A

Project Based Learning Report

on
“NETWORK TOPO LOGIES”
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Information Technology

Under Guidance of
Er. Dharmendra Yadav
Lecturer

Head of Department
Dr. Yashpal Singh
Professor
By
Students: Sandeep Singh,
Roll No.:2100430139003.

Department of Information Technology

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128
Session 2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE
Department of Information Technology
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128

This is to certify that Project Based Learning Report on “Networking Topologies” has been
successfully delivered by “Sandeep Singh (B.Tech 3rd year)” under my guidance in
fulfillment of a Bachelor’s degree from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Jhansi during the academic year 2022-2023.

Coordinator: Head of Department

Er. Dharmendra Yadav Dr. Yashpal Singh
Dept. Of Information Technology
 Network Topologies

Introduction:

Network Topologies are the way various components of a network (like nodes, links,
peripherals, etc) are arranged. Network topologies define the layout, virtual shape, or
structure of the network, not only physically but also logically. How different systems and
nodes are connected and communicate with each other is determined by the topology of the
network. Topology can be physical or logical. Physical Topology is the physical layout of
nodes, workstations, and cables in the network; while logical topology is the way information
flows between different components. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections,
transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies
may be identical.
network topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a
network. Nodes usually include devices such as switches, routers, and software with switch
and router features. Network topologies are often represented as a graph.

Network topologies describe the arrangement of networks and the relative location of traffic
flows. Administrators can use network topology diagrams to determine the best placements
for each node and the optimal path for traffic flow. With a well-defined and planned-out
network topology, an organization can more easily locate faults and fix issues, improving its
data transfer efficiency.

Network geometry can be defined as the physical topology and the logical topology. Network
topology diagrams are shown with devices depicted as network nodes and the connections
between them as lines. The type of network topology differs depending on how the network
needs to be arranged.
Importance of network topology:

Network topology plays a major role in how a network functions. Namely, the topology has a
direct effect on network functionality. Choosing the right topology can help increase
performance, as a properly chosen and maintained network topology increases energy efficiency
and data transfer rates.

A well-defined network topology makes it easier for network admins to locate faults,
troubleshoot issues and allocate network resources. Diagrams are an important reference point in
helping to diagnose network issues, as they can represent physical and logical layouts.

Influence on the Function of Networks:

Network Topology is the schematic sketch of a network disposition. The role of network
topology is connecting a variety of nodes or sender and receiver using lines of connection.
The importance and effect of topology on network evolution are huge and influential.

In recent years, studies have found that in the real world of networks, the topology is
imperative since it mediates the outcome of changes in local interaction. Sometimes this can
affect the network’s dynamic behavior.
Hence, the topology will be an influential aspect to amend or develop the function of
networks.

Better Understand the Important Networking Concepts:

If you would like to know or understand the importance of networking concepts, the topology
will help you with it. For many, it is difficult to know how a computer network works.

Topology stands as a significant element of network design theory. More or less all real-
world networks are developing networks given that they are put up over time. With
Topology, people can set up a home or establish a small business computer network.

The best part is that they don’t want a good knowledge of bus design and a star design to do
so. In general, topologies can present you with a better perception and familiarity with chief
networking ideas like broadcasts, hubs, and routers.

Creates Small-World Property:

Many networks demonstrate so-called small-world property. One of the top importance of
topology in network design evolution is that it reduces the degree of separation between
worlds.
Networks are utilized expansively in recent years. It is for characterizing and forming
complex prototypes found in a range of social, technological, and biological multipart
systems. The topology of huge social, technical, and biological networks such as the WWW
or related interaction networks has caught substantial notice.
Computer network experts have analyzed the evolution of the network. According to the
analysis, we can classify many of the topological features as Broad-tailed, scale-free-like, and
influential networks. This clarification can be done by its wide range of scopes and functions.

Topology-General:

Network topology is usually a schematic description of the arrangement of a network,

including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two ways of defining network geometry:
the physical topology and the logical (or signal) topology. Physical topology describes where
the network's various components like its devices and cables are placed and installed, while
logical topology explains network's information (data) flow and transmission, apart from
physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates,
and/or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be identical.

FTTH example: Nodes in FTTH has one or more physical links to other devices in the
network and drawing links, network designing, between these nodes in a map gives the
physical topology for the network. Logical topology is designed by mapping and drawing
how the data transmits through the network; line speeds, wavelengths, signaling etc. Two
basic categories of network topologies:

· Physical topology ·

· Logical topology

The physical topology and its capabilities is determined by network active devices and media
like cable type(s), the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the Capex/Opex costs
related to its passive and active infrastructure.

The logical topology in contrast, is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the
way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to
the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily
the same as its physical topology. For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using
repeated hubs was a logical bus topology with a physical star topology layout. Also Token
Ring is a logical ring topology, but is wired as physical star topology from the Media Access
Unit.

The logical classification of network topologies generally follows the same classifications as
those in the physical classifications of network topologies but describes the path that the data
takes between nodes being used as opposed to the actual physical connections between nodes.
The logical topologies are generally determined by network protocols as opposed to being
determined by the physical layout of cables, wires, and network devices or by the flow of the
electrical or optical signals, although in many cases the paths that the signals take between
nodes may closely match the logical flow of data, hence the convention of using the terms
logical topology and signal topology interchangeably. Logical topologies are able to be
dynamically reconfigured by special types of equipment such as routers and switches.

Types of Network Topologies:

· Point-to-point

· Bus ·

· Star ·

· Ring or circular

· Mesh

· ·Tree

· Hybrid

1.1Point-to-point

The most basic and commonly in POTS (Plain Old Telephone Systems) systems used
topology is a permanent link between two endpoints. Its switched point-topoint topology
is the basic model of conventional telephony systems. Point-to-point network is designed
to give direct and dedicated communications between the two endpoints. Permanent
(dedicated) Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology.

Permanent (dedicated):

Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology, is a point-topoint

Communications Channel that appears permanently between the two endpoints. Within
many Switched telecommunications systems,it is possible to establish a permanent
circuit. One example might be a telephone in the lobby of a public building, which is
programmed to ring only the number of a telephone dispatched.

Switched:
 Using Circuit-switching or Packet-switching technologies, a point-to-point circuit can be
set up dynamically, and dropped when no longer needed. This is the basic mode of
conventional telephony.

1.2Bus:

Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the
backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into
with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on
the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only
the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. Since the bus topology
consists of only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when compared to other
topologies. However, the low cost of implementing the technology is offset by the high
cost of managing the network. Additionally, since only one cable is utilized, it can be the
single point of failure. If the network cable is terminated on both ends and when without
termination data transfer stop and when cable breaks, the entire network will be down.

Linear bus:

The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to
a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints – all data that is
transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission
medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network simultaneously.

Distributed bus:

The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to
a common transmission medium which has more than two endpoints that are created by
adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium – the physical
distributed bus topology functions in exactly the same fashion as the physical linear bus
topology (i.e., all nodes share a common transmission medium).
1.3Star

In networks with a star topology, each host or client is connected to a central hub
(switch, router, server) with a point-to-point connection. All traffic that traverses the
network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal router. The star topology
is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star
topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the
star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure though this 'device' is
commonly duplicated (redundancy).

Extended star:

A type of network topology in which a network that is based upon the physical star
topology has one or more repeaters between the central node (the 'hub' of the star) and
the peripheral or 'client' nodes. The repeaters are used to extend the maximum
transmission distance of the point-to-point links between the central node and the
peripheral nodes beyond that which is supported by the transmitter or the physical layer
(cables, RF link).

Distributed Star:

A type of network topology that is composed of individual networks that are based upon
the physical star topology connected in a linear fashion – i.e., 'daisy-chained' – with no
central or top level connection point (e.g., two or more 'stacked' hubs, along with their
associated star connected nodes)
1.4Ring:

A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the
ring in one direction and each device on the ring acts as a repeater to keep the signal
strong as it travels. Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a
transmitter to send the data on to the next device in the ring. When a device sends data, it
must travel through each device on the ring until it reaches its destination. Every node is
a critical link.

1.5Mesh:

The mesh network topology employs either of two schemes, called full mesh and partial
mesh. In the full mesh topology, each workstation is connected directly to each of the others.
In the partial mesh topology, some workstations are connected to all the others, and some are
connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data Fully connected
network A fully connected network is a Communication network in which each of the nodes
is connected to each other. A fully connected network doesn't need to use Switching nor
Broadcasting. However, its major disadvantage is that the number of connections grows
quadratically with the number of nodes, per the formula:
 c = n(n-1) /2
and so it is extremely impractical for large networks. A two-node network is technically a fully
connected network.

Partially connected:

The type of network topology in which some of the nodes of the network are connected to
more than one other node in the network with a point-to-point link –makes it possible to take
advantage of some of the redundancy that is provided by a physical fully connected mesh
topology without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node
in the network.

1.6Tree:

Tree topology is a combination of Bus and Star topology. This particular type of network topology is
based on a hierarchy of nodes. The highest level of any tree network consists of a single, 'hub' node,
this node connected to multiple nodes in the level below by(a point-to-point link(s). These lower
level nodes are also connected to a single or multiple nodes in the next level down.

Tree networks are not constrained to any number of levels, but as tree networks are a variant of the
bus network topology, they are prone to network failures when connections in a higher level of nodes
fail/suffer damage. Each node in the network has a specific, fixed number of nodes connected to it at
the next lower level in the hierarchy, this number referred to as the 'branching factor' of the tree.

1.7Hybrid:

Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies, in such a way that the resulting
network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, starring, etc.). A hybrid topology is
always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples
for Hybrid network are: star ring network and star bus network

· A Star ring network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a centralized hub.

· A Star Bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a bus trunk (the bus
trunk serves as the network's backbone).

Centralization:

The star topology reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral
nodes (computers, etc.) to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus
network such as Ethernet, this central node broadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral
node to all peripheral nodes on the network. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all
others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The failure in a transmission line
linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from
all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected. However, the disadvantage is that
the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes also (risk can be
reduced by duplicating the central node, 'redundancy'). Central node can be passive, when the
originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, and active
where star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related
problems. A tree topology can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a hierarchy. It
has individual peripheral nodes which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node
only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the functionality
of the central node may be distributed. Note: To alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes
from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able
to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network. These network switches
will "learn" the layout of the network by "listening" on each port during normal data transmission,
examining the data packets and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which
port it is connected to in a lookup table held in memory. This lookup table then allows future
transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only.

Decentralization:

In a mesh topology, there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to
provide redundant paths to be used in case the link providing one of the paths fails. This
decentralization is often used to compensate for the single-pointfailure disadvantage that is
present when using a single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks).
References:
1.https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-network-topologies
2.https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_networ
k/computer_network_topologies.htm
3.https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-topology/
4.https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/networktopology 5. https://