Xii Derivations
Xii Derivations
(r 2
+a )
2 2
simplifying we get
• Thus the total electric field at P is → − q 2a
E= 3
p
4 0 ( r 2 + a 2 ) 2
→ − q 2a
• For r >> a, we get E= p
q (r + a) − (r − a)
2 2
→ 4 0r 3
E= p
4 0 ( r + a )2 ( r − a )2 • Using p= q x2a
→ −p
• Simplifying E= p
→ 4 0r 3
q 4ar
E= p Relation connecting axial field and equatorial
4 0 ( r 2 − a 2 ) 2 field of dipole
• We have axial field
→ 1 4qa
• For r >> a, we get E = p → 1 2p
4 0 r 3 E= p
• Using p= q x2a 4 0 r 3
• Equatorial field
→ 1 2p
→ −p
E= p E= p
4 0 r 3 4 0r 3
0
• Using Gauss’s law
l R 2
E 2 rl = • Thus E =
0 0r 2
1 q
• Or E=
• Thus E= 4 0 r 2
2 0 r → 1 q
→ • In vector form E = r
• In vector form E = n 4 0 r 2
2 0r Points on the shell
•
Where n - radial unit vector • On the surface r=R, therefore E =
0
Electric field due to a plane sheet of charge Points inside the shell
•
Total charge enclosed =0
E 4 r 2 = 0
• Total flux enclosed by the Gaussian Chapter Two
surface is = E (2 A) , A- area of cross ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
section. POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE
• Total charge enclosed is q = A ,
σ – surface charge density.
A
• Using Gauss’s law E (2 A) =
0 • The force acting on a unit positive charge
• Thus E = (+1 C) at A , is
2 0
Page 3 of 20
1 q 1 1 q
F= =
4 0 x 2
4 0 x 2
• Thus the work done to move a unit
positive charge from A to B through a • Neglecting the higher order terms we get
displacement dx is
2a cos
dW = −
1 q
dx r12 r 2 1 −
4 0 x 2 r
• The negative sign shows that the work is 2a cos
• Similarly r2 2 r 2 1 +
done against electrostatic force. r
• Thus the total work done to bring unit −
1
1 1 2a cos 2
charge from infinity to the point P is • Thus 1 − and
r1 r r
r r
1 q
W = dW = −
1
dx −
4 0 x
2
1 1 2a cos 2
1 +
r2 r r
1
r
q
W =− 2 dx • Using the Binomial theorem and retaining
4 0 x
terms up to the first order in a/r,
• Integrating
q 1 1 q
W= − =
4 0 r 4 0 r
• Therefore electrostatic potential is given
by
1 q • Thus the potential is
V=
4 0 r
• Therefore
U = − pE cos ,
• Where p- dipole moment , E – electric field
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
• Let A be the area of each plate and d the
separation between them. • In series charge is same and potential is
• The two plates have charges Q and –Q. different on each capacitors.
• Plate 1 has surface charge density σ = Q/A • The total potential drop V across the
and plate 2 has a surface charge density – combination is
σ. V = V1 + V2
• Considering the combination as an
effective capacitor with charge Q and
potential difference V, we get
Q Q Q
= +
C C1 C2
• Therefore effective capacitance is
1 1 1
= +
C C1 C2
• For n capacitors in series
1 1 1 1
= + + ....... +
• At the region I and II, E=0 C C1 C2 Cn
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Cells in parallel
Wheatstone’ s bridge
• Thus
Page 9 of 20
frequency.
• The summation of the current elements dl
• The angular frequency is given by over the loop gives , the circumference
2 qB qB
= 2 f = = 2πR.
2 m m • Thus the total magnetic field at P due to
the circular coil is
0 IR(2 R) 0 IR 2
B= =
4 ( x 2 + R 2 ) 3 2 2( x 2 + R 2 ) 3 2
• Therefore
0 IR 2
B= 3
2( x + R )
2 2 2
B.dl = Bh = I
0 e
• Where c – speed of light in vacuum. Bh = 0nhI
• Therefore the speed of light is given by
• Therefore , the magnetic field inside the
1
c= solenoid is
0 0
B = 0nI
1
• In general , v = •The direction of the field is given by Right
Hand Rule.
Magnetic field due to a straight wire Force between two parallel wires
a a
• = IbB sin + IbB sin = I (ab) B sin
• We have, the force acting on a conductor 2 2
kept in a magnetic field or = IAB sin
F = IlB sin = mB sin , m- magnetic moment
• The field exerts no force on the two arms • Thus = mB
AD and BC of the loop. CHAPTER 6
• The force on the arm AB is
F1 = IbB ( into the plane of loop)
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Expression of motional emf
• The force on the arm CD is
F2 = IbB ( out of the plane of loop)
• Thus the net force on the loop is zero.
• The torque on the loop is
a a
= IbB + IbB = I (ab) B
2 2
• Or = IAB , where A = ab – area
Page 12 of 20
• We have
Radius - r1
• We have
• We have NφB= L I
• Thus
• Thus
• In general
• The mutual inductance of a pair of coils,
solenoids, etc., depends on their
separation as well as their relative
orientation. Relation connecting self inductance and induced
emf
Relation connecting induced emf and mutual
inductance • We have
• We have
• For currents varying with time • When the current is varied, the flux linked
with the coil also changes and an emf is
induced in the coil.
• Thus
• Thus
• The self-induced emf always opposes any
change (increase or decrease) of current
in the coil.
Page 14 of 20
• Therefore
• For small θ, tan θ ≈ θ, tan 2θ ≈ 2θ.
• Therefore, FD = f and CD = R.
CHAPTER 9
• Since ∠ APB = ∠ A′PB′, the right angled • Therefore the linear magnification is given
triangles A′B′P and ABP are also similar. by
v
• Therefore, m=−
u
• The expression for magnification is same
for concave and convex mirror.
• Comparing Equations :
Relation connecting refractive index and critical
angle
• We get
• By Snell’s law
sin i n
= 1
• Therefore the mirror equation is given by sin r n2
• Here the ray goes from denser to rarer
medium
• When i = iC , r =900, thus
• The same equation can be derived for a sin ic n
convex mirror too. = 1
sin 90 n2
Linear Magnification
n1
• Linear magnification (m) is the ratio of the sin ic =
height of the image (h′) to the height of n2
the object (h). 1 n
= 2
sin ic n1
• If the rarer medium is air , n1= 1, and let
n2= n, then
• In triangles A′B′P and ABP, we have,
1
n=
sin ic
• With the sign convention, this becomes
Page 16 of 20
• Or
• Thus
• For small angles , tan θ ≈ θ, thus
• From triangle OMP ,
• Therefore
• From triangle PCM,
• By Snell’s law
•
The first refracting surface forms the
image I1 of the object O.
• The image formed by the first refracting
surface acts as the virtual object for the
second refracting surface and the final
image is formed at I.
• We have the curved surface formula
• If the object is at infinity, the image is
formed at the principal focus.
• Thus if u=∞, v=f, equation 4 becomes
• Light ray travels from n2 to n1. • And the lens maker’s formula
• Here I1 is the object and I is the image and
• Here R2 is the radius of curvature of ADC • If the first medium is air n1 = 1 and ,let
n2=n, then
• Thus
• Thus
• Adding Equations
• From the triangle QNR
• If several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, • At the minimum deviation, d=D, i=e,
f3,... are in contact, the effective focal r1=r2, therefore
length of their combination is given by
Page 19 of 20
Chapter Ten
Refraction at a rarer medium
WAVE OPTICS
• Thus
• But , we have
• But
• Thus
• Therefore
• That is • In general
• In general
• Substituting the values we get
Kinetic energy
• For an orbiting electron , we have ******
• Or