Architecture stimulate a sense of appreciation and kindle imagination in the

minds of those who look at it. A good building with its imposing mass and
graceful outlines produces happiness and enjoyment on seeing it. The aim of
architecture is to give such satisfaction and enjoyment.

Architecture is giving the shape to the imagination by addressing technical

usefulness, critical thinking and providing magnificence to the structure. Thus,
Architecture is “Mother of all arts”; where architecture links all different arts to
provide form to human imagination to provide shelter for human being.

Factors influencing Architecture

1..Context: Contextual factors include the nature of the surrounding fabric of

natural and built element. Existing patterns and characteristics of this fabric can
provide clues or starting points for approaching site development as well as the
building design, influencing its configuration and use of materials, colours, and
textures.

2. Climate: Climate is the measure of temperature, humidity, atmospheric

pressure, wind, rainfall , snowfall and sun path( during the different times of the
year) that determine a region's local weather patterns year round. Climate can be
affected by an area's local landscape, such as mountain regions or flatlands, as
well as by weather. Climate is a major determining factor in what sort of buildings
are constructed and how they are built. For example: in traditional architecture,
which uses only locally sourced resources and materials and does not make use of
advanced technology to protect residents from adverse local weather. Another
example is use of insulation in buildings in cold region.
3. Geography/ Topography: The design is influenced by the land topography as it
affects how the building will be built and whether it can be on the plot of land.
The water tables determine the types of foundations and their depth.

4.Geology: The type of terrain can also affect the architectural design. That's why
it is highly advisable to study the terrain and adapt the design to it surroundings.
Soil quality also influence the architectural design as the soil might not be strong
enough or compact to hold a large weight of a building or keep the foundations
stable.

5. Religion: The type of religion a country is influenced by affects the type of

structure being built. Example: In Ancient Greece, they had a strong belief in their
gods and goddesses, that's why their most monumental and grand buildings are
their temples.

6.Culture: It is important to consider how, when, where, and why people do

things. We must understand and learn their lifestyle in order to merge the culture
with the structure. Culture also determines the architectural design. For example:
if the client is Chinese, their preference could be a building according to Feng Shui
beliefs.

7.Technology(Building Materials + Construction System): Architecture can vary

according to the construction technology and building materials used to build
the structures. New materials and technologies generated new design challenges
and construction methods throughout the evolution of building.
8.Client: Some clients have a clear idea of a program, budget, and other project
objectives, including the final appearance of the building. Others look to their
architect to help them define the project objectives and to design a building that
meets those objectives. In both cases the effectiveness of the relationship
between client and architect is a major factor in making and implementing
design decisions throughout the project.

9.Program: All clients have a series of aspirations, requirements, and limitations

to be met in design. The program provides a place for identifying and delineating
these factors and any number of related considerations. The program may be
short or long, general or specific, descriptive of needs, or suggestive of solutions.

10.Codes and Regulations: Regulatory constraints on design have increased

steadily. Beginning with simple safety requirements and minimal land-use and
light-and-air zoning, building codes and regulations have grown into a major
force in design that regulates every aspect of design and construction.

11.Cost/ Budget: Cost has a major influence on subsequent design decisions,

from building size and to material selection and detailing.

12.Design Change: Changing design could cost a big amount to the client as they
would restart the complete design process. It’ll also affect the period of project
completion. This can also lead to hiring new architect.

Bases for Development of Architecture.

1.Life :Early man did not have a permanent shelter. He kept wandering from place
to place for food. Wherever, the rock cut caves were not an option, he started
using reeds for building huts and saplings for making tents sheathed on bark.
Gradually, the ancient cave man started advancing by trying different building
materials for the construction of homes. Today, we are aware of amazing
constructions happening around the world( palaces, hotels, skyscrapers, etc).
The advancement in technology has changed the scenario of architecture.
2.Love : demonstrate affection to loved ones There are many monuments built
as the sign of love. Taj Mahal , one of the seven wonders of the world was
built by Emperor Shah Jahan of Delhi as a token of love for his beloved wife
Mumtaz.

3.Hope : spiritualism Various religious buildings have been built all over the
world, such as, temples, mosques, churches. The finest example of Hope for the
development of architecture is the Great Pyramids of Egypt. Pyramids were
constructed to preserve the dead bodies of royal people in the form of
mummies with the only hope that they will secure immortality some day and will
come back to life.

4.Death : as a memorial of loved ones It is clearly evident that the result of death
and its influence of architecture is towards the construction of tombs and
various monumental buildings in the memory of great people. Jewish Museum
Berlin Gateway Arch in Missouri Tomb of Akbar .Architecture is indeed a splendid
field. It provided homes for living creatures, shrines for Gods and tombs for the
dead.

The elements of design are:

1. Line

The first and most basic element of design is that of the line. In drawing, a liene is
the stroke of the pen or pencil but in graphic design, it’s any two connected points.
Lines are useful for dividing space and drawing the eye to a specific location. For
example, think about how a magazine uses lines to separate content, headlines and
side panels.
Here are a few examples of what we traditionally think of when we think of lines:

2. Color

Color is one of the most obvious elements of design, for both the user and the
designer. It can stand alone, as a background, or be applied to other elements, like
lines, shapes, textures or typography. Color creates a mood within the piece and
tells a story about the brand. Every color says something different, and
combinations can alter that impression further.

3. Shape
Shapes, geometric or organic, add interest. Shapes are defined by boundaries, such
as a lines or color, and they are often used to emphasize a portion of the page.
Everything is ultimately a shape, so you must always think in terms of how the
various elements of your design are creating shapes, and how those shapes are
interacting.

4. Space

Negative space is one of the most commonly underutilized and misunderstood

aspects of designing for the page. The parts of the site that are left blank, whether
that’s white or some other color, help to create an overall image. Use negative
space to create shapes as you would any other element.

5. Texture

It’s counter-intuitive to think about texture when the piece isn’t ever going to be
touched. Websites and graphic design do rely on the look and impression of texture
on the screen, however. Textures can create a more three-dimensional appearance
on this two-dimensional surface.

6. Typography

Perhaps the single most important part of graphic and web design is typography.
Like color, texture, and shapes, the fonts you use tell readers you’re a serious
online news magazine, a playful food blog or a vintage tea tins shop. Words are
important, but the style of the words is equally essential.
These shop owners have created flexible font families that can make your text look
distinctive and memorable:

7. Scale (Size)

Playing with the scale and size of your objects, shapes, type and other elements
add interest and emphasis. How boring would a symmetrical website with all
similarly sized ingredients be? Very. But the amount of variation will depend
heavily on the content within. Subtle differences suit professional content, while
bold ones prefer creative enterprises.
8. Dominance and Emphasis (pravutyo and jood)

While you can talk about emphasizing one thing or another, the element of
emphasis has more to do with an object, color or style dominating another for a
heightened sense of contrast. Contrast is intriguing, and it creates a focal point.
If you want to test out how dominance and emphasis can change your project’s
visual impact, try a saturated Lightroom preset like this one:

9. Balance

There are two schools of balance: symmetry and asymmetry. While most
designers, artists, and creative folks much prefer asymmetry for its eye-catching
nature, symmetry does have its place. Sometimes

10. Harmony (sadhaav)

Harmony is “The main goal of graphic design,” according to Alex White, author of
“The Elements of Graphic Design.” So, you know it must be important. Harmony
is what you get when all the pieces work together. Nothing should be superfluous.
Great design is just enough and never too much. Make sure all the details accord
with one another before you consider the project complete.