Grammar

By
Han Wai Oo, Ei Ei Mon, Alainmar Kyaw

Independent Clause
- A clause which can be used both as a stand-alone sentence or with another clause to make a
compound or complex sentence

Eg- Chocolate is one of my favorite foods.

I like playing football.

Dependent clause
- A clause that relies on being used with another clause, usually another type of clause, the
independent clause.
- When used on its own a dependent clause will not create a complete sentence and needs further
information to turn it into one.

Eg - Jack went to the mall after he finished school.

I have to study maths because there will be an exam tomorrow.

Sentence Fragment
- A combination of words that resembles a complete sentence but isn’t.
- lacks a subject, a verb, or a complete thought, making it unable to stand alone as a sentence

Eg - Got a job at Seo-Lion Company last year.(sentence fragment)

My brother got a job at Seo-Lion Company last year. ✓✓

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 Because I was tired.(sentence fragment)

Because I was tired, I decided to take a nap.

Run-on sentences
- Two complete sentences that are written as one
- . You can tell a sentence is a run-on if there are two complete thoughts, but improperly joined
together without appropriate punctuation or conjunctions.

Eg - • Run-on Sentence: "I woke up late this morning I missed the bus."

• Run-on Sentence: "She loves to read she often loses track of time."

To correct run-on sentences, you can use these methods:

• Period and Capitalization: Separate the independent clauses into two or more
distinct sentences.

• Corrected: "I woke up late this morning. I missed the bus."

• Corrected: "She loves to read. She often loses track of time."

• Comma and Coordinating Conjunction: Use a comma followed by a

• Corrected: "I woke up late this morning, so I missed the bus."

• Corrected: "She loves to read, but she often loses track of time."

Fused Sentences
A fused sentence, also known as a run-on sentence, occurs when two independent clauses are combined
without proper punctuation or conjunctions. Here are examples of fused sentences:

• Fused Sentence: "I went to the store I bought some groceries."

• Fused Sentence: "She loves to hike she goes on trails every weekend."

To correct fused sentences, you can use these methods:

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• Period and Capitalization: Separate the clauses into two separate sentences.

• Corrected: "I went to the store. I bought some groceries."

• Corrected: "She loves to hike. She goes on trails every weekend."

• Semicolon: Use a semicolon to join the related independent clauses.

• Corrected: "I went to the store; I bought some groceries."

• Corrected: "She loves to hike; she goes on trails every weekend."

Misplaced modifier
A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly positioned in a sentence, leading to
confusion or ambiguity about what it is intended to modify. Here are examples of misplaced modifiers:

• Misplaced Modifier: "Running quickly, the cat chased the mouse."

• Misplaced Modifier: "I saw a woman with a telescope on the hill."

To correct misplaced modifiers, you can use these methods:

• Repositioning: Place the modifier next to the word it is supposed to modify.

• Corrected: "The cat chased the mouse quickly as it was running."

• Corrected: "On the hill, I saw a woman with a telescope."

• Adding Words: Add words to clarify the intended meaning.

• Corrected: "Running quickly, the cat quickly chased the mouse."

• Corrected: "I saw a woman on the hill who was looking through a telescope."

Dangling modifier

A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that is not clearly or logically related to the word it is supposed to
modify. This often results in awkward or confusing sentences. Here are examples of dangling modifiers:•
Corrected: "While hiking through the forest, I heard the birds chirping loudly."

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• Specify the Subject: Clearly state the subject that the modifier is meant to
modify.

• Corrected: "After studying for hours, she found the test easy."

• Corrected: "While hiking through the forest, we heard the birds chirping loudly."

• Dangling Modifier: "After studying for hours, the test was easy."

• Dangling Modifier: "Hiking through the forest, the birds chirped loudly."

To correct dangling modifiers, you can use these methods:

• Repositioning: Place the word or phrase being modified next to the modifier.

• Corrected: "After studying for hours, I found the test easy."

Parallel structure
Parallel structure, also known as parallelism, is a grammatical and rhetorical device where elements
within a sentence or a series of sentences have the same grammatical structure, pattern, or form. It creates
balance and harmony in writing. Here are three examples of parallel structured sentences:

• "She enjoys swimming, hiking, and cycling."

• "He not only studies math but also excels in it."

• "To succeed, you need determination, dedication, and a positive attitude."