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NUMBER PATTERNS, SEQUENCES AND

SERIES GRADE 12 NOTES - MATHEMATICS
STUDY GUIDES
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Number patterns
Arithmetic sequences
Quadratic sequences
Geometric sequences
Arithmetic and geometric series

3.1 Number patterns

A list of numbers in order is called a number pattern or number sequence.
We need at least three numbers in the list to work out if the numbers form a pattern. If we only
have two numbers, we cannot be sure what the pattern is.

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For example, if we have the list 2; 4; … many different number patterns are possible:
:
 The pattern could be 2; 4; 6; … add 2 to each number to get the next number
OR 2; 4; 8; … multiply each number by 2 to get the next number
OR 2; 4; 2; 4; … repeat the pattern
A single number in a pattern or sequence is called a term.
Term 1 is written as T1, term 2 is written as T2 and so on. The number of the term shows its
position in the sequence.
T10 is the 10th term in the sequence.
Tn is the nth term in a sequence.

e.g.1

1. Look at the number pattern 3; 8; 13; …

If we keep adding 5 to each term we get the next term:

T4 = 13 + 5 = 18; T5 = 23; T6 = 28, etc.
2. Look at the number pattern 5; 15; 45; …

In this pattern, each term is multiplied by 3 to get the next term.

So T4 = 45 × 3 = 135; T5 = 405; T6 = 1 215, and so on.
3. Look at the sequence: 1; 4; 9; …
T1 = 12; T2 = 22; T3 = 32
These are all perfect square numbers. Each number is the number of the term squared.
So T4 = (4)2 = 16; T5 = (5)2 = 25; T6 = (6)2 = 36, and so on.

It is important to learn to recognise square numbers.

3.2 Arithmetic sequences

Arithmetic sequence is a sequence where the common difference (d) between consecutive
terms is constant.
T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = Tn – Tn–1 = d (common difference)

e.g 2
Given the sequence: 5; 9; 13; 17 ; . . .

a. Determine the common difference

b. Determine the next two terms
:
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Solution
d = 9 – 5 = 13 – 9 = 4
T5 = 17 + 4 = 21 and T6 = 21 + 4 = 25

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If we use a for the qrst term T1, d for the common difference, then the general term Tn for an
arithmetic sequence is: Tn = a + (n – 1)d
e.g. 3
Given the sequence 4; 10; 16; . . .

a. Determine a formula for the nth term of the sequence.

b. Calculate the 50th term.
c. Which term of the sequence is equal to 310

Solutions

a. a = 4 and d = 10 – 4 = 16 – 10 = 6
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
= 4 + (n – 1) 6
:
 = 4 + 6n – 6
= 6n – 2
b. T50 = 6 × 50 – 2
= 300 – 2
= 298
c. 6n – 2 = 310
6n = 312
n = 52

Activity 1

1. Given the sequence 6; 13; 20; …

a. Determine a formula for the nth term of the sequence.
b. Calculate the 21st term of this sequence.
c. Determine which term of this sequence is 97. (5)
2. Consider this number pattern: 8; 5; 2; …
a. Calculate the 15th term.
b. Determine which term of this sequence is –289. (4)
3.
a. Given the arithmetic sequence 1 − p; 2p − 3; p + 5; . . . determine the value of p.
b. Determine the values of the qrst three terms of the sequence. (5)
[14]

Solutions

1.
a. It is an arithmetic sequence because there is a common difference.
a = 6; d = 7 Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Tn = 6 + (n – 1)(7)
Tn = 7n – 1
b. T21 = 7(21) – 1 = 147 – 1 = 146
c. 97 = 7n – 1
∴98 = 7n
∴14 = n
∴97 is the 14th term of the sequence. (5)
2.
a. It is an arithmetic sequence: a = 8; d = 5 – 8 = 2 – 5 = – 3
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
∴T15 = 8 + (15 – 1)(–3)
T15 = 8 + 14(–3)
T15 = 8 – 42 = –34
b. Tn = a + (n – 1)d
– 289 = 8 + (n – 1)(–3)
∴– 289 = 8 – 3n +3
∴– 300 = –3n
∴100 = n 3 ∴– 289 will be the 100th term (4)
3.
:
 a. Since this is an arithmetic sequence, you can assume that there is a common
difference between the terms.
d = T2 – T1 = T3 − T2
∴(2p – 3) – (1 – p) = ( p + 5) – (2p – 3)
3p – 4 = – p + 8
4p = 12
b. p = 3
T1 = 1 – p = 1 – 3 = –2
T2 = 2p – 3 = 2(3) – 3 = 3
T3 = p + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
So the qrst three terms of the sequence are –2; 3; 8 (5)
[14]

3.3 Quadratic sequences

At least four numbers are needed to determine whether the sequence is quadratic or not.
Consider this number pattern:
There is no common difference between the numbers.
The differences are 6; 10; 14; 18.
Now we can see if there is a second common difference.

In this sequence, there is a second common difference of 4.

The next term will be: T6 = 54 + (18 + 4) = 76
A pattern with a common second difference is called a quadratic number sequence.
The general formula for any term of a quadratic sequence is: Tn = an2 + bn + c
:
 If Tn = an2 + bn + c then 2a is the second difference
3a + b is T2 – T1
a + b + c is the qrst term
e.g.4
Look at the number sequence 12; 20; 32; 48; . . .

1. 2nd common difference is 4

So 2a = 4 ∴a = 2
2. T2 – T1 = 8
So 3a + b = 8 ∴ 3(2) + b = 8
∴b=2
3. 1st term is 12
So a + b + c = 12 ∴ 2 + 2 + c = 12
∴c=8
∴Tn = 2n2 + 2n + 8
∴T5 = 2(5)2 + 2(5) + 8 = 68
∴T6 = 2(6)2 + 2(6) + 8 = 92
:
 Activity 2

1. Consider the number pattern: 3; 13; 31; 57; 91; …

a. Determine the general term for this pattern.
b. Calculate the 7th term of this pattern.
c. Which term is equal to 241? (9)
2. Find term 6 of this pattern and then qnd the rule in the form
Tn = an2 + bn + c
–1 ; 3; 9; 17; 27 ... (4)
[13]

Solutions

1.
a. It helps to make a diagram:

∴ it is a quadratic sequence.
2a = 8 ∴ a = 4
3a + b = 10 ∴3(4) + b = 10
b = –2
a + b + c = 3 ∴ 4 + (–2) + c = 3
c=1
∴Tn =4n2 – 2n + 1
b. T7 = 4(7)2 – 2(7) + 1
= 4(49) – 14 + 1
= 183
c. 241 = 4n2 – 2n + 1
0 = 4n2 – 2n + 1 – 241 make the equation = 0 to solve
0 = 4n2 – 2n – 240
0 = 2n2 – n – 120 divide through by 2
0 = (2n + 15)(n – 8)
:
 factorise
∴ 2n + 15 = 0 OR n – 8 = 0
∴ n = –7,5 OR n = 8 3 (9)
2. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
–1 3 9 17 27 ...
4 6 8 10
2 2 2
∴T6 = 27 + (10 + 2) = 39 3 use the pattern of the numbers
2a = 2 ∴a = 1
3a + b = 4
3(1) + b = 4 ∴ b = 1
a + b + c = –1
1 + 1 + c = –1 ∴ c = –3
Tn = n2 + n – 3 (4)
[13]

n = –7,5 not possible because n is the position of the term so it must be a positive natural
number. ✓
∴ 241 is the 8th term of the sequence.

3.4 Geometric sequences

When there is a common ratio (r) between consecutive terms, we can say this is a geometric
sequence.
If the qrst term (T1) is a, the common ratio is r, and the general term is Tn, then:

r =T2 = T3 = Tn
T1 T2 Tn-1
and = Tn = arn-1
Look at the sequence 5; 15; 45; 135; 405; …
15 = 3 45 = 3 and 135 = 3 and so the common ratio is 3.
5 15 45
Therefore the sequence is geometric. To get the next term you multiply the preceding term by
the common ratio.
(Given the sequence, check whether it is arithmetic, geometric or quadratic.)

e.g.5
Given the sequence 1; 2/3 ; 4/9 ; ...

a. Determine the next two terms

b. Which term of the sequence is equal to 32 ?
243
:
 e.g. 6
In a geometric sequence, the qfth term is 80 and the common ratio is –2.
Determine the qrst three terms of the sequence.
T5 = 80 and r = –2
T5 = ar4 = a(–2)4 = 80
16a = 80
a=5
∴T1 = 5; T2 = 5(–2)1 = –10; T3 = 5(–2)2 = 20

Activity 3

a. Determine the 10th term of the sequence: 3; 6; 12; . . . (2)

b. Determine the number of terms in the sequence: 2; 4; 8; . . .; 1024 (2)
c. If 5; x; 45 are the qrst three terms of a geometric sequence, determine the value of x. (2)
d. Determine the geometric sequence whose 8th term is 9 and whose 10th term is 25. (3)
[9]

Solutions

a. a = 3; r = 6/3 = 12/6 = 2
Tn = arn−1
T10 = 3(2)10−1 = 3(2)9 = 3 × 512 = 1536 (2)
b. a = 2; r = 4/2= 8/4 = 2
arn–1 = 1024
2(2)n–1 = 210 = 2n = 210
∴ n = 10 (2)
c. x/5 = 45/x
x = ± √225 = ± 15 (2)
d. ar7 = 9
ar9 = 25
ar9 = 25
ar7 9
∴r2 = 25/9
r = 5/3
:
 [9]

3.5 Arithmetic and geometric series

When we add the terms of a sequence together, we form a series.
We use the symbol Sn to show the sum of the qrst n terms of a series.
So Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + … + Tn
3.5.1 Arithmetic series

The formula is Sn = n/2[2a + (n − 1)d] where Sn is the sum of n terms,

a is the qrst term,
n is the number of terms and
d is the common difference.

Proof

The general term of an arithmetic series is Tn = a + (n – 1)d

So Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + … + Tn
Sn = a + [a + d] + a + 2d + … + [a + (n – 2)d] + [a + (n – 1)d] … equation 1
If we write the series in reverse we get:
Sn = [a + (n – 1)d] + [a + (n – 2)d] + [a + (n – 3)d] + … + [a + d] + a … equation 2
We can add equation 1 and equation 2.
So 2Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d] + [2a + (n – 1)d] + [2a + (n – 1)d] + … +
[2a + (n – 1)d] + [2a + (n – 1)d]
2Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
This formula is provided on the information sheet in the qnal exam.

Add qrst terms: a + [a + (n – 1)d]

= 2a + (n – 1)d
Add second terms: a + d + [a + (n – 2)d]
= 2a + (n – 1)d
Add third terms: a + 2d + [a + (n – 3)d]
= 2a + (n – 1)d
Add last terms: [a + (n – 1)d] + a
= 2a + (n – 1)d
i.e (a + l), n times

Alternative Proof

Or Sn = a + [a + d] + [a + 2d] + … + [l – d] + l … equation 1
In reverse Sn = [a + (n – 1)d] + [a + (n – 2)d] + [a + (n – 3)d] + … + [a + d] + a
Sn = l + [l – d] + [l – 2d] + . . . + [a + d] + a … equation 2
Adding equation 1 and equation 2
2Sn = [a + l] + [a + l] + . . . + [a + l] n times
2Sn = n[a + l]

n
:
 ∴Sn = n/2 [a + l]
e.g. 7

1. Determine the sum of the qrst 20 terms of the series:

3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + …
2. The sum of the series 5 + 3 + 1 + . . . is –216, determine the number of terms in the
series

Solutions

1. a = 3, n = 20, d = 4
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
S20 = 20/2 [2(3) + (19)4]
S20= 10(6 + 76)
S20 = 820
The sum of the qrst 20 terms is 820
2. a = 5 d = –2 Sn = –216 Sn = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d] n = ?
Substitute into the formula:
–216 = n/2 [2(5) + (n – 1)(–2)]
–216 = n/2 [10 + –2n + 2]
–216 = n/2 [12 – 2n]
–432 = 12n – 2n2
–432 = –2n2 + 12n …. Make equation = 0
2n2 – 12n – 432 = 0 …. Divide through by 2 (common factor)
n2 – 6n – 216 = 0 …. Factorise trinomial
(n – 18)(n + 12) = 0
∴ n – 18 = 0 or n + 12 = 0
n = 18 or n = –12
n > 0 ∴n = 18
∴18 terms of the series add up to –216.

Activity 4

1. Determine the sum of the series: 19 + 22 + 25 + . . . + 121 (3)

2. The sum of the series 22 + 28 + 34 + . . . is 1870. Determine the number of terms. (2)
3. Given the arithmetic sequence -3; 1; 5; …,393
a. Determine a formula for the nth term of the sequence.
b. Write down the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th terms of the sequence.
c. Write down the remainders when each of the qrst seven terms of the sequence is
divided by 3.
d. Calculate the sum of the terms in the arithmetic sequence that are divisible by 3.
(10)
4. The sum of n terms is given by Sn = n/2 (1 + n) . Determine T5. (3)
5. 3x + 1; 2x; 3x − 7 are the qrst three terms of an arithmetic sequence. Calculate the
value of x. (3)
w. The qrst and second terms of an arithmetic sequence are 10 and 6 respectively.
a. Calculate the 11th term of the sequence.
:
 b. The sum of the qrst n terms of this sequence is –560. Calculate n. (6)
[27]

Solutions

1. a = 19 and d = 3
Tn = 3n + 16 = 121
3n = 105
n = 35
Sn = n/2(a + l)
S35 = 35/2 (19 + 121) = 35/2 (140) = 35 × 70 = 2450 (3)
2. a = 22 and d = 6
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n − 1)d] n
n/ [2 × 22 + (n − 1)6] = 1870
2
19n + 3n2 = 1870
3n2 + 19n − 1870 = 0
(3n + 85)(n − 22) = 0 3
∴ n = 22
n cannot be a negative because it is the number of terms (2)
3.
a. Tn = –3 + (n − 1)4
4n – 7 = Tn
b. T4 = 5 + 4 = 9; T5 = 9 + 4 = 13; 3 T6 = 13 + 4 = 17 and
T7 = 17 + 4 = 21
c. 0; 1; 2; 0; 1; 2; 0
d. Tn = –3 + 12 (n − 1)
393 = 12n – 15
12n = 393 + 15 = 408
n = 34
S34 = 34/2 × (–3 + 393)
= 17 × 390
= 6630 (10)
5
4. S5 = /2 ( 1 + 5 ) = 15
S4 = 4/2 ( 1+ 4 ) = 10
T5 = 15 – 10 = 5 (3)
5. T2 – T1 = T3 – T2
2x – (3x + 1) = (3x – 7) – 2x
2x – 3x – 1 = 3x – 7 – 2x
–2x + 6 = 0
2x = 6
x = 3 (3)
w.
a. Tn = a + (n – 1)d
T11 = 10 + (11 – 1)(–4)
= –30
b. Sn =n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
n
:
 –560 = n/2 [2(10) + (n – 1)(–4)]
–1120 = –4n2 + 24n
4n2 – 24n – 1120 = 0
n2 – 6n – 280 = 0
(n – 20)(n + 14) = 0
n = 20 or n = –14
n = 20 only because number of terms cannot be a negative number (6)
[27]

3.5.2 Geometric series

The formula is Sn = a( rn − 1) for r > 1 or Sn = a(1 − rn) for r < 1

r-1 r-1
where a is the qrst term
r is the common ratio
n is the number of terms
Sn is the sum of the terms
Proof:

The general term of a geometric series is Tn = arn – 1

So Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + … + Tn
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + … + arn–2 + arn–1
rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + … + arn–1 + arn
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + … + arn–2 + arn–1
rSn – Sn = –a + 0 + 0 + … + 0 + 0 + arn
multiply each term by r write down the series again with like terms under each other
∴ rSn – Sn = arn – a subtract each bottom term from each top term
Sn(r – 1) = a(rn – 1) Sn and a are common factors
So Sn =a(rn –1) Divide through by (r – 1)
r-1
We can also use for Sn = a(1 – rn) for r < 1
1-r
The proof must be learnt for exams

e.g. 8
Evaluate: 25 + 50 + 100 + … to 6 terms

Solution
We need to check if this is an arithmetic series or a geometric series qrst.
You should see that there is a common ratio of 2 because 50/2 = 2 and 100/50 = 2
r=2
∴ It is a geometric series and a = 25, n = 6, r = 2
Sn = a(1 – rn)
1-r
S6 = 25(1 – 26) 26 = 64
1-2
S6 = 25(1 – 64)
:
 -1
S6 = 25(–63)
-1
= 1 575
So the sum of the qrst 6 terms of the series is 1 575.

Activity 5

1. Determine 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + . . . to 10 terms (2)

2. If 2 + 6 + 18 + . . . = 728, determine the value of n. (3)
[5]

Solutions

1. a = 3 and r = 6/3 = 12/6 = 2

Sn = a( r n − 1)
r-1
S10 = 3( 2 10 − 1) = 3(1024 − 1) = 3069 (2)
2-1
2. a = 2 and r = 6/2 = 18/6 = 3
Sn = 2(3n − 1) = 728
3-1
n
2(3 − 1) = 728
2
3n − 1 = 728
3n = 729 = 36
∴ n = 6 (3)
[5]

3.5.3 Sigma notation

Here is another useful way of representing a series.
The sum of a series can be written in sigma notation.
The symbol sigma is a Greek letter that stands for ‘the sum of’.

To determine the number of terms: top value minus bottom value plus 1 i.e the number of
terms in this case is (17 – 3 ) +1 = 15
e.g. 9
:
 Activity 6

Look for two different sequences in the pattern and separate them

Solutions

1. The question asks you to qnd the sum of the terms from n = 4 to
n = 70 if the nth term is 2n – 4.
a = T1 = 2(4) – 4 = 4 Find the qrst term a
T2 = 2(5) – 4 = 6
T3 = 2(6) – 4 = 8
So the sequence is 4; 6; 8; … and this is an arithmetic series.
To check d, calculate T2 – T1
d = T2 – T1 = 6 – 4 = 2
n = (70 – 4) + 1 = 67 There are 67 terms
Now we can substitute these values into the formula to qnd the sum of 67 terms.
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
S67 = 67/2 [2(4) + (67 – 1)2]
S67 = 33.5 [8 + 132] = 4690

(3)
2. This is a geometric series because 5(3)k–1 has the form ark–1, T1 = 5(3)1–1 = 5 ;
T2 = 5(3)2–1 = 15; T3 = 5(3)3–1 = 45
:
 a = 5; r = 3; n = m and Sm = 65
Sn = a( rn −1)… substitute
r-1
65 = 5(3m − 1) … multiply through by 2
2
65 = 5(3m − 1)
2
130 = 5.3m – 5 … add like terms
135 = 5.3m … divide through by 5
27 = 3m … write 27 as a power of 3
33 = 3m … bases are the same, so the powers are equal
∴ m = 3 (4)
3.
a. T1, T3 and T5 form a sequence with a common ratio of ½, so T7 is 1/16 .
T2, T4 and T6 form a sequence with a common difference of 3, so T8 is 13.
b. S50 = 25 terms of 1st sequence + 25 terms of 2nd sequence
S50 = ( ½ + ¼ + 1/8 + … to 25 terms) + (4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + … to 25 terms)

(5)
[12]

3.5.4 Inqnite geometric series

An inqnite series is one in which there is no last term, i.e. the series goes on without ending.

e.g.10
6 + 3 + 3/2 + 3/4 + ...

The terms of this series are all positive numbers and the sum will get bigger and bigger
without any end. This is called a divergent series.

e.g. 11
Look at this inqnite series:
S∞ = 1 + ½ + ¼ + 1/8 + 1/16 + ....
S2 = 1 + ½ = 1 ½ = 1.5
S3 = 1 ½ + ¼ = 13/4 = 1.75
S4 = 13/4 + 1/8 = 17/8 = 1.675
S5 = 17/8 + 11/16 = 115/16 = …..
This series will converge to 2. It is therefore called a convergent series and we can write the
:
 sum to inqnity equals 2: S∞ = 2
You can identify a convergent inqnite series by looking at the value r
An inqnite series is convergent if – 1 < r < 1 , r ≠ 0

The formula for the sum of a convergent inqnite series:

S∞ = a
1-r
where a is the qrst term, r is the common ratio
This formula is provided on the information sheet in the qnal exam.
e.g. 12

1. Look again at the example where S∞ = 1 + ½ + ¼ + 1/8 + 1/16 + ....

a = 1 and r = ½ 0 < r < 1
S∞ = a
1-r
S∞ = 1 = 1 ÷ ½
1-½
S∞ = 1 × 2 = 2
2. For which value(s) of x will 8x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 + … be convergent?
For convergent geometric series, –1 < r < 1
r = T2 ÷ T1
= 4x3 ÷ 8x2
= x/2
∴ –1 < x/2 < 1 multiply through by 2
–2 < x < 2…………………..x ≠ 0

Activity 7

Solutions

1. T1 = 8(4)1 – 1 = 8 = a
To qnd r, qnd the common ratio using T1 and T2, T2 and T3.
T2 = 8(4)1 – 2 = 8(4)–1 = 8 × ¼ = 2
T3 = 8(4)1 – 3 = 8(4)–2 = 8 × 1/16 = ½
T2 ÷ T1 = 2/8 = ¼ and T3 ÷ T2 =½ = ½ x ½ = ¼
2
so r = ¼ and a = 8
∴S∞ = a = 8 = 8
1 - r 1 - ¼ 3/4
= 8 x 4/3 = 32/3
:
 When dividing by a fraction, you can multiply by the inverse
∴S∞ = 32/3 or 102/3 (3)
2. This is a geometric series with r = 2x – 3
To converge –1 < r < 1
–1 < 2x – 3 < 1 Add 3 to both sides
2 < 2x < 4 Divide by 2 on both sides
1 < x < 2 3 x ≠ 3/2 (4)
The series will converge for 1 < x < 2
3. a = 3; r = 2; Sm = 93
Sn = a(1 − r n )
1-r
93 = 3 (1 − 2m )
1-2
93 = 3( 1 − 2m)
-1
–93 = 3(1 – 2m)
–31 = 1 – 2m
2m = 32
2m = 2 5
∴ m = 5 (4)
4. r = 4x – 1
–1 < r < 1
-1 < 4x -1 < 1; x ≠ ¼
0 < 4x < 2
0 < x < ½ (3)
[14]

What you need to be able to do:

Find the next few terms in a given sequence.

Identify arithmetic sequences, quadratic sequences and geometric sequences
Apply knowledge of sequences and series to solve real life problems
Find the qrst difference and the second common difference in a quadratic sequence.
Find the general terms of sequences.
Know how to derive the formulae for the sum of Arithmetic or Geometric Series.
Solve problems using these sum formulae.
Work with the sum of inqnite geometric sequences that are convergent.

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