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DBMS 5

The document discusses correlated subqueries which are subqueries that are evaluated once for each row processed by an outer query. It provides examples of correlated subqueries in SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements and explains how they differ from nested subqueries by executing once for each row rather than a single time. Various examples using a sample employees table are also given.

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pareshkumar3108
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23 views

DBMS 5

The document discusses correlated subqueries which are subqueries that are evaluated once for each row processed by an outer query. It provides examples of correlated subqueries in SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements and explains how they differ from nested subqueries by executing once for each row rather than a single time. Various examples using a sample employees table are also given.

Uploaded by

pareshkumar3108
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment : 5

Aim : Queries on Joins and Correlated Sub-queries.


Description : Correlated subqueries are used for row-by-row processing. Each
subquery is executed once for every row of the outer query.

A correlated subquery is evaluated once for each row processed by the parent statement.
The parent statement can be a SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
SELECT column1, column2, ....
FROM table1 outer
WHERE column1 operator
(SELECT column1, column2
FROM table2
WHERE expr1 =
outer.expr2);
A correlated subquery is one way of reading every row in a table and comparing values
in each row against related data. It is used whenever a subquery must return a different
result or set of results for each candidate row considered by the main query. In other
words, you can use a correlated subquery to answer a multipart question whose answer
depends on the value in each row processed by the parent statement.
Nested Subqueries Versus Correlated Subqueries :
With a normal nested subquery, the inner SELECT query runs first and executes once,
returning values to be used by the main query. A correlated subquery, however, executes
once for each candidate row considered by the outer query. In other words, the inner
query is driven by the outer query.

CORRELATED UPDATE :

UPDATE table1 alias1


SET column = (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column =
alias2.column);

CORRELATED DELETE :

DELETE FROM table1 alias1


WHERE column1 operator
(SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);

See the following employees table in the sample database:

The following query finds employees whose salary is greater than the average salary of all
employees:
SELECT
employee_id,
first_name,
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary > (SELECT
AVG(salary)
FROM
employees);

SELECT
employee_id,
first_name,
last_name,
salary,
department_id
FROM
employees e
WHERE
salary > (SELECT
AVG(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id = e.department_id)
ORDER BY
department_id ,
first_name ,
last_name;
SELECT
employee_id,
first_name,
last_name
FROM
employees e
WHERE
NOT EXISTS( SELECT
*
FROM
dependents d
WHERE
d.employee_id = e.employee_id)
ORDER BY first_name ,
last_name;
Using corelated subquery we obtain second highest , third highest and fourth highest
salary from the empl table.
Different Types of SQL JOINs
Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:
• (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
• LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
• RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the
matched records from the left table
• FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left
or right table

Suppose we have four tables:


Employee table
department table
manager table
projects table

Employee table
Department table

Manager table

Project table

Inner Join:
Left Join:

Right Join:
Full Join:

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